Hormones may modulate the expression of behaviour, but are not causes of behaviour. Behaviour is mainly driven by internal and environmental stimuli, with different stimuli eliciting different behaviors. For example, courtship behavior occurs when a male and a female in reproductive condition meet each other.In this way, the brain adjusts its performance and control of behavior in response to a changing environment. Hormones are important agents of protection and adaptation, but stress and stress hormones, such as the glucocorticoid cortisol, can also alter brain function, including the brain's capacity to learn.
The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain located near the pituitary gland that plays a vital role in regulating hormones. It contains three main regions - anterior, middle, and posterior - that secrete important hormones. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by regulating body temperature, appetite, fluid balance, sleep cycles, emotions, and other essential functions. It connects the endocrine and nervous systems. Improper functioning of the hypothalamus can lead to disorders affecting temperature regulation, blood pressure, fertility, and other processes.
1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 9 Endocrine system.pptxthiru murugan
The Endocrine system:
The structure and functions of:
The pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Ovaries and testes
Endocrine system:
The endocrine system is a number of glands that secrete hormones that the body uses for many functions. They are not having any ducts, so called “ductless glands”
They supply their secretions directly to blood
General functions:
Respiration
Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensory perception
Movement
Sexual development
Growth
The pituitary gland:
Pituitary (hypophysis) is a pea-sized endocrine gland at the base of brain and below the hypothalamus
The pituitary is often referred to as the “master gland” because it not only secretes its own hormones, it tells other glands to produce hormones
Parts:
Front lobe (anterior lobe or adenohypophysis)
Middle lobe (intermediate lobe)
Back lobe (posterior lobe or neurohypophysis)
Hormones secreted by pituitary:
The anterior pituitary gland:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Functions of pituitary:
ACTH - stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol, “stress hormone” that maintains BP and blood sugar levels.
GH - regulates growth, metabolism and body composition
LH & FSH - stimulate sex hormone production, and egg and sperm maturity
Prolactin (PRL) - stimulates milk production
TSH - stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones.
ADH (also called vasopressin) - controls water balance and BP
Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during labour and milk secretion during breastfeeding.
Melanocyte - stimulating hormone, which acts on cells in the skin to stimulate the production of melanin.
Pineal gland:
also called the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri, is a very small gland in brain
It’s a part of endocrine system and secretes the hormone melatonin.
pineal gland’s main job is to help control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin.
Hormone:
Melatonin is a hormone that’s mainly produced by pineal gland.
Circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. These natural processes respond primarily to light and dark.
Pineal gland releases the highest levels of melatonin when there’s darkness and decreases melatonin production when exposed to light.
In other words, low levels of melatonin in blood during the daylight hours and high levels of melatonin during the nighttime.
Because of this, melatonin has often been referred to as a “sleep hormone.” While melatonin is not essential for sleeping, but sleep better when the highest levels of melatonin in body.
Melatonin also interacts with biologically female hormones that helps in regulating menstrual cycles.
Melatonin can also protect against neurodegeneration, which is the progressive loss of function of neurons
Function:
The main function of pine
The endocrine system coordinates and regulates bodily functions through the secretion of hormones from various glands directly into the bloodstream. The major glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland which secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. Hormones maintain homeostasis, metabolism, sexual development, and reproduction. Glandular secretions are influenced by negative and positive feedback loops in the endocrine system.
The endocrine system coordinates and regulates bodily functions through chemical messengers called hormones. It includes glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the pituitary. The pituitary secretes hormones that control other glands. Hormones regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood. Glandular secretions and hormone actions are precisely balanced to maintain homeostasis.
Endocrine System (Hormones in Animals/WBBSE))RanjanShaw5
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM : Endocrine system is the system formed by ductless glands which secrete chemical substances called as hormones. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood.
Hormones are minute, chemical messengers thrown into blood to act on target organs.
Hormones can be steroids, proteins, peptides or amino acid derivatives.
These hormones act as on specific organs called target organ.
The target cell has on it surface or cytoplasm, a specific protein molecule called receptor.
The receptor can recognise and pick out the specific hormone capable of acting in cell.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system. It describes that the endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. The major glands included are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal and hypothalamus. The document outlines the location and hormones secreted by each gland, and their roles in processes like growth, metabolism, sexual development and homeostasis. It also discusses hormone receptors and the role of hormones in maintaining balance in the body.
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is sometimes called the "master gland" as it controls many other endocrine glands through the hormones it secretes. It has an anterior and posterior lobe, each with distinct functions. Pituitary tumors can cause headaches and vision issues. Other glands discussed include the thyroid, which regulates metabolism, the parathyroid which controls calcium levels, the pancreas which produces insulin to regulate blood sugar, and the pineal gland which produces melatonin to control circadian rhythms. Disorders of each gland, such as hyperthyroidism or hypoglycemia, produce distinct symptoms.
The document provides information about the endocrine system. It discusses the hypothalamus and pituitary gland as the main control centers. The hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones like growth hormone, TSH, and LH that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe secretes ADH and oxytocin which are synthesized in the hypothalamus. Other glands discussed include the thyroid gland which produces T3 and T4 to regulate metabolism.
The hypothalamus is a small region of the brain located near the pituitary gland that plays a vital role in regulating hormones. It contains three main regions - anterior, middle, and posterior - that secrete important hormones. The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis by regulating body temperature, appetite, fluid balance, sleep cycles, emotions, and other essential functions. It connects the endocrine and nervous systems. Improper functioning of the hypothalamus can lead to disorders affecting temperature regulation, blood pressure, fertility, and other processes.
