This document provides an overview of hydroelectric power generation. It discusses how hydroelectric power works by converting the kinetic energy of moving water into electrical energy. Dams are used to store water which is then released to spin turbines connected to generators. The electricity is stepped up in voltage and transmitted via power lines. Hydroelectric power provides flexibility to meet peak energy demands and can be paired with other renewable sources like wind and solar to increase reliability of supply.
This document discusses hydroelectric power and how it works. It explains that hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to turn turbines and generate electricity. Dams are often used to store water and create a consistent supply to produce power. The water turns the blades of a turbine which spins a generator to produce electricity. The electricity is then transmitted through power lines and transformers to homes and businesses. The document provides background on hydroelectric power and the process by which it generates and transmits electricity.
IRJETMicro Hydro Power Generation from Small Water Channel FlowIRJET Journal
This document discusses micro hydro power generation from small water channels. The main objectives are to generate electricity from stored water and study the effects of water flow on power generation. Water flowing through a channel turns a fan connected to a motor, generating electricity. All required components are selected, manufactured, and assembled. Experimental testing is conducted and results are analyzed. Micro hydro power is a renewable energy source that can generate power from small streams and channels on a local scale with no air pollution.
The document provides information about hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the key components of hydroelectric plants including dams, reservoirs, penstocks, turbines, and generators. It explains how hydroelectric plants work by harnessing the potential and kinetic energy of flowing water to turn turbines and generate electricity. The document also provides statistics on global hydroelectric production and discusses the history and environmental impacts of hydroelectric power.
Energy is the ability to do work or produce usable power. It exists in many forms, including the potential and kinetic energy stored in physical systems and different energy sources like coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, and renewable sources. Renewable energy comes from resources that regenerate naturally, like sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water by using dams to collect potential energy from stored water, which is then converted to kinetic energy and used to spin turbines that generate electricity. Key components of hydroelectric plants include reservoirs, dams, penstocks, turbines, and generators. Hydroelectricity provides clean, renewable energy but building large dams can impact local
This document discusses hydro power plants and renewable energy. It begins by defining energy and differentiating between renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It then focuses on hydro power, explaining that hydro power plants capture the kinetic energy of falling water using turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. The document outlines the different types of hydro power plants including impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. It also discusses components of hydro power plants including dams, turbines, generators and transmission lines. In conclusion, the document states that water energy has advantages over other renewables and will become more competitive in the future.
T&S_ppt final for Hydro Electric Power Plant PresentationVishalChavan937224
Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. The amount of electricity generated depends on the water flow rate and head (drop height). Greater flow and head produce more power. Humans first used waterwheels to harness water's kinetic energy for tasks like grinding grains. Modern hydropower plants use turbines connected to generators to convert the kinetic energy of falling water into electric power transmitted via power lines. The world's theoretical and technical hydropower potential is large, but only a fraction has been developed so far, with opportunities existing worldwide.
This document provides an introduction to hydroelectric power. It explains that hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. It describes how hydroelectric systems work by using turbines connected to generators to convert the mechanical energy of moving water into electrical energy. The document also discusses different types of hydroelectric facilities including high-head dams, low-head run-of-river systems, and varying sizes from large to micro hydro plants. It concludes by giving examples of hydroelectric dams in Arizona.
The document discusses hydroelectric power plants. It provides information on:
1) How hydroelectric power plants work by using turbines to convert the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy to power generators that produce electricity.
2) The different components of hydroelectric power plants including generators, gearing systems, and water turbines.
3) A brief history of hydroelectric power development from early water wheels to modern large scale dams and power stations.
This document discusses hydroelectric power and how it works. It explains that hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water to turn turbines and generate electricity. Dams are often used to store water and create a consistent supply to produce power. The water turns the blades of a turbine which spins a generator to produce electricity. The electricity is then transmitted through power lines and transformers to homes and businesses. The document provides background on hydroelectric power and the process by which it generates and transmits electricity.
IRJETMicro Hydro Power Generation from Small Water Channel FlowIRJET Journal
This document discusses micro hydro power generation from small water channels. The main objectives are to generate electricity from stored water and study the effects of water flow on power generation. Water flowing through a channel turns a fan connected to a motor, generating electricity. All required components are selected, manufactured, and assembled. Experimental testing is conducted and results are analyzed. Micro hydro power is a renewable energy source that can generate power from small streams and channels on a local scale with no air pollution.
The document provides information about hydroelectric power plants. It discusses the key components of hydroelectric plants including dams, reservoirs, penstocks, turbines, and generators. It explains how hydroelectric plants work by harnessing the potential and kinetic energy of flowing water to turn turbines and generate electricity. The document also provides statistics on global hydroelectric production and discusses the history and environmental impacts of hydroelectric power.
Energy is the ability to do work or produce usable power. It exists in many forms, including the potential and kinetic energy stored in physical systems and different energy sources like coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, and renewable sources. Renewable energy comes from resources that regenerate naturally, like sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of moving water by using dams to collect potential energy from stored water, which is then converted to kinetic energy and used to spin turbines that generate electricity. Key components of hydroelectric plants include reservoirs, dams, penstocks, turbines, and generators. Hydroelectricity provides clean, renewable energy but building large dams can impact local
This document discusses hydro power plants and renewable energy. It begins by defining energy and differentiating between renewable and non-renewable energy sources. It then focuses on hydro power, explaining that hydro power plants capture the kinetic energy of falling water using turbines connected to generators to produce electricity. The document outlines the different types of hydro power plants including impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. It also discusses components of hydro power plants including dams, turbines, generators and transmission lines. In conclusion, the document states that water energy has advantages over other renewables and will become more competitive in the future.
T&S_ppt final for Hydro Electric Power Plant PresentationVishalChavan937224
Hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. The amount of electricity generated depends on the water flow rate and head (drop height). Greater flow and head produce more power. Humans first used waterwheels to harness water's kinetic energy for tasks like grinding grains. Modern hydropower plants use turbines connected to generators to convert the kinetic energy of falling water into electric power transmitted via power lines. The world's theoretical and technical hydropower potential is large, but only a fraction has been developed so far, with opportunities existing worldwide.
This document provides an introduction to hydroelectric power. It explains that hydropower harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water to generate electricity. It describes how hydroelectric systems work by using turbines connected to generators to convert the mechanical energy of moving water into electrical energy. The document also discusses different types of hydroelectric facilities including high-head dams, low-head run-of-river systems, and varying sizes from large to micro hydro plants. It concludes by giving examples of hydroelectric dams in Arizona.
The document discusses hydroelectric power plants. It provides information on:
1) How hydroelectric power plants work by using turbines to convert the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy to power generators that produce electricity.
2) The different components of hydroelectric power plants including generators, gearing systems, and water turbines.
3) A brief history of hydroelectric power development from early water wheels to modern large scale dams and power stations.
This document provides an overview of electrical power systems in India. It discusses different power generation sources including thermal, hydro, nuclear, wind, and solar. Thermal power accounts for the majority of India's installed capacity. The document also describes the basic workings of thermal, nuclear, hydro, and wind power plants. It notes that per capita electricity consumption in India is much lower than other countries like the UK and US.
