Viruses like HIV and influenza have demonstrated the ability to cross species boundaries from animals to humans. This presentation defines zoonotic transmission as the movement of viruses from animals to people through direct contact, consumption of contaminated animal products, or interaction in shared environments. Examples provided include SARS, Ebola, swine flu, rabies, and avian influenza. Factors such as human encroachment, changes in animal populations, and global travel can influence this cross-species transmission and the emergence of new zoonotic diseases. Effective prevention relies on surveillance, biosecurity measures, and a One Health approach across human, animal, and environmental sectors.

2. Presentation
Topic: The example of Viruses Cross Species
Boundaries
Group Members
AMMAR MUHAMMAD: 202219210902046
MUHAMMAD SAAD: 202219210902069
HAMID RAO AHTSHAM: 202219210902025
TOSEEF HINA: 202219210902071

3. Viruses cross species
The HIV virus and
contemporary human
influenza viruses are
prominent examples
of viruses that have
cross species barrier.

4. Question?
What type of virus is transmitted from
animal to human?

5. Define zoontic transmission;
• Zoonotic transmission refers to the transmission
of viruses from animals to humans. This can
occur through various mechanisms, including
direct contact with infected animals,
consumption of contaminated animal products,
or exposure to environments where animals and
humans interact closely.

6. Zoonosis:
A disease that is naturally transmissible from
animals to people is classified as a zoonosis.

7. Most viral diseases of humans are zoonotic in
origin, having been historically transmitted to
human populations from various animal species;
examples include SARS, Ebola, swine flu, rabies,
and avian influenza.
The emergence of these and many other human
diseases occurred when an established animal virus
switched hosts into humans and was subsequently
transmitted within human populations

8. The 2019–2020
outbreak of corona
virus disease has
highlighted the
vulnerability of the
increasingly connected
world population to
newly emerging
zoonotic diseases.

9. Factors influencing zoonotic
transmission:
1. Human activities;
Deforestation, urbanization, and encroachment
into natural habitats can bring humans closer to
wildlife, increasing the chances of viral spillover.
• Changes in animal populations;
Factors like increased livestock production and
trade can facilitate the spread of zoonotic viruses.
• Global travel and trade;
International movement of people and goods
can rapidly spread zoonotic viruses across borders.

10. Implications of viruses crossing species
boundaries;
Outbreaks and pandemics: Zoonotic viruses
can cause localized outbreaks or even global
pandemics, resulting in significant human morbidity,
mortality, and economic disruptions.
Public health challenges: Zoonotic viruses often
pose unique challenges in terms of diagnosis,
treatment, and prevention due to their novel nature
and potential for rapid spread.
Wildlife conservation: The impact of zoonotic
transmission raises concerns about the conservation
of wildlife populations and their habitats.

11. Prevention and control:
• Surveillance and early detection;
Monitoring animal populations and
implementing early warning systems can help
identify potential zoonotic threats.
• Improved biosecurity measures:
Implementing strict measures in farms,
markets, and wildlife trade can reduce the risk of
viral transmission.

12. • One Health approach:
Collaborative efforts between human health,
animal health, and environmental sectors are
crucial for effective prevention and control of
zoonotic diseases.

13. NOTE:
Understanding the dynamics of viruses
crossing species boundaries is essential for
mitigating the risks associated with zoonotic
transmission and protecting public health.
That’s all!