1 GNM - Anatomy Unit - 9 Endocrine system.pptxthiru murugan
The Endocrine system:
The structure and functions of:
The pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas (islets of Langerhans)
Ovaries and testes
Endocrine system:
The endocrine system is a number of glands that secrete hormones that the body uses for many functions. They are not having any ducts, so called “ductless glands”
They supply their secretions directly to blood
General functions:
Respiration
Metabolism
Reproduction
Sensory perception
Movement
Sexual development
Growth
The pituitary gland:
Pituitary (hypophysis) is a pea-sized endocrine gland at the base of brain and below the hypothalamus
The pituitary is often referred to as the “master gland” because it not only secretes its own hormones, it tells other glands to produce hormones
Parts:
Front lobe (anterior lobe or adenohypophysis)
Middle lobe (intermediate lobe)
Back lobe (posterior lobe or neurohypophysis)
Hormones secreted by pituitary:
The anterior pituitary gland:
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Growth hormone (GH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Prolactin (PRL)
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Functions of pituitary:
ACTH - stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol, “stress hormone” that maintains BP and blood sugar levels.
GH - regulates growth, metabolism and body composition
LH & FSH - stimulate sex hormone production, and egg and sperm maturity
Prolactin (PRL) - stimulates milk production
TSH - stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones.
ADH (also called vasopressin) - controls water balance and BP
Oxytocin - stimulates uterine contractions during labour and milk secretion during breastfeeding.
Melanocyte - stimulating hormone, which acts on cells in the skin to stimulate the production of melanin.
Pineal gland:
also called the pineal body or epiphysis cerebri, is a very small gland in brain
It’s a part of endocrine system and secretes the hormone melatonin.
pineal gland’s main job is to help control the circadian cycle of sleep and wakefulness by secreting melatonin.
Hormone:
Melatonin is a hormone that’s mainly produced by pineal gland.
Circadian rhythms are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. These natural processes respond primarily to light and dark.
Pineal gland releases the highest levels of melatonin when there’s darkness and decreases melatonin production when exposed to light.
In other words, low levels of melatonin in blood during the daylight hours and high levels of melatonin during the nighttime.
Because of this, melatonin has often been referred to as a “sleep hormone.” While melatonin is not essential for sleeping, but sleep better when the highest levels of melatonin in body.
Melatonin also interacts with biologically female hormones that helps in regulating menstrual cycles.
Melatonin can also protect against neurodegeneration, which is the progressive loss of function of neurons
Function:
The main function of pine
The endocrine system coordinates and regulates bodily functions through the secretion of hormones from various glands directly into the bloodstream. The major glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland which secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands. Hormones maintain homeostasis, metabolism, sexual development, and reproduction. Glandular secretions are influenced by negative and positive feedback loops in the endocrine system.
The endocrine system coordinates and regulates bodily functions through chemical messengers called hormones. It includes glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pancreas, testes, and ovaries. The hypothalamus produces releasing and inhibiting hormones that control the pituitary. The pituitary secretes hormones that control other glands. Hormones regulate metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, sleep, and mood. Glandular secretions and hormone actions are precisely balanced to maintain homeostasis.
Endocrine System (Hormones in Animals/WBBSE))RanjanShaw5
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM : Endocrine system is the system formed by ductless glands which secrete chemical substances called as hormones. Endocrine glands release hormones directly into the blood.
Hormones are minute, chemical messengers thrown into blood to act on target organs.
Hormones can be steroids, proteins, peptides or amino acid derivatives.
These hormones act as on specific organs called target organ.
The target cell has on it surface or cytoplasm, a specific protein molecule called receptor.
The receptor can recognise and pick out the specific hormone capable of acting in cell.
This document provides an overview of the endocrine system. It describes that the endocrine system is made up of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. The major glands included are the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes, pineal and hypothalamus. The document outlines the location and hormones secreted by each gland, and their roles in processes like growth, metabolism, sexual development and homeostasis. It also discusses hormone receptors and the role of hormones in maintaining balance in the body.
The pituitary gland, located at the base of the brain, is sometimes called the "master gland" as it controls many other endocrine glands through the hormones it secretes. It has an anterior and posterior lobe, each with distinct functions. Pituitary tumors can cause headaches and vision issues. Other glands discussed include the thyroid, which regulates metabolism, the parathyroid which controls calcium levels, the pancreas which produces insulin to regulate blood sugar, and the pineal gland which produces melatonin to control circadian rhythms. Disorders of each gland, such as hyperthyroidism or hypoglycemia, produce distinct symptoms.
The document provides information about the endocrine system. It discusses the hypothalamus and pituitary gland as the main control centers. The hypothalamus secretes hormones that stimulate or inhibit the pituitary gland. The pituitary gland has an anterior and posterior lobe. The anterior lobe secretes hormones like growth hormone, TSH, and LH that regulate other glands. The posterior lobe secretes ADH and oxytocin which are synthesized in the hypothalamus. Other glands discussed include the thyroid gland which produces T3 and T4 to regulate metabolism.
The endocrine system regulates body functions through hormone secretion. It consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, affecting distant target organs. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, and pineal glands. Each gland secretes specific hormones that control processes like growth, metabolism, sexual development, and stress response, maintaining homeostasis throughout the body.
The document discusses the endocrine system and its major glands. It explains that endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, rather than through ducts. The major glands discussed are the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, gonads, and pancreas. The hormones secreted by these glands help regulate processes throughout the body like growth, metabolism, mood, and stress response. Imbalances in hormone levels can result in various medical conditions. Overall, the endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis in the body.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Presentation in Health by Robee Calero And Mina CarreonEebor Saveuc
The hypothalamus is a small area of the brain that controls hormone production and regulates many bodily functions through homeostasis. It produces hormones that govern processes like body temperature, hunger, sleep, and mood. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland and other glands. The pituitary gland, located below the hypothalamus, is often called the "master gland" as it controls other hormone-producing glands and produces important hormones itself. Other glands discussed include the thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads (testes and ovaries). Each gland has a specific function, such as regulating metabolism for the thyroid or blood sugar levels for the pancreas.