This document provides an introduction to hydroelectric power, including:
- Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water through turbines connected to generators to produce electricity.
- The amount of electricity produced depends on the water's flow rate and head (height of the fall).
- There are various types of hydroelectric systems including high-head dams, low-head run-of-river systems, and small or micro hydro plants.
- Examples of hydroelectric dams and plants in Arizona are described.
This document provides an introduction to electrical power systems in India. It discusses different sources of electrical power generation including conventional sources like thermal, nuclear, gas, and water as well as non-conventional sources like wind and solar. Thermal power from coal makes up the majority of India's installed capacity at 100,000 MW. The document outlines the basic processes of coal-fired thermal power plants and nuclear power plants. It also discusses hydroelectric and wind power generation systems. Key advantages and disadvantages of different power sources are summarized.
Hybrid Power Generation by Solar Tracking and Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (Des...IRJET Journal
This document describes a hybrid power generation system that uses both solar and wind energy. It begins with an abstract that outlines the project's main objective of designing, analyzing, and fabricating a model of a system that uses solar tracking and a vertical axis wind turbine to generate electricity. It then provides background on the need for alternative and renewable energy sources. The rest of the document discusses the various design considerations and components of the hybrid solar-wind system in detail. The goals are to create a portable, low-cost system that can provide off-grid power to remote areas or areas affected by natural disasters.
This document provides an overview of renewable energy sources, focusing on hydroelectric, wind, and solar power. It discusses what renewable energy is, the types of renewable resources like hydroelectricity, wind, solar, biofuels and tidal/wave energy. For hydroelectric power, it describes how dams work to convert the kinetic energy of falling water into electricity. For wind power, it explains how wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. For solar power, it discusses solar photovoltaic cells and concentrating solar power systems. The document outlines some advantages and disadvantages of these three renewable sources.
The document provides information on different types of hydro power plants. It discusses the basic components and working of hydro power plants, including dams, reservoirs, penstocks and turbines. It also classifies hydro power plants by size (mini, micro, pico) and by facility type (run-of-river, storage, pumped storage, in-stream). Measurement of head and flow is important for determining a site's hydro power potential.
This document discusses different types of renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and hydro energy. Solar energy is generated from photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity. Wind energy uses wind turbines to convert kinetic wind energy into electrical energy. Hydro energy utilizes the potential energy of water from dams to power generators and create electricity. The document covers the basic concepts, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of each renewable energy source.
This document provides an overview of different types of power plants. It discusses thermal power plants, diesel engine power plants, gas turbine power plants, nuclear power plants, and hydroelectric power plants. It also covers the basic components and operation of hydroelectric plants, including the dam, turbines, generators, and other key parts. Boiling water nuclear reactors are described in detail, including their nuclear reactors, control systems, steam turbines, and advantages/disadvantages compared to pressurized water reactors. Diesel power plants are mentioned as using diesel engines to power generators for small-scale power production.
Hydroelectric power provides clean, renewable energy by harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water. In Pakistan, hydroelectric power accounts for over 30% of electricity generation. Major hydroelectric projects currently underway in Pakistan include the 870MW Suki Kinari plant and 720MW Karot dam as part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Hydroelectric power plants have high upfront costs but low operating costs, and provide a reliable source of baseload electricity with efficiencies around 80%. However, large dams can impact the environment and displace populations. To meet growing energy demand, Pakistan will need to develop additional hydroelectric capacity as well as other renewable resources.
Hydroelectricity is generated by harnessing the gravitational force of falling or flowing water to turn turbines and generate electricity. It accounts for 16% of global electricity production. China is the largest producer, generating over 700 terawatt-hours in 2010, mainly from large conventional dams. Small-scale hydroelectric power below 10MW also contributes, especially in developing nations. While hydro is a renewable and low-cost source of electricity, dams can negatively impact local ecosystems.
Hydroelectricity is generated by harnessing the gravitational force of falling or flowing water to turn turbines and generate electricity. It accounts for 16% of global electricity production. China is the largest producer, generating over 700 terawatt-hours in 2010. While hydroelectricity has low costs and produces no emissions, damming interrupts river flows and can harm ecosystems while displacing people.
This document discusses tidal power and underwater windmills. It begins with an introduction to tidal power, noting that tidal power harnesses the kinetic energy from tidal currents. It then explains the working principle of underwater windmills, which operate similarly to land-based windmills but are driven by flowing water rather than air. The document outlines the two main types of underwater windmills - horizontal axis and vertical axis - and discusses blade materials, advantages like being renewable and competitive, and disadvantages like restricting fishing in some areas. It concludes by stating that tidal power is ecofriendly and can provide clean energy to small communities.
This document provides an overview of hydro power plants. It discusses the different types of hydro power generation including conventional dams, pumped storage, and run-of-river. Conventional dams use the potential energy of dammed water driving turbines to generate electricity. Pumped storage pumps water to a higher reservoir during low demand and releases it through turbines during high demand to store energy. Run-of-river hydroelectric stations utilize the flow of rivers without large reservoirs and return water downstream after generation. The document also briefly mentions tidal power generation using daily ocean tide changes.
The document discusses hydroelectric power plants in Sikkim and Delhi, India. It provides details about the Chuzachen hydroelectric power plant located in Sikkim, which has a capacity of 110MW and was built as a privately owned power project. It also notes that Delhi is planning its first hydroelectric plant with a capacity of 20,000kWh per year to be built without cost. The document outlines the basic workings of hydroelectric plants and compares the advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power versus other renewable energy sources.
The document discusses Pavna Dam located in DYPSOE, Lohegaon, Pune. The dam was constructed in 1996 primarily for irrigation purposes, supplying water for agriculture, drinking, and industries in the surrounding areas. It dams the Krishna River and forms the Dhom Lake, with a storage capacity of 4.16 TMC. The dam also generates 4 MW of hydroelectricity using a power plant located at its base.
The document provides information about a webinar on renewable energy presented by the Department of Electrical Engineering. It discusses various renewable and non-renewable energy sources including solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric power, tidal power, biomass energy, and geothermal power. For each renewable source, it provides details on how it works and its advantages and disadvantages. It also shares statistics on solar power growth in India and lists existing solar plants.
Hydroelectric power (HEP) is an environmentally friendly way to generate electricity by harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water. It represents 19% of the world's total electricity production. Dams are built to trap water, usually in valleys, and water is channeled through tunnels to turn turbines and drive generators. While HEP has advantages like being renewable and producing no emissions, it also has disadvantages such as the high cost of building dams and potential environmental impacts of flooding large areas.
The document discusses the production and distribution of electricity. It describes how coal, hydroelectric, wind and solar power are used to generate 44%, 16%, and growing percentages of electricity in the US. It explains that electricity is transmitted through power lines from power plants to distribution centers and then to homes at voltages of 120-240 volts for safety. The document emphasizes the importance of electricity in modern life and conserving energy resources for future generations.
