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- 10. Dominant Approaches and Ideas in the Social Sciences DISS 2nd quarter
- 11. Approach •A way of looking at the world.
- 12. • Positive Social Science • Interpretative Social Science • Critical Social Science
- 14. Positivism • It refers to the philosophy of science that asserts that the only source of trustworthy knowledge is the information obtained from rational conducts and reports of sensory experience.
- 15. • The concept of empirical evidences, or the established data received are important.
- 16. August Comte • Father of Positivism
- 17. Positivism •Asserts that every claim can be scientifically verified.
- 18. According to W. Lawrence Neuman • Among of all the different paradigms in the social sciences, positivism is considered as the oldest and the most extensively used paradigm.
- 19. Paradigm •A particular way of observing, measuring and understanding social reality.
- 20. • Positivist research prefers exact quantitative data and often uses experiments, surveys and statistics.
- 21. Structural-functionalism • It claims that parts of society all contribute to the “functional” operation of the system in general.
- 22. • Social balance and equilibrium are created when all parts of society are operating well.
- 23. Structural-functionalism • It is more concern with the place of individuals in the social order itself than with the individual action.
- 26. Emile Durkheim
- 27. • Born on April 15, 1858 and died on November 15, 1917. • He was a french sociologist who is considered as the most important foundation of structural-functionalist ideas.
- 29. • Born in Birmingham in 1881. • Served as Director of Education of Kingdom of Tonga during World war 1. • Proposed idea of single, unified social science.
- 30. Herbert Spencer
- 31. • Born on 27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903 • He was an English philosopher, biologist, anthropolo gist, sociologist, and prominent classical liberal political theorist of the Victorian era.
- 33. • Born in Cracow, Poland in 1884. • He studied anthropology. • With highest honor on Austrian Empire.
- 34. Key concepts
- 35. Social Structure • It subscribed that the society is systematically structured.
- 36. Government
- 37. Church
- 38. School
- 39. Media
- 40. Social Functions • It refers to results or effects for the operation of the society in general.
- 42. Social Dysfunctions May also be manifest or latent and have a negative effect on society.
- 43. Manifest dysfunctions • Are expected disruptions of social life. • Example: Heavy Migration from rural to urban areas might include overpopulation and unemployment.
- 44. Latent dysfunctions • The unexpected effect or outcome of disruptions. • Example: Rise of crime.
- 46. Strengths • Existence of general agreement on values and norms in society. • Keeps order and harmony in society. • Tends to seek stability and avoid conflict.
- 47. Criticisms • Being wary of social change due to its focus on integration and consensus. • Viewing society as static. • Tendency to ignore inequality in terms of race, gender and class which cause conflict.