The endocrine system includes glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate functions like growth, metabolism, reproduction, and response to stimuli. The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, pancreas, adrenals, and gonads. The pituitary gland controls other glands and regulates growth, blood pressure, and sex organ functions. The thyroid regulates heart rate and metabolism. The pancreas regulates blood sugar through insulin and glucagon. The adrenals produce cortisol and hormones for stress response and digestion. The gonads produce sex hormones in males and females.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones which regulate growth, metabolism, sexual development, and other bodily functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormones act as chemical messengers to coordinate functions between different body parts and organs. Diseases like gigantism and dwarfism can result if the endocrine system and hormone production are disrupted.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormones control functions such as metabolism, growth, sexual development, reproduction, and the stress response. Imbalances in hormone levels can cause disorders that must be treated by controlling hormone production.
The endocrine system influences metabolic activity through hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream. They travel through the blood and regulate metabolic functions in other cells. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, testes/ovaries. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland which regulates other endocrine glands through releasing hormones.
These slides contain all the viable secretory gland which is present inside a human body such as Endocrine glands with their interrelationship or coordination.
The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs. It uses hormones to control and coordinate your body's metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood. The following are integral parts of the endocrine system.
The endocrine system is comprised of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which is the "master gland" that regulates most other endocrine glands. Hormones function via negative feedback loops to maintain homeostasis and influence growth, metabolism, fluid balance, mood, and reproduction. Imbalances can result in hypo- or hyperthyroidism, influencing factors like heart rate, weight, and digestion.
The endocrine system consists of glands that regulate vital functions through the release of hormones. The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, ovaries, and testes. The pituitary is called the "master gland" as it controls the functioning of the other glands. Glands such as the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes regulate metabolism, stress response, reproduction, and sexual development through hormones like thyroid hormones, corticosteroids, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone.
The document discusses the endocrine system, which regulates hormones and affects mood, growth, development, and metabolism. It describes the main glands of the endocrine system, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pineal gland, and reproductive glands. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" because it controls other glands by producing hormones. Problems can arise if glands produce too much or too little of certain hormones.
In This Presentation i have added all the content of biology chapter
Chemical Coordination and integration from Class 11 NCERT Biology....
Hope this will help you ...
Lecture 3. Physiology of the endocrine system.pdfManoj946329
This document provides an overview of the human endocrine system and hormones. It defines glands, including exocrine glands which secrete substances through ducts and endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. It describes the major endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and sex glands. It explains the types of hormones, including lipophilic hormones which penetrate cell membranes and hydrophilic hormones which bind to surface receptors. In closing, it emphasizes that hormones are biochemical substances produced by endocrine glands that affect distant organs and have specific, potent effects in small amounts.
The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland and its anterior and posterior lobes which secrete hormones that control other glands. The thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes and ovaries are also covered, outlining their hormone productions and functions in regulating processes like growth, metabolism, sexual development and reproduction.
The document provides information about the endocrine system, including:
- It describes the anatomy and functions of several endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, and adrenal glands.
- The hypothalamus regulates many bodily processes and secretes hormones that control the pituitary gland. It plays a key role in homeostasis.
- Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of breast milk during lactation. It also impacts social behaviors.
The forebrain includes the telencephalon, which contains the cerebral hemispheres, and the diencephalon, which contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. The forebrain processes complex cognitive functions and sensory information. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain responsible for higher thought processes. The cerebrum consists of the left and right cerebral hemispheres, with one usually dominant for language and speech and the other for visual/spatial functions. The thalamus relays motor and sensory signals to the cortex, and damage can cause sensory or movement issues. The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis by controlling hormones and body functions like temperature, appetite,
Hormones are chemical agents, transmitters among different tissues of our organism. Hormones are produced by the endocrine glands. For example, sex hormones are produced mainly by ovaries and in insignificant quantity by adrenal glands. Hormones penetrate in the blood and make a targeted organ start its function activity or stop its work. The blood contains a large quantity of various biologically active agents at the same time, however, different hormones find their targeted organs. How it is going on?
The endocrine system regulates the body through chemical messengers called hormones. It includes glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. Hormones travel through the bloodstream and target distant organs to control functions like metabolism, growth, digestion, mood, and reproduction. Some important hormones are insulin, glucagon, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, and thyroid hormones.
ANXIETY DISORDER IS A FEELING OF FEAR,DREAD,AND UNEASINESSVandanaGaur15
Mental health is as crucial as physical health. However, mental health issues are often overlooked, and many individuals suffer silently. One such problem is anxiety disorder, which affects millions of people worldwide. In this blog post, we’ll delve into anxiety disorder, its symptoms, and the importance of seeking help.
The Invisible Battle: Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety disorder is a mental health condition that causes people to feel intense fear, worry, or anxiety. It’s a persistent condition that can interfere with daily activities and quality of life. Various factors, including stress, trauma, genetics, and brain chemistry can trigger the condition.
Individuals with anxiety disorder may experience intense, frequent, and persistent worry or fear about everyday situations. They may also experience physical symptoms such as sweating, trembling, and digestive issues. Anxiety disorder can also manifest in specific phobias, social withdrawal, and panic attacks.