This document discusses merit pay in three paragraphs. It begins by stating that while merit pay systems are not illegal, they can raise legal concerns regarding discrimination. It then notes that determining merit is difficult and subjective, leading to disputes. The final paragraph discusses how unions generally oppose merit pay, preferring seniority-based and across-the-board pay increases instead.
This document outlines the functionalist vs intentionalist debate regarding the causes of the Holocaust. Functionalists argue that the Holocaust emerged from bureaucratic processes and competing interests within the Nazi government, rather than being centrally planned by Hitler. Intentionalists counter that Hitler was the driving force behind the Holocaust from the beginning. The debate examines whether Hitler or other Nazi leaders were primarily responsible for the genocide of Jews and other groups. Historians have examined evidence from the Third Reich era to try to determine which theory best explains the origins and escalation of the Holocaust.
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Similaire à Hydroelectric Power Generation. Hydroelectric Power Generation. Hydroelectric Power Generation
This document provides an overview of electrical power systems in India. It discusses different power generation sources including thermal, hydro, nuclear, wind, and solar. Thermal power accounts for the majority of India's installed capacity. The document also describes the basic workings of thermal, nuclear, hydro, and wind power plants. It notes that per capita electricity consumption in India is much lower than other countries like the UK and US.
This document provides an introduction to hydroelectric power, including:
- Hydroelectric power harnesses the kinetic energy of flowing water through turbines connected to generators to produce electricity.
- The amount of electricity produced depends on the water's flow rate and head (height of the fall).
- There are various types of hydroelectric systems including high-head dams, low-head run-of-river systems, and small or micro hydro plants.
- Examples of hydroelectric dams and plants in Arizona are described.
This document provides an introduction to electrical power systems in India. It discusses different sources of electrical power generation including conventional sources like thermal, nuclear, gas, and water as well as non-conventional sources like wind and solar. Thermal power from coal makes up the majority of India's installed capacity at 100,000 MW. The document outlines the basic processes of coal-fired thermal power plants and nuclear power plants. It also discusses hydroelectric and wind power generation systems. Key advantages and disadvantages of different power sources are summarized.
Hybrid Power Generation by Solar Tracking and Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (Des...IRJET Journal
This document describes a hybrid power generation system that uses both solar and wind energy. It begins with an abstract that outlines the project's main objective of designing, analyzing, and fabricating a model of a system that uses solar tracking and a vertical axis wind turbine to generate electricity. It then provides background on the need for alternative and renewable energy sources. The rest of the document discusses the various design considerations and components of the hybrid solar-wind system in detail. The goals are to create a portable, low-cost system that can provide off-grid power to remote areas or areas affected by natural disasters.
This document provides an overview of renewable energy sources, focusing on hydroelectric, wind, and solar power. It discusses what renewable energy is, the types of renewable resources like hydroelectricity, wind, solar, biofuels and tidal/wave energy. For hydroelectric power, it describes how dams work to convert the kinetic energy of falling water into electricity. For wind power, it explains how wind turbines convert the kinetic energy of wind into electrical energy. For solar power, it discusses solar photovoltaic cells and concentrating solar power systems. The document outlines some advantages and disadvantages of these three renewable sources.
The document provides information on different types of hydro power plants. It discusses the basic components and working of hydro power plants, including dams, reservoirs, penstocks and turbines. It also classifies hydro power plants by size (mini, micro, pico) and by facility type (run-of-river, storage, pumped storage, in-stream). Measurement of head and flow is important for determining a site's hydro power potential.
This document discusses different types of renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and hydro energy. Solar energy is generated from photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight into electricity. Wind energy uses wind turbines to convert kinetic wind energy into electrical energy. Hydro energy utilizes the potential energy of water from dams to power generators and create electricity. The document covers the basic concepts, applications, and advantages and disadvantages of each renewable energy source.
This document provides an overview of different types of power plants. It discusses thermal power plants, diesel engine power plants, gas turbine power plants, nuclear power plants, and hydroelectric power plants. It also covers the basic components and operation of hydroelectric plants, including the dam, turbines, generators, and other key parts. Boiling water nuclear reactors are described in detail, including their nuclear reactors, control systems, steam turbines, and advantages/disadvantages compared to pressurized water reactors. Diesel power plants are mentioned as using diesel engines to power generators for small-scale power production.
Hydroelectric power provides clean, renewable energy by harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water. In Pakistan, hydroelectric power accounts for over 30% of electricity generation. Major hydroelectric projects currently underway in Pakistan include the 870MW Suki Kinari plant and 720MW Karot dam as part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Hydroelectric power plants have high upfront costs but low operating costs, and provide a reliable source of baseload electricity with efficiencies around 80%. However, large dams can impact the environment and displace populations. To meet growing energy demand, Pakistan will need to develop additional hydroelectric capacity as well as other renewable resources.
Hydroelectricity is generated by harnessing the gravitational force of falling or flowing water to turn turbines and generate electricity. It accounts for 16% of global electricity production. China is the largest producer, generating over 700 terawatt-hours in 2010, mainly from large conventional dams. Small-scale hydroelectric power below 10MW also contributes, especially in developing nations. While hydro is a renewable and low-cost source of electricity, dams can negatively impact local ecosystems.
Hydroelectricity is generated by harnessing the gravitational force of falling or flowing water to turn turbines and generate electricity. It accounts for 16% of global electricity production. China is the largest producer, generating over 700 terawatt-hours in 2010. While hydroelectricity has low costs and produces no emissions, damming interrupts river flows and can harm ecosystems while displacing people.
This document discusses tidal power and underwater windmills. It begins with an introduction to tidal power, noting that tidal power harnesses the kinetic energy from tidal currents. It then explains the working principle of underwater windmills, which operate similarly to land-based windmills but are driven by flowing water rather than air. The document outlines the two main types of underwater windmills - horizontal axis and vertical axis - and discusses blade materials, advantages like being renewable and competitive, and disadvantages like restricting fishing in some areas. It concludes by stating that tidal power is ecofriendly and can provide clean energy to small communities.
This document provides an overview of hydro power plants. It discusses the different types of hydro power generation including conventional dams, pumped storage, and run-of-river. Conventional dams use the potential energy of dammed water driving turbines to generate electricity. Pumped storage pumps water to a higher reservoir during low demand and releases it through turbines during high demand to store energy. Run-of-river hydroelectric stations utilize the flow of rivers without large reservoirs and return water downstream after generation. The document also briefly mentions tidal power generation using daily ocean tide changes.
The document discusses hydroelectric power plants in Sikkim and Delhi, India. It provides details about the Chuzachen hydroelectric power plant located in Sikkim, which has a capacity of 110MW and was built as a privately owned power project. It also notes that Delhi is planning its first hydroelectric plant with a capacity of 20,000kWh per year to be built without cost. The document outlines the basic workings of hydroelectric plants and compares the advantages and disadvantages of hydroelectric power versus other renewable energy sources.
The document discusses Pavna Dam located in DYPSOE, Lohegaon, Pune. The dam was constructed in 1996 primarily for irrigation purposes, supplying water for agriculture, drinking, and industries in the surrounding areas. It dams the Krishna River and forms the Dhom Lake, with a storage capacity of 4.16 TMC. The dam also generates 4 MW of hydroelectricity using a power plant located at its base.
The document provides information about a webinar on renewable energy presented by the Department of Electrical Engineering. It discusses various renewable and non-renewable energy sources including solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric power, tidal power, biomass energy, and geothermal power. For each renewable source, it provides details on how it works and its advantages and disadvantages. It also shares statistics on solar power growth in India and lists existing solar plants.
Hydroelectric power (HEP) is an environmentally friendly way to generate electricity by harnessing the kinetic energy of flowing water. It represents 19% of the world's total electricity production. Dams are built to trap water, usually in valleys, and water is channeled through tunnels to turn turbines and drive generators. While HEP has advantages like being renewable and producing no emissions, it also has disadvantages such as the high cost of building dams and potential environmental impacts of flooding large areas.
The document discusses the production and distribution of electricity. It describes how coal, hydroelectric, wind and solar power are used to generate 44%, 16%, and growing percentages of electricity in the US. It explains that electricity is transmitted through power lines from power plants to distribution centers and then to homes at voltages of 120-240 volts for safety. The document emphasizes the importance of electricity in modern life and conserving energy resources for future generations.
Similaire à Hydroelectric Power Generation. Hydroelectric Power Generation. Hydroelectric Power Generation (20)
This document discusses merit pay in three paragraphs. It begins by stating that while merit pay systems are not illegal, they can raise legal concerns regarding discrimination. It then notes that determining merit is difficult and subjective, leading to disputes. The final paragraph discusses how unions generally oppose merit pay, preferring seniority-based and across-the-board pay increases instead.
This document outlines the functionalist vs intentionalist debate regarding the causes of the Holocaust. Functionalists argue that the Holocaust emerged from bureaucratic processes and competing interests within the Nazi government, rather than being centrally planned by Hitler. Intentionalists counter that Hitler was the driving force behind the Holocaust from the beginning. The debate examines whether Hitler or other Nazi leaders were primarily responsible for the genocide of Jews and other groups. Historians have examined evidence from the Third Reich era to try to determine which theory best explains the origins and escalation of the Holocaust.
StudentS Guide To Writing College Papers, Fifth EditiAlana Cartwright
This document provides guidance on how to use the HelpWriting.net service to get assistance with writing college papers. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account; 2) Complete an order form with instructions and deadline; 3) Review bids from writers and choose one; 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment; 5) Request revisions if needed, as HelpWriting.net allows multiple revisions and refunds plagiarized work. The document stresses that the service aims to provide original, high-quality content to meet customers' needs.
Best Essay Writing Service Reviews Uk Riverside ThAlana Cartwright
The document provides instructions for using an essay writing service called HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process:
1. Create an account with a password and email.
2. Complete a 10-minute order form with instructions, sources, and deadline.
3. Choose a writer from bids submitted and place a deposit to start the assignment.
4. Review the completed paper and authorize final payment if pleased. Free revisions are offered.
5. Request revisions until fully satisfied, with a refund offered for plagiarized content.
1. The document provides steps for rewriting a paper to avoid plagiarism through the website HelpWriting.net. It describes registering for an account, submitting a request and paper details, reviewing writer bids and choosing one, revising the paper as needed, and being ensured of original content or a refund.
2. The summary briefly outlines the key points made in the document about using HelpWriting.net to rewrite a paper and avoid plagiarism by registering, submitting paper details, choosing a writer, revising the paper, and being ensured of an original paper. It summarizes the main purpose and steps described in the document in 3 sentences.
Analytical Essay Writing Tips For College Students - Blog BuyEssayCluAlana Cartwright
The document provides instructions for requesting assistance with writing assignments from the website HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied. The document emphasizes that original, high-quality content is guaranteed, with refunds offered for plagiarized work.
Higher English Creative Writing Essays. Online assignment writing service.Alana Cartwright
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete a 10-minute order form providing instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and select one based on qualifications. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment if satisfied. 5) Request revisions to ensure satisfaction, with a refund option for plagiarized content.
Knowledge Is Power Essay 5 Different Answers AddeAlana Cartwright
The document discusses how repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries are commonly caused by sports, car accidents, and military combat. This can lead to diffuse axonal injury and damage axonal structures in the brain, impairing communication between different areas of the brain. This alteration of the neurological network can then affect behaviors by impacting areas like the amygdala and prefrontal cortex that are linked to anxiety disorders. While the exact pathophysiology is not fully understood, animal models are being used to further study the behavioral effects of repetitive mild traumatic brain injuries.
Why I Need A Scholarship Essay Sample. Why I DeseAlana Cartwright
The document provides instructions for requesting writing assistance from HelpWriting.net. It outlines a 5-step process: 1) Create an account with a password and email. 2) Complete an order form with instructions, sources, and deadline. 3) Review bids from writers and choose one. 4) Review the completed paper and authorize payment. 5) Request revisions until satisfied with the work.
Steps To Write An Essay On How I Spent My Last Holiday - Brainly.InAlana Cartwright
The document describes the Turing test, a thought experiment proposed by Alan Turing in the 1950s to determine if a machine can demonstrate intelligent behavior equivalent to a human. The Turing test involves three players - two of different genders and a judge who must determine the gender of the other two players based only on their responses. If the judge is unable to reliably tell the machine from the human, the machine is said to have passed the test and demonstrated human-level intelligence.
Hybrid Meta-Heuristic Algorithms For Solving Network Design ProblemAlana Cartwright
This document discusses hybrid meta-heuristic algorithms for solving network design problems. It proposes hybridizing the ant system meta-heuristic with genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and tabu search. Seven hybrid algorithms are developed and tested on the Sioux Falls network, finding the hybrids to be more effective than the base ant system alone. One hybrid combining all four concepts is also applied to a real network of a city with over 2 million people, proving more effective than the base network.
This document discusses case reports, their role in medical knowledge and education, and guidance for writing a case report. While case reports have limitations and fallen out of favor, they can still serve to identify new pathologies and conditions. The document provides advice for medical students on finding a suitable case to report, obtaining necessary permissions, structuring the report, and seeking publication. Key elements include conducting a literature review, obtaining approval from treating clinicians and patient consent, and including a discussion section to contextualize the case.
This document provides an introduction to an emergency operations plan. It discusses how the US has historically avoided major international conflicts within its borders but now faces threats like terrorism and natural disasters. Agencies responsible for disaster response are examining models from other democratic countries to improve collaboration and response efforts. The military provides assistance to support emergency functions focused on areas like transportation, engineering, firefighting and more. National Guard members can participate in law enforcement activities when under state control but are limited when federalized.