TEST CONSTRUCTION in Psychology to measure different traitsVandanaGaur15
The process of designing and constructing a test, from the initial concept to its final administration and scoring, as well as its statistical analysis and reporting, is known as test construction (Zijlmans et al., 2019).
Test construction is the set of activities involved in developing and evaluating a test of some psychological function.
The development of a good psychological test requires six essential steps:
Planning.
Writing items for the test.
Preliminary administration of the test.
Checking the reliability of the final test.
Checking the validity of the final test.
Preparation of the test manual and reproduction of the test.
Contenu connexe
Similaire à Hormones and behavior is the scientific study of interaction between hormones and behavior.
The endocrine system regulates body functions through hormone secretion. It consists of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, affecting distant target organs. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads, and pineal glands. Each gland secretes specific hormones that control processes like growth, metabolism, sexual development, and stress response, maintaining homeostasis throughout the body.
The document discusses the endocrine system and its major glands. It explains that endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, rather than through ducts. The major glands discussed are the pituitary gland, adrenal glands, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, gonads, and pancreas. The hormones secreted by these glands help regulate processes throughout the body like growth, metabolism, mood, and stress response. Imbalances in hormone levels can result in various medical conditions. Overall, the endocrine system works closely with the nervous system to maintain homeostasis in the body.
The endocrine system is a messenger system comprising feedback loops of the hormones released by internal glands of an organism directly into the circulatory system, regulating distant target organs. In vertebrates, the hypothalamus is the neural control center for all endocrine systems.
Presentation in Health by Robee Calero And Mina CarreonEebor Saveuc
The hypothalamus is a small area of the brain that controls hormone production and regulates many bodily functions through homeostasis. It produces hormones that govern processes like body temperature, hunger, sleep, and mood. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland and other glands. The pituitary gland, located below the hypothalamus, is often called the "master gland" as it controls other hormone-producing glands and produces important hormones itself. Other glands discussed include the thyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads (testes and ovaries). Each gland has a specific function, such as regulating metabolism for the thyroid or blood sugar levels for the pancreas.
The endocrine system includes glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate functions like growth, metabolism, reproduction, and response to stimuli. The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, hypothalamus, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, pancreas, adrenals, and gonads. The pituitary gland controls other glands and regulates growth, blood pressure, and sex organ functions. The thyroid regulates heart rate and metabolism. The pancreas regulates blood sugar through insulin and glucagon. The adrenals produce cortisol and hormones for stress response and digestion. The gonads produce sex hormones in males and females.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones which regulate growth, metabolism, sexual development, and other bodily functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormones act as chemical messengers to coordinate functions between different body parts and organs. Diseases like gigantism and dwarfism can result if the endocrine system and hormone production are disrupted.
The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce hormones and release them into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions. The major glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Hormones control functions such as metabolism, growth, sexual development, reproduction, and the stress response. Imbalances in hormone levels can cause disorders that must be treated by controlling hormone production.
The endocrine system influences metabolic activity through hormones. Hormones are chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream. They travel through the blood and regulate metabolic functions in other cells. The major endocrine glands include the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, testes/ovaries. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland which regulates other endocrine glands through releasing hormones.
These slides contain all the viable secretory gland which is present inside a human body such as Endocrine glands with their interrelationship or coordination.
The endocrine system is a complex network of glands and organs. It uses hormones to control and coordinate your body's metabolism, energy level, reproduction, growth and development, and response to injury, stress, and mood. The following are integral parts of the endocrine system.
The endocrine system is comprised of glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate bodily functions. Key glands include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, and gonads. The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland, which is the "master gland" that regulates most other endocrine glands. Hormones function via negative feedback loops to maintain homeostasis and influence growth, metabolism, fluid balance, mood, and reproduction. Imbalances can result in hypo- or hyperthyroidism, influencing factors like heart rate, weight, and digestion.
The endocrine system consists of glands that regulate vital functions through the release of hormones. The major endocrine glands are the pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, ovaries, and testes. The pituitary is called the "master gland" as it controls the functioning of the other glands. Glands such as the thyroid, adrenals, ovaries and testes regulate metabolism, stress response, reproduction, and sexual development through hormones like thyroid hormones, corticosteroids, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone.
The document discusses the endocrine system, which regulates hormones and affects mood, growth, development, and metabolism. It describes the main glands of the endocrine system, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, adrenal glands, pineal gland, and reproductive glands. The pituitary gland is called the "master gland" because it controls other glands by producing hormones. Problems can arise if glands produce too much or too little of certain hormones.
In This Presentation i have added all the content of biology chapter
Chemical Coordination and integration from Class 11 NCERT Biology....
Hope this will help you ...
Lecture 3. Physiology of the endocrine system.pdfManoj946329
This document provides an overview of the human endocrine system and hormones. It defines glands, including exocrine glands which secrete substances through ducts and endocrine glands which secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream. It describes the major endocrine glands like the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal and sex glands. It explains the types of hormones, including lipophilic hormones which penetrate cell membranes and hydrophilic hormones which bind to surface receptors. In closing, it emphasizes that hormones are biochemical substances produced by endocrine glands that affect distant organs and have specific, potent effects in small amounts.
The document summarizes the major endocrine glands and their hormones. It discusses the pituitary gland and its anterior and posterior lobes which secrete hormones that control other glands. The thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes and ovaries are also covered, outlining their hormone productions and functions in regulating processes like growth, metabolism, sexual development and reproduction.
The document provides information about the endocrine system, including:
- It describes the anatomy and functions of several endocrine glands, including the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, and adrenal glands.
- The hypothalamus regulates many bodily processes and secretes hormones that control the pituitary gland. It plays a key role in homeostasis.