The Effects Of Athletic Participation On Academic PerformanceAlana Cartwright
The document discusses communicative participation and its relationship to disability. Communicative participation refers to how individuals participate in various discourse activities in contextually situated ways. For people with disabilities, barriers can limit their communicative participation, including physical barriers, attitudes, and lack of accommodations. Researchers argue that assessments of communicative participation for people with disabilities need to consider the individual's experiences, perspectives and environment, not just their impairment, to understand barriers and promote full inclusion. Assessing communicative participation can help identify ways to reduce barriers and improve social inclusion for people with disabilities.
Here are the salary decisions for the team based on the information provided:
Employee Name Current Salary Proposed Salary
John Smith $65,000 $68,000
Sally Johnson $55,000 $58,000
Michael Williams $45,000 $48,000
Lisa Garcia $40,000 $43,000
Cathy Wilson $38,000 $41,000
Budget for Salary Increases: $20,000
Rationale:
- John received an "Exceeds Expectations" rating and his salary was increased by 5% which is within the typical range.
- Sally received a "Fully Meets Expectations" rating and her salary was
The document discusses several hypotheses for the origin of life on Earth:
1) The Primordial Soup Hypothesis proposes that early life arose from organic molecules formed in a "primordial soup" of chemicals in Earth's oceans, energized by lightning or other sources. Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane developed this in 1920, and the Miller-Urey experiment provided support.
2) The Iron-Sulfur World Hypothesis proposes that life originated at deep-sea hydrothermal vents, where chemical reactions could have given rise to early biomolecules.
3) Other hypotheses discussed include the RNA World Hypothesis, Community Clay Hypothesis,
Oriental Food Industries Sdn Bhd is a leading Malaysian food manufacturer founded in 1978. It focuses on quality, product range, R&D, workforce, marketing, sales, pricing, and domestic/international distribution to achieve success in its competitive industry. A case study examines the company's history, operations, strategies, and challenges to maintain its top market position in snacks and confectionery.
John Jhonerston looked up at the grey night sky while walking to the grocery store in a totalitarian society, enduring the oppressive secret police and acidic snow that burned his clothes, as he pondered his depressing existence since losing his family in the civil war and living under the new government's control.
Self-government is an important goal for the Inuit people of Nunavut, but it is linked to other goals like land claims, cultural preservation, and economic development. While Indigenous peoples practiced self-governance historically, the Canadian government now offers a model of self-government that leaves the Inuit financially dependent on government and with little real autonomy or sovereignty. However, recent devolution plans provide hope to give Nunavut greater control over decision-making and resources in their region.
This presentation was provided by Racquel Jemison, Ph.D., Christina MacLaughlin, Ph.D., and Paulomi Majumder. Ph.D., all of the American Chemical Society, for the second session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session Two: 'Expanding Pathways to Publishing Careers,' was held June 13, 2024.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥🔥
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Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
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RHEOLOGY Physical pharmaceutics-II notes for B.pharm 4th sem students
Hydroelectric Power Generation. Hydroelectric Power Generation. Hydroelectric Power Generation
1. 1
Hydroelectric Power Generation
Dr. Osama Mohammed Elmardi Suleiman Khayal
Mechanical Engineering Department
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Nile Valley University, Atbara, Sudan
Introduction
Hydroelectric Power .. what is it?
It's a form of energy … a renewable resource. Hydropower provides about 96 percent
of the renewable energy in the United States. Other renewable resources include
geothermal, wave power, tidal power, wind power, and solar power. Hydroelectric
power plants do not use up resources to create electricity nor do they pollute the air,
land, or water, as other power plants may. Hydroelectric power has played an
important part in the development of this Nation's electric power industry. Both small
and large hydroelectric power developments were instrumental in the early expansion
of the electric power industry.
Hydroelectric power comes from flowing water … winter and spring runoff from
mountain streams and clear lakes. Water, when it is falling by the force of gravity,
can be used to turn turbines and generators that produce electricity.
Hydroelectric power is important to our Nation. Growing populations and modern
technologies require vast amounts of electricity for creating, building, and expanding.
In the 1920's, hydroelectric plants supplied as much as 40 percent of the electric
energy produced. Although the amount of energy produced by this means has steadily
increased, the amount produced by other types of power plants has increased at a
faster rate and hydroelectric power presently supplies about 10 percent of the
electrical generating capacity of the United States.
Hydropower is an essential contributor in the national power grid because of its
ability to respond quickly to rapidly varying loads or system disturbances, which base
2. 2
load plants with steam systems powered by combustion or nuclear processes cannot
accommodate.
Reclamation's 58 power plants throughout the Western United States produce an
average of 42 billion kWh (kilowatt-hours) per year, enough to meet the residential
needs of more than 14 million people. This is the electrical energy equivalent of
about 72 million barrels of oil. Hydroelectric power plants are the most efficient
means of producing electric energy. The efficiency of today's hydroelectric plant is
about 90 percent. Hydroelectric plants do not create air pollution, the fuel--falling
water--is not consumed, projects have long lives relative to other forms of energy
generation, and hydroelectric generators respond quickly to changing system
conditions. These favorable characteristics continue to make hydroelectric projects
attractive sources of electric power.
HOW HYDROPOWER WORKS
Hydroelectric power comes from water at work, water in motion. It can be seen as a
form of solar energy, as the sun powers the hydrologic cycle which gives the earth its
water. In the hydrologic cycle, atmospheric water reaches the earth's surface as
precipitation. Some of this water evaporates, but much of it either percolates into the
soil or becomes surface runoff. Water from rain and melting snow eventually reaches
ponds, lakes, reservoirs, or oceans where evaporation is constantly occurring.
3. 3
Moisture percolating into the soil may become ground water (subsurface water),
some of which also enters water bodies through springs or underground streams.
Ground water may move upward through soil during dry periods and may return to
the atmosphere by evaporation.
Water vapor passes into the atmosphere by evaporation then circulates, condenses
into clouds, and some returns to earth as precipitation. Thus, the water cycle is
complete. Nature ensures that water is a renewable resource.
Generating Power
In nature, energy cannot be created or destroyed, but its form can change. In
generating electricity, no new energy is created. Actually one form of energy is
converted to another form.
To generate electricity, water must be in motion. This is kinetic (moving) energy.
When flowing water turns blades in a turbine, the form is changed to mechanical
(machine) energy. The turbine turns the generator rotor which then converts this
mechanical energy into another energy form -- electricity. Since water is the initial
source of energy, we call this hydroelectric power or hydropower for short.
At facilities called hydroelectric power plants, hydropower is generated. Some power
plants are located on rivers, streams, and canals, but for a reliable water supply, dams
are needed. Dams store water for later release for such purposes as irrigation,
domestic and industrial use, and power generation. The reservoir acts much like a
battery, storing water to be released as needed to generate power.
The dam creates a Ahead@ or height from which water flows. A pipe (penstock)
carries the water from the reservoir to the turbine. The fast-moving water pushes the
turbine blades, something like a pinwheel in the wind. The waters force on the
turbine blades turns the rotor, the moving part of the electric generator. When coils of
wire on the rotor sweep past the generator's stationary coil (stator), electricity is
produced.
4. 4
This concept was discovered by Michael Faraday in 1831 when he found that
electricity could be generated by rotating magnets within copper coils.
When the water has completed its task, it flows on unchanged to serve other needs.
Transmitting Power
Once the electricity is produced, it must be delivered to where it is needed -- our
homes, schools, offices, factories, etc. Dams are often in remote locations and power
must be transmitted over some distance to its users.
Vast networks of transmission lines and facilities are used to bring electricity to us in
a form we can use. All the electricity made at a power plant comes first through
transformers which raise the voltage so it can travel long distances through power
lines. (Voltage is the pressure that forces an electric current through a wire.) At local
substations, transformers reduce the voltage so electricity can be divided up and
directed throughout an area.
5. 5
Transformers on poles (or buried underground, in some neighborhoods) further
reduce the electric power to the right voltage for appliances and use in the home.
When electricity gets to our homes, we buy it by the kilowatt-hour, and a meter
measures how much we use.
While hydroelectric power plants are one source of electricity, other sources include
power plants that burn fossil fuels or split atoms to create steam which in turn is used
to generate power. Gas-turbine, solar, geothermal, and wind-powered systems are
other sources. All these power plants may use the same system of transmission lines
and stations in an area to bring power to you. By use of this A power grid,” electricity
can be interchanged among several utility systems to meet varying demands. So the
electricity lighting your reading lamp now may be from a hydroelectric power plant,
a wind generator, a nuclear facility, or a coal, gas, or oil-fired power plant … or a
combination of these.
6. 6
The area where you live and its energy resources are prime factors in determining
what kind of power you use. For example, in Washington State hydroelectric power
plants provided approximately 80 percent of the electrical power during 2002. In
contrast, in Ohio during the same year, almost 87 percent of the electrical power
came from coal-fired power plants due to the area's ample supply of coal.
Electrical utilities range from large systems serving broad regional areas to small
power companies serving individual communities. Most electric utilities are investor-
owned (private) power companies. Others are owned by towns, cities, and rural
electric associations. Surplus power produced at facilities owned by the Federal
Government is marketed to preference power customers (A customer given
preference by law in the purchase of federally generated electrical energy which is
7. 7
generally an entity which is nonprofit and publicly financed.) by the Department of
Energy through its power marketing administrations.
How Power is Computed
Before a hydroelectric power site is developed, engineers compute how much power
can be produced when the facility is complete. The actual output of energy at a dam
is determined by the volume of water released (discharge) and the vertical distance
the water falls (head). So, a given amount of water falling a given distance will
produce a certain amount of energy. The head and the discharge at the power site and
the desired rotational speed of the generator determine the type of turbine to be used.
8. 8
The head produces a pressure (water pressure), and the greater the head, the greater
the pressure to drive turbines. This pressure is measured in pounds of force (pounds
per square inch). More head or faster flowing water means more power.
To find the theoretical horsepower (the measure of mechanical energy) from a
specific site, this formula is used:
where: THP = theoretical horsepower
Q = flow rate in cubic feet per second (cfs)
H = head in feet
8.8 = a constant
A more complicated formula is used to refine the calculations of this available power.
The formula takes into account losses in the amount of head due to friction in the
penstock and other variations due to the efficiency levels of mechanical devices used
to harness the power.
To find how much electrical power we can expect, we must convert the mechanical
measure (horsepower) into electrical terms (watts). One horsepower is equal to 746
watts (U.S. measure).
Turbines
While there are only two basic types of turbines (impulse and reaction), there are
many variations. The specific type of turbine to be used in a powerplant is not
selected until all operational studies and cost estimates are complete. The turbine
selected depends largely on the site conditions.
A reaction turbine is a horizontal or vertical wheel that operates with the wheel
completely submerged, a feature which reduces turbulence. In theory, the reaction
turbine works like a rotating lawn sprinkler where water at a central point is under
pressure and escapes from the ends of the blades, causing rotation. Reaction turbines
are the type most widely used.
An impulse turbine is a horizontal or vertical wheel that uses the kinetic energy of
water striking its buckets or blades to cause rotation. The wheel is covered by a
housing and the buckets or blades are shaped so they turn the flow of water about 170
9. 9
degrees inside the housing. After turning the blades or buckets, the water falls to the
bottom of the wheel housing and flows out.
10. 11
Modern Concepts and Future Role
Hydropower does not discharge pollutants into the environment; however, it is not
free from adverse environmental effects. Considerable efforts have been made to
reduce environmental problems associated with hydropower operations, such as
providing safe fish passage and improved water quality in the past decade at both
Federal facilities and non-Federal facilities licensed by the Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission.
Efforts to ensure the safety of dams and the use of newly available computer
technologies to optimize operations have provided additional opportunities to
improve the environment. Yet, many unanswered questions remain about how best to
maintain the economic viability of hydropower in the face of increased demands to
protect fish and other environmental resources.
Reclamation actively pursues research and development (R&D) programs to improve
the operating efficiency and the environmental performance of hydropower facilities.
Hydropower research and development today is primarily being conducted in the
following areas:
Fish Passage, Behavior, and Response
Turbine-Related Projects
11. 11
Monitoring Tool Development
Hydrology
Water Quality
Dam Safety
Operations & Maintenance
Water Resources Management
Reclamation continues to work to improve the reliability and efficiency of generating
hydropower. Today, engineers want to make the most of new and existing facilities to
increase production and efficiency. Existing hydropower concepts and approaches
include:
Uprating existing power plants
Developing small plants (low-head hydropower)
Peaking with hydropower
Pumped storage
Tying hydropower to other forms of energy
Uprating
The uprating of existing hydroelectric generator and turbine units at power plants is
one of the most immediate, cost-effective, and environmentally acceptable means of
developing additional electric power. Since 1978, Reclamation has pursued an
aggressive uprating program which has added more than 1,600,000 kW to
Reclamation's capacity at an average cost of $69 per kilowatt. This compares to an
average cost for providing new peaking capacity through oil-fired generators of more
than $400 per kilowatt. Reclamation's uprating program has essentially provided the
equivalent of another major hydroelectric facility of the approximate magnitude of
Hoover Dam and Power plant at a fraction of the cost and impact on the environment
when compared to any other means of providing new generation capacity.
Low-head Hydropower
A low-head dam is one with a water drop of less than 65 feet and a generating
capacity less than 15,000 kW. Large, high-head dams can produce more power at
lower costs than low-head dams, but construction of large dams may be limited by
12. 12
lack of suitable sites, by environmental considerations, or by economic conditions. In
contrast, there are many existing small dams and drops in elevation along canals
where small generating plants could be installed. New low-head dams could be built
to increase output as well. The key to the usefulness of such units is their ability to
generate power near where it is needed, reducing the power inevitably lost during
transmission.
Peaking with Hydropower
Demands for power vary greatly during the day and night. These demands vary
considerably from season to season, as well. For example, the highest peaks are
usually found during summer daylight hours when air conditioners are running.