- Oxytocin is a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and the release of breast milk during lactation. It also impacts social behaviors.
The forebrain includes the telencephalon, which contains the cerebral hemispheres, and the diencephalon, which contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. The forebrain processes complex cognitive functions and sensory information. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the brain responsible for higher thought processes. The cerebrum consists of the left and right cerebral hemispheres, with one usually dominant for language and speech and the other for visual/spatial functions. The thalamus relays motor and sensory signals to the cortex, and damage can cause sensory or movement issues. The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis by controlling hormones and body functions like temperature, appetite,
Hormones are chemical agents, transmitters among different tissues of our organism. Hormones are produced by the endocrine glands. For example, sex hormones are produced mainly by ovaries and in insignificant quantity by adrenal glands. Hormones penetrate in the blood and make a targeted organ start its function activity or stop its work. The blood contains a large quantity of various biologically active agents at the same time, however, different hormones find their targeted organs. How it is going on?
The endocrine system regulates the body through chemical messengers called hormones. It includes glands like the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, pancreas, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. Hormones travel through the bloodstream and target distant organs to control functions like metabolism, growth, digestion, mood, and reproduction. Some important hormones are insulin, glucagon, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol, and thyroid hormones.
Similaire à Hormones and behavior is the scientific study of interaction between hormones and behavior. (20)
ANXIETY DISORDER IS A FEELING OF FEAR,DREAD,AND UNEASINESSVandanaGaur15
Mental health is as crucial as physical health. However, mental health issues are often overlooked, and many individuals suffer silently. One such problem is anxiety disorder, which affects millions of people worldwide. In this blog post, we’ll delve into anxiety disorder, its symptoms, and the importance of seeking help.
The Invisible Battle: Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety disorder is a mental health condition that causes people to feel intense fear, worry, or anxiety. It’s a persistent condition that can interfere with daily activities and quality of life. Various factors, including stress, trauma, genetics, and brain chemistry can trigger the condition.
Individuals with anxiety disorder may experience intense, frequent, and persistent worry or fear about everyday situations. They may also experience physical symptoms such as sweating, trembling, and digestive issues. Anxiety disorder can also manifest in specific phobias, social withdrawal, and panic attacks.
TEST CONSTRUCTION in Psychology to measure different traitsVandanaGaur15
The process of designing and constructing a test, from the initial concept to its final administration and scoring, as well as its statistical analysis and reporting, is known as test construction (Zijlmans et al., 2019).
Test construction is the set of activities involved in developing and evaluating a test of some psychological function.
The development of a good psychological test requires six essential steps:
Planning.
Writing items for the test.
Preliminary administration of the test.
Checking the reliability of the final test.
Checking the validity of the final test.
Preparation of the test manual and reproduction of the test.
Thinking is a mental process which produces thoughts. Reasoning is a mental p...VandanaGaur15
Thinking and reasoning are two mental processes between which a key difference can be discerned. Thinking encapsulates a large arena of thought production that can be either conscious or unconscious. On the contrary, reasoning is limited to the conscious production of mental thought with the use of logic. As you can see from the very definitions themselves, unlike reasoning, thinking is not always logical, nor is it conscious.Thoughts allow people to organize their ideas and feelings. It can also be considered as one of the basic factors that underlie human behavior. When we think it helps us to make sense of the work around us and interpret it in our own way. In this sense, thinking is extremely beneficial to people to deal with day to day occurrences and realize their ambitions. According to psychologists, thinking can be both a conscious process and sometimes an unconscious process as well. Of the various branches of psychology, cognitive psychology focuses the most on thinking or thought processes. Cognitive psychologists study how the thought process changes as individuals reach different stages in life from childhood to adulthood.
Drug addiction, also called substance use disorder, is a disease that affects a person's brain and behavior and leads to an inability to control the use of a legal or illegal drug or medicine
Memory refers to the psychological processes of acquiring, storing, retaining, and later retrieving information. Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored ,and retrieved when needed.
Focuses on the internal ,unconcious mental forces that individual are largely unaware of ,but drive emotions and actions. The psychodynamic theory is a psychological theory Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)and his followers applied to explain the origins of human behaviour
Personality disorders are conditions in which an individual differs significantly from an average person , in terms of how they think, perceive , feel or relate to others.
Personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristics behavior and thought(Aiiport,,1961)
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Hormones and behavior is the scientific study of interaction between hormones and behavior.
1. HARMONES AND BEHAVIOR
DR VANDANA GAUR
ASSO ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
DEP DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY
HORMONES AND
BEHAVIOUR
2. • “Hormones are chemicals synthesized and
produced by the specialized glands to control and
regulate the activity of certain cells and organs.
These specialized glands are known as endocrine
glands.”
• “हार्मोन क
ु छ कोशिकाओं और अंगों की गशिशिशि को
शनयंशिि और शिशनयशर्मि करने क
े शिए शििेष ग्रंशियों
द्वारा संश्लेशषि और उत्पाशिि रसायन होिे हैं। इन शिशिष्ट
ग्रंशियों को अंिःस्रािी ग्रंशियों क
े रूप र्में जाना जािा है।
3. Why are Hormones called Chemical Messengers?
• The prominent role of hormones is that of a messenger.
Hypothalamus is a part of forebrain where a numerous
amount of neurosecretory cells are present. These
neuro secretory cells are specialized in the secretion of
a hormone called neuro hormones. They stimulate the
anterior lobe of the pituitary to produce various other
hormones.
• Sometimes, hormones act more than a regulator than a
messenger. The changes in the level of hormone
production lead to certain changes in the body. Thus,
hormone as a regulator maintains the homeostasis of
the body. Once the hormones meet their target, their
production needs to be controlled and this is attained
by a mechanism called feedback control mechanism.
The feedback mechanism could either be positive or
negative.
4. Cell Signaling
The effects of hormones depend on how they are
released.
Hence, signaling effects can be classified into the
following:
• Autocrine: The hormone act on the cell that
secreted it.
• Paracrine: The hormone act on a nearby cell
without having to enter the blood circulation.
• Intracrine: The hormone is produced in the cell and
acts intracellularly means inside the cell.
• Endocrine: The hormone act on the target cells
once it is released from the respective glands into
the bloodstream.
5.
6. TYPE OF HORMONES
• Peptide Hormones
Peptide hormones are composed of amino acids and
are soluble in water. Peptide hormones are unable to
pass through the cell membrane as it contains a
phospholipid bilayer that stops any fat-insoluble
molecules from diffusing into the cell. Insulin is an
important peptide hormone produced by the pancreas.
• Steroid Hormones
Unlike peptide hormones, steroid hormones are fat-
soluble and are able to pass through a cell membrane.
Sex hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and
progesterone are examples of steroid hormones.
7. TYPE OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
• Hypothalamus: It controls the body temperature,
regulates emotions, hunger, thirst, sleep, moods and
allow the production of hormones.
• Pineal: Pineal is also known as the thalamus. It
produces serotonin derivatives of melatonin, which
affects sleep patterns.
• Parathyroid: This gland helps in controlling the amount
of calcium present in the body.
• Thymus: It helps in the production of T-
cells, functioning of the adaptive immune system and
maturity of the thymus.
• Thyroid: It produces hormones that affect the heart
rate and how calories are burnt.
8. • Adrenal: This gland produces the hormones that
control the sex drive, cortisol and stress hormone.
• Pituitary: It is also termed as the “master control
gland,”. This is because the pituitary gland helps in
controlling other glands. Moreover, it develops the
hormones that trigger growth and development.
• Pancreas: This gland is involved in the production of
insulin hormones, which plays a crucial role in
maintaining blood sugar levels.
• Testes: In men, the testes secrete the male sex
hormone, testosterone. It also produces sperm.
• Ovaries: In the female reproductive system, the
ovaries release estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone and other female sex hormones.
9.
10. • What is Hypothalamus?
• Hypothalamus is a minute region, almost the size of
an almond, present at the centre of the human
brain, near the pituitary gland.
• It consists of three main regions:
• The anterior region.
• The middle region.
• The posterior region.
• It plays a vital role in the production of hormones.
Maintaining the hypothalamus health is very
important. Its improper functioning causes several
disorders.
11. • Hormones Secreted by Hypothalamus
• The anterior region of the hypothalamus is
responsible for hormone secretion. The nuclei
present in this region lead the process. The
important hormones secreted by hypothalamus are:
• Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone: This hormone is
responsible for the regulation of metabolic and
immune response.
• Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone: It triggers the
pituitary gland to release a thyroid-stimulating
hormone which plays a major role in the
functioning of organs of the body such as heart,
muscles, etc.
12. • Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone: It stimulates the
pituitary gland to release several reproductive
hormones.
• Oxytocin: It is involved in several processes such as
lactation, childbirth, regulating sleep cycles,
maintaining body temperature.
• Somatostatin: This hormone is also known as Growth
Hormone Inhibiting Hormone. It regulates the
endocrine system and affects the neurotransmission
and cell proliferation by interacting with G-protein
coupled receptors.
• The middle region of hypothalamus stimulates the
release of Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone. This
hormone plays a major role in the growth and
development of the body.
14. Pituitary Gland
• The Pituitary gland, also known as the hypophysis,
is a pea-sized endocrine gland situated at the base
of our brain. It is often referred to as the ‘Master
Gland’ because it produces some of the important
hormones in the body. It is situated in a bony
structure called the Pituitary fossa, just below the
hypothalamus, close to the optic nerve. The
pituitary gland is divided into three parts, also
called lobes:
• Anterior pituitary
• Intermediate pituitary (Absent in adult human
beings)
• Posterior pituitary
15. Function Of Hormones Secreted By Pituitary Gland
• A healthy adult human’s pituitary gland consists of two
parts – the Anterior and the Posterior parts. The
Intermediate pituitary regresses during gestation and is
absent in adult humans. Following are the major
functions of hormones:
• Anterior Pituitary Hormones
• The anterior pituitary is responsible for the synthesis
and secretion of several key hormones in the body.
These hormones include:
• Human Growth Hormone (HGH): Responsible for the
growth and repair of all cells in the body.
• Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): Influences the
thyroid gland for the release of thyroxine, its own
hormone. TSH is also called Thyrotropin.
16. • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): Influences
the adrenal gland to release of Cortisol or the
“stress hormone”. ACTH is also known as
corticotropin.
• Luteinising Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating
Hormone (FSH): Collectively known as
Gonadotropins, LH and FSH control the sexual and
reproductive characteristics in males and females.
• Prolactin (PRL): Produces milk in the breast. Though
it is present at all times, the secretion is increased
during and just after pregnancy.
• Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (MSH): Involved
in the stimulation of the production of melanin by
skin and hair.
18. Pineal Gland
• It is a pinecone-shaped small gland located in the
middle of the human brain in between the two
hemispheres in an area called epithalamus. It is the
major site for melatonin secretion, which regulates
the body’s internal clock (Circadian rhythm).
• This gland is rich in calcium levels. The calcium acts
as a radiographer to locate the middle of the brain
in X-ray images. It was also one of the last glands to
be discovered.
Anatomy of Pineal Gland
• The pineal gland is about 0.3 inches long and
weighs 0.1 grams. The adrenergic nerves entering
the pineal gland regulate its functions.
19. • Hormones Secreted by Pineal Gland– Melatonin
• The pineal gland synthesises melatonin and
serotonin, hence they are also called as the Pineal
Gland Hormone. The pineal gland also produces
neurosteroids.
• Melatonin affects circadian rhythm.
• The secretion of gonadotropins from the
anterior Pituitary gland is blocked by melatonin
thereby affecting reproduction. These hormones aid
in the development of ovaries and testes.
20. Functions Of Pineal Gland
Secretion Of Melatonin
This gland secretes the hormone melatonin which
regulates the circadian rhythm of the body and also
certain reproductive hormones. The secretion of
this hormone depends upon the amount of light a
person is exposed to. This hormone is produced in
large amounts when it is dark. The presence of light
inhibits the secretion of melatonin which controls
our circadian rhythms.
21. • Reproduction
• Melatonin inhibits the secretion of reproductive
hormones from the anterior pituitary, which are
responsible for the development and functioning of
reproductive organs.
• Disorders Of Pineal Gland
• Listed below are few disorders caused by the
malfunctioning of the pineal gland.
• Depression.
• Mood swings.
• Peptic or stomach ulcers.
• Disruption in sleep patterns.
• An impaired pineal gland leads to hormonal imbalance.
• Sexual disorders are caused by the dysfunctioning of
the pineal gland.
23. Thyroid Gland
• The thyroid gland is a ductless endocrine gland
situated in the anterior/front portion of the neck. It
roughly resembles the shape of a butterfly. It is also
one of the largest endocrine glands, weighing an
average of 25 – 30 g. This gland has two lobes on
either side of the trachea, with each lobe measuring
4 – 6 cm in length and 1.3 – 1.8 cm in width.
• The primary function of the thyroid gland is to
secrete two hormones, namely, Triiodothyronine
(T3) hormone and the Thyroxine hormone (T4).
Both T3 and T4 hormones play a very important
role and affect almost every tissue in the body.
24. • Thyroid Gland Location
• The thyroid gland is located in the anterior neck between C5
and T1 vertebrae. It consists of two lobes and parathyroid
glands are present on their posterior surfaces.
• Thyroid Hormones
• There are two thyroid hormones:
• T4: Thyroxine (Tetraiodothyronine)
• T3: Triiodothyronine
• T4
• Thyroxine is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland in the
bloodstream. It then travels to the organs such as kidneys and
liver where it gets converted into and gets converted into its
active form triiodothyronine.
• T3
• It is a thyroid hormone that affects physiological processes
such as growth, development, metabolism, etc.
25. Thyroid Symptoms
• Sometimes, symptoms of a thyroid disorder are not
very obvious. This is because there are various other
factors that can induce similar symptoms and usually,
the treatment is given according to the symptoms. For
instance, excessive tiredness may be associated with
sleep apnea, narcolepsy etc, but the underlying
symptoms may actually be thyroid related. Some of the
common symptoms of the thyroid are:
• Nervousness
• Poor concentration and knowledge retention
• Change in the menstrual cycle
• Increased heart rate
• Muscle aches
• Weight gain
• High level of cholesterol
26. Thyroid Gland Disorders
The thyroid gland is susceptible to many disorders and diseases.
These problems might be due to the excess secretion of
hormones, unusual growth of the gland, malignant lumps etc.
• Goitre
• Thyroid cancer
• Hyperthyroidism
This condition is caused when thyroid glands excessively
produce a hormone called thyroxine. The symptoms include a
change in appetite, unexpected weight loss, insomnia,
fatigue, irritability, frequent urination, increased sweating and
heat intolerance.
• Hypothyroidism
One of the main reasons that trigger hypothyroidism is an
autoimmune disorder called Hashimoto’s disease. In this
condition, the antibodies produced by the body attack the
thyroid gland and this results in the glands producing fewer
hormones.
28. Parathyroid Hormone
• Parathyroid hormone is secreted by the four parathyroid glands.
These tiny glands are present in the neck behind the thyroid
glands. Parathyroid hormone controls and regulates the levels of
calcium in the blood and raises their levels when they are too low.
• There are two main types of Parathyroid hormone:
• Parathormone
• Calcitonin
• The primary purpose of parathyroid glands is to regulate calcium
in the blood in a very strict range between 9.0 and 10.1 mg/dL.
Parathyroids also manage the amount of calcium in the bones and
determine their strength.
• Bones – The parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates the release of
calcium from stores of calcium present in the bones into the
bloodstream.
• Intestine – PTH increases the calcium absorption in the intestine
by food through its impacts and affects the metabolism of
vitamin D.
• Kidneys – PTH minimizes the calcium loss in the urine and also
stimulates active vitamin D formation in the kidneys.
29. Parathyroid hormone Levels
• What if the parathyroid hormone is too high?
• Hyperthyroidism is an endocrine disorder which causes
oversecretion of parathyroid hormone in the body. This
oversecretion of PTH causes an abnormal rise in the
blood calcium levels.
• Oversecretion of parathyroid hormone can make a
person depressed, irritable, insomnia, memory loss,
lack of energy and worried are the most common
symptoms in patients with parathyroid disease.
• What if the parathyroid hormone is too little?
• Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition in which there
is low production of parathyroid hormone in the body
this condition results in abnormally low levels of
calcium in the blood. It is treated medically with
vitamin D analogues and oral calcium supplements.
31. Pancreas
• Pancreas is an abdominal organ located behind the
stomach and surrounded by spleen, liver and small
intestine. It is a vital part of the digestive system
and is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels.
• The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes such as
amylase, proteases and lipase into the duodenum.
These enzymes help in digesting sugar, proteins and
fat respectively. Islets of Langerhans are embedded
in the pancreas that secretes hormones such as
insulin and glucagon into the blood.
32. Pancreas Function
• Exocrine Function
• The pancreas consists of exocrine glands that produce
enzymes trypsin and chymotrypsin that are essential
for digestion. These enzymes contain chymotrypsin and
trypsin to digest proteins, amylase for the digestion of
carbohydrates and lipase to break down fats. These
pancreatic juices are liberated into the system of ducts
and culminated in the pancreatic duct when the food
enters the stomach.
• Endocrine Function
• The endocrine part of the pancreas comprises Islets of
Langerhans that release insulin and glucagon directly
into the bloodstream. They help in regulating the blood
sugar levels of the body.
33.
34. Adrenal Gland
• The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that perform
quite a lot of functions in the body.
• On the anterior side of the right adrenal gland sits the
Inferior vena cava and the right lobe of the liver. The
posterior side is flanked by the right crus of the
diaphragm..
Adrenal Gland Anatomy
• As stated in the introduction, the human body has two
adrenal glands, the right gland is pyramidal in shape
and the left gland is semilunar in shape.
• The left adrenal gland is also comparatively larger than
the right.
35. • Adrenal Capsule
The capsule is a protective layer of fat that surrounds
each adrenal glands.
• Adrenal Cortex
The adrenal cortex is the outermost layer of the adrenal
gland which is devoted to the production of
aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens hormones. There
are three layers of cortex called zones which can be
examined and easily differentiated under a microscope:
• Adrenal Medulla
The last and innermost part of the adrenal gland is the
medulla. It contains the Chromaffin cells, which
produce the body’s main source of catecholamines
(such as adrenaline and noradrenaline) and
endorphins. These are stored and released in response
to stress.
36. • Adrenal Gland Function
• One of the most well-known responses – the Fight
or Flight Response is triggered by the release of
stress hormones from the adrenal glands.
• The adrenal glands produce a variety of hormones.
These hormones are very crucial for the normal
functioning of the body. For instance, the glands
secrete cortisol, which has anti-inflammatory
properties and aids the immune system.
37. Adrenal Gland Hormones
• Epinephrine: Also called adrenaline, this hormone
rapidly responds to stress by increasing the heart rate
and raising blood glucose levels in the blood.
• Norepinephrine: Also called noradrenaline, this
hormone works with epinephrine in reacting to stress.
Its primary function is to mobilize the body and brain
for action.
• Hydrocortisone: It is commonly known as cortisol or a
steroid hormone. It is involved in regulating body
functions like the conversion of fats, and carbohydrates
to energy and also plays a vital role in other metabolic
processes.
• Corticosterone: This hormone works with
hydrocortisone to control the immune response and
prevents inflammatory reactions.
38. Gonads
• Gonads are the female and male reproductive organs. Testes
are the male gonads and ovaries in females.
• Gonads: Sex Hormones
• Being a component of Endocrine system, both male and
female gonads generate sex hormones. Gonadal hormones
are regulated by hormones secreted by the pituitary gland in
the brain. Hormones that are responsible for stimulating the
gonads to produce sex hormones are called gonadotropins.
The gonadotropins called luteinizing hormone (LH) and
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) are secreted by the
pituitary.
• The pituitary hormones influence reproductive organs in
many ways.
• The tests are stimulated by the LH to secrete the sex hormone
testosterone and ovaries to secrete estrogens and
progesterone. The FSH is involved in the maturation of
ovarian follicles (sacs that contain ova) in females and
production of sperm in males.
39. • Female Gonad Hormones
• The major hormones of the ovaries are progesterone
and estrogens.
• Estrogens – It is a group of female sex hormones
essential for reproduction and the development of the
female reproductive system. Estrogens are responsible
for maturation and growth of the vagina and uterus,
widening of pelvis, breast and the uterus changes
during the menstrual cycle, and increasing growth of
hairs on the body.
• Progesterone – These are the hormones whose
function is to prepare the uterus for conception,
regulating changes in the uterus during the Menstrual
cycle, ovulation aids, and stimulating gland
development for the production of milk during
pregnancy.
40. • Male Gonad Hormones
• Androgens are hormones that majorly influence the
development of the male reproductive system.
• Testosterone is responsible and essential for
increased growth of bone and muscle, growth of
body hair, developing broader shoulder, voice
deepening and growth of the penis.
• Androstenedione – These are the hormones that
act as a precursor to estrogens and testosterone.
• Inhibin – These hormones inhibit the release of FSH
and thought to be involved in sperm cell regulation
and development.
41. List of Important Hormones
• Cortisol – It has been named as the “stress hormone” as it
helps the body in responding to stress. This is done by
increasing the heart rate, elevating blood sugar levels etc.
• Estrogen-This is the main sex hormone present in women
which bring about puberty, prepares the uterus and body for
pregnancy and even regulates the menstrual cycle. Estrogen
level changes during menopause because of which women
experience many uncomfortable symptoms.
• Melatonin – It primarily controls the circadian rhythm or
sleep cycles.
• Progesterone – It is a female sex hormone also responsible
for menstrual cycle, pregnancy and embryogenesis.
• Testosterone – This is the most important sex hormone
synthesized in men, which cause puberty, muscle mass
growth, and strengthen the bones and muscles, increase
bone density and controls facial hair growth.
42. • Functions of Hormones
• Following are some important functions of
hormones:
• Food metabolism.
• Growth and development.
• Controlling thirst and hunger.
• Maintaining body temperature.
• Regulating mood and cognitive functions.
• Initiating and maintaining sexual development and
reproduction.