Nuclear and fossil fuel plants are not efficient for producing power for the short
periods of increased demand during peak periods. Their operational requirements and
their long startup times make them more efficient for meeting base load needs.
Since hydroelectric generators can be started or stopped almost instantly, hydropower
is more responsive than most other energy sources for meeting peak demands. Water
can be stored overnight in a reservoir until needed during the day, and then released
through turbines to generate power to help supply the peak load demand. This mixing
of power sources offers a utility company the flexibility to operate steam plants most
efficiently as base plants while meeting peak needs with the help of hydropower. This
technique can help ensure reliable supplies and may help eliminate brownouts and
blackouts caused by partial or total power failures.
Today, many of Reclamation's 58 power plants are used to meet peak electrical
energy demands, rather than operating around the clock to meet the total daily
demand. Increasing use of other energy-producing power plants in the future will not
make hydroelectric power plants obsolete or unnecessary. On the contrary,
hydropower can be even more important. While nuclear or fossil-fuel power plants
can provide base loads, hydroelectric power plants can deal more economically with
varying peak load demands. This is a job they are well suited for.
13. 13
Pumped Storage
Like peaking, pumped storage is a method of keeping water in reserve for peak
period power demands. Pumped storage is water pumped to a storage pool above the
power plant at a time when customer demand for energy is low, such as during the
middle of the night. The water is then allowed to flow back through the turbine-
generators at times when demand is high and a heavy load is place on the system.
The reservoir acts much like a battery, storing power in the form of water when
demands are low and producing maximum power during daily and seasonal peak
periods. An advantage of pumped storage is that hydroelectric generating units are
able to start up quickly and make rapid adjustments in output. They operate
efficiently when used for one hour or several hours.
Because pumped storage reservoirs are relatively small, construction costs are
generally low compared with conventional hydropower facilities.
15. 15
Tying Hydropower to Other Energy Forms
When we hear the term A solar energy,” we usually think of heat from the sun=s rays
which can be put to work. But there are other forms of solar energy. Just as
hydropower is a form of solar energy, so too is wind power. In effect, the sun causes
the wind to blow by heating air masses that rise, cool, and sink to earth again. Solar
energy in some form is always at work ..- in rays of sunlight, in air currents, and in
the water cycle.
Solar energy, in its various forms, has the potential of adding significant amounts of
power for our use. The solar energy that reaches our planet in a single week is greater
than that contained in all of the earth's remaining coal, oil, and gas resources.
However, the best sites for collecting solar energy in various forms are often far
removed from people, their homes, and work places. Building thousands of miles of
new transmission lines would make development of the power too costly.
Because of the seasonal, daily, and even hourly changes in the weather, energy flow
from the wind and sun is neither constant nor reliable. Peak production times do not
always coincide with high power demand times. To depend on the variable wind and
sun as main power sources would not be acceptable to most American lifestyles.
Imagine having to wait for the wind to blow to cook a meal or for the sun to come out
from behind a cloud to watch television!
As intermittent energy sources, solar power and wind power must be tied to major
hydroelectric power systems to be both economical and feasible. Hydropower can
serve as an instant backup and to meet peak demands.
Linking wind power and hydropower can add to the Nation's supply of electrical
energy. Large wind machines can be tied to existing hydroelectric power plants.
Wind power can be used, when the wind is blowing, to reduce demands on
hydropower. That would allow dams to save their water for later release to generate
power in peak periods.
The benefits of solar power and wind power are many. The most valuable feature of
all is the replenishing supply of these types of energy. As long as the sun shines and
the wind blows, these resources are truly renewable.
16. 16
Future Potential
What is the full potential of hydropower to help meet the Nation's energy needs? The
hydropower resource assessment by the Department of Energy's Hydropower
Program has identified 5,677 sites in the United States with acceptable undeveloped
hydropower potential. These sites have a modeled undeveloped capacity of about
30,000 MW. This represents about 40 percent of the existing conventional
hydropower capacity.
A variety of restraints exist on this development, some natural and some imposed by
our society. The natural restraints include such things as occasional unfavorable
terrain for dams. Other restraints include disagreements about who should develop a
resource or the resulting changes in environmental conditions. Often, other
developments already exist where a hydroelectric power facility would require a dam
and reservoir to be built.
Finding solutions to the problems imposed by natural restraints demands extensive
engineering efforts. Sometimes a solution is impossible, or so expensive that the
entire project becomes impractical. Solution to the societal issues is frequently much
more difficult and the costs are far greater than those imposed by nature. Developing
the full potential of hydropower will require consideration and coordination of many
varied needs.
17. 17
Hydropower, the Environment, and Society
It is important to remember that people, and all their actions, are part of the natural
world. The materials used for building, energy, clothing, food, and all the familiar
parts of our day-to-day world come from natural resources.
Our surroundings are composed largely of the A built environment@ -- structures and
facilities built by humans for comfort, security, and well-being. As our built
environment grows, we grow more reliant on its offerings.
To meet our needs and support our built environment, we need electricity which can
be generated by using the resources of natural fuels. Most resources are not
renewable; there is a limited supply. In obtaining resources, it is often necessary to
drill oil wells, tap natural gas supplies, or mine coal and uranium. To put water to
work on a large scale, storage dams are needed.
18. 18
We know that any innovation introduced by people has an impact on the natural
environment. That impact may be desirable to some, and at the same time,
unacceptable to others. Using any source of energy has some environmental cost. It is
the degree of impact on the environment that is crucial.
Some human activities have more profound and lasting impacts than others.
Techniques to mine resources from below the earth may leave long-lasting scars on
the landscape. Oil wells may detract from the beauty of open, grassy fields.
Reservoirs behind dams may cover picturesque valleys. Once available, use of energy
sources can further impact the air, land, and water in varying degrees.
People want clean air and water and a pleasing environment. We also want energy to
heat and light our homes and run our machines. What is the solution?
The situation seems straightforward: The demand for electrical power must be curbed
or more power must be produced in environmentally acceptable ways. The solution,
however, is not so simple.
19. 19
Conservation can save electricity, but at the same time our population is growing
steadily. Growth is inevitable, and with it the increased demand for electric power.
Since natural resources will continue to be used, the wisest solution is a careful,
planned approach to their future use. All alternatives must be examined, and the most
efficient, acceptable methods must be pursued.
Hydroelectric facilities have many characteristics that favor developing new projects
and upgrading existing power plants:
Hydroelectric power plants do not use up limited nonrenewable resources to
make electricity.
They do not cause pollution of air, land, or water.
They have low failure rates, low operating costs, and are reliable.
They can provide startup power in the event of a system wide power failure.
As an added benefit, reservoirs have scenic and recreation value for campers,
fishermen, and water sports enthusiasts. The water is a home for fish and wildlife as
well. Dams add to domestic water supplies, control water quality, provide irrigation
for agriculture, and avert flooding. Dams can actually improve downstream
conditions by allowing mud and other debris to settle out.
Existing power plants can be uprated or new power plants added at current dam sites
without a significant effect on the environment. New facilities can be constructed
with consideration of the environment. For instance, dams can be built at remote
locations, power plants can be placed underground, and selective withdrawal systems
can be used to control the water temperature released from the dam. Facilities can
incorporate features that aid fish and wildlife, such as salmon runs or resting places
for migratory birds.
In reconciling our natural and our built environments there will be tradeoffs and
compromises. As we learn to live in harmony as part of the environment, we must
seek the best alternatives among all ecologic, economic, technological, and social
perspectives.
The value of water must be considered by all energy planners. Some water is now
dammed and can be put to work to make hydroelectric power. Other water is
20. 21
presently going to waste. The fuel burned to replace this wasted energy is gone
forever and, so, is a loss to our Nation.
The longer we delay the balanced development of our potential for hydropower, the
more we unnecessarily use up other vital resources.
21. 21
HYDROPOWER -- FROM PAST TO PRESENT
By using water for power generation, people have worked with nature to achieve a
better lifestyle. The mechanical power of falling water is an age-old tool. As early as
the 1700's, Americans recognized the advantages of mechanical hydropower and used
it extensively for milling and pumping. By the early 1900's, hydroelectric power
accounted for more than 40 percent of the Nation's supply of electricity. In the West
and Pacific Northwest, hydropower provided about 75 percent of all the electricity
consumed in the 1940's. With the increase in development of other forms of electric
power generation, hydropower's percentage has slowly declined to about 10 percent.
However, many activities today still depend on hydropower.
Niagra Falls was the first of the American hydroelectric power sites developed for
major generation and is still a source of electric power today. Power from such early
plants was used initially for lighting, and when the electric motor came into being the
demand for new electrical energy started its upward spiral.
The Federal Government became involved in hydropower production because of its
commitment to water resource management in the arid West. The waterfalls of the
Reclamation dams make them significant producers of electricity. Hydroelectric
power generation has long been an integral part of Reclamation=s operations while it
is actually a byproduct of water development. In the early days, newly created
projects lacked many of the modern conveniences, one of these being electrical
power. This made it desirable to take advantage of the potential power source in
water.
Power plants were installed at the dam sites to carry on construction camp activities.
Hydropower was put to work lifting, moving and processing materials to build the
dams and dig canals. Power plants ran sawmills, concrete plants, cableways, giant
shovels, and draglines. Night operations were possible because of the lights fed by
hydroelectric power. When construction was complete, hydropower drove pumps that
provided drainage or conveyed water to lands at higher elevations than could be
served by gravity-flow canals.
22. 22
Surplus power was sold to existing power distribution systems in the area. Local
industries, towns, and farm consumers benefited from the low-cost electricity. Much
of the construction and operating costs of dams and related facilities were paid for by
this sale of surplus power, rather than by the water users alone. This proved to be a
great savings to irrigators struggling to survive in the West.
Reclamation=s first hydroelectric power plant was built to aid construction of the
Theodore Roosevelt Dam on the Salt River about 75 miles northeast of Phoenix,
Arizona. Small hydroelectric generators, installed prior to construction, provided
energy for construction and for equipment to lift stone blocks into place. Surplus
power was sold to the community, and citizens were quick to support expansion of
the dam's hydroelectric capacity. A 4,500-kW power plant was constructed and, in
1909, five generators were in operation, providing power to pump irrigation water
and furnishing electricity to the Phoenix area.
Power development, a byproduct of water development, had a tremendous impact on
the area=s economy and living conditions. Power was sold to farms, cities, and
industries. Wells pumped by electricity meant more irrigated land for agriculture, and
pumping also lowered water tables in those areas with waterlogging and alkaline soil
problems. By 1916, nine pumping plants were in operation irrigating more than
10,000 acres. In addition, Reclamation supplied all of the residential and commercial
power needs of Phoenix. Cheap hydropower, in abundant supply, attracted industrial
development as well. A private company was able to build a large smelter and mill
nearby to process low-grade copper ore, using hydroelectric power.
The Theodore Roosevelt Power plant was one of the first large power facilities
constructed by the Federal Government. Its capacity has since been increased from
4,500 kW to more than 36,000 kW.
Power, first developed for building Theodore Roosevelt Dam and for pumping
irrigation water, also helped pay for construction, enhanced the lives of farmers and
city dwellers, and attracted new industry to the Phoenix area.
During World War I, Reclamation projects continued to provide water and
hydroelectric power to Western farms and ranches. This helped feed and clothe the
23. 23
Nation, and the power revenues were a welcome source of income to the Federal
Government.
The depression of the 1930's, coupled with widespread floods and drought in the
West, spurred building of great multipurpose Reclamation projects such as Grand
Coulee Dam on the Columbia River, Hoover Dam on the lower Colorado River, and
the Central Valley Project in California. This was the Abig dam@ period, and the
low-cost hydropower produced by those dams had a profound effect on urban and
industrial growth.
World War II -- and the Nation=s need for hydroelectric power soared. At the
outbreak of the war, the Axis Nations had three times more available power than the
United States. The demand for power was identified in this 1942 statement on "The
War Program of the Department of the Interior":
The war budget of $56 billion will require 154 billion kWh of electric energy
annually for the manufacture of airplanes, tanks, guns, warships, and fighting
material, and to equip and serve the men of the Army, Navy, and Marine
Corps.
Each dollar spent for wartime industry required about 2-3/4 kWh of electric power.
The demand exceeded the total production capacity of all existing electric utilities in
the United States. In 1942, 8.5 billion kWh of electric power was required to produce
enough aluminum to meet the President's goal of 60,000 new planes.
Hydropower provided one of the best ways for rapidly expanding the country=s
energy output. Addition of more power plant units at dams throughout the West made
it possible to expand energy production, and construction pushed ahead to speed up
the availability of power. In 1941, Reclamation produced more than five billion kWh,
resulting in a 25 percent increase in aluminum production. By 1944, Reclamation
quadrupled its hydroelectric power output.
From 1940 through 1945, Reclamation power plants produced 47 billion kWh of
electricity, enough to make:
69,000 airplanes
79,000 machine guns
24. 24
5,000 ships
5,000 tanks
7,000,000 aircraft bombs, and
31,000,000 shells
During the war, Reclamation was the major producer of power in areas where needed
resources were located -- the West. The supply of low-cost electricity attracted large
defense industries to the area. Shipyards, steel mills, chemical companies, oil
refineries, and automotive and aircraft factories . . . all needed vast amounts of
electrical power. Atomic energy installations were located at Hanford, Washington,
to make use of hydropower from Grand Coulee.
While power output of Reclamation projects energized the war industry, it was also
used to process food, light military posts, and meet needs of the civilian population in
many areas.
With the end of the war, power plants were put to use in rapidly developing
peacetime industries. Hydropower has been vital for the West=s industries which use
mineral resources or farm products as raw materials. Many industries have depended
wholly on Federal hydropower. In fact, periodic low flows on the Columbia River
have disrupted manufacturing in that region.
Farming was tremendously important to America during the war and continues to be
today. Hydropower directly benefits rural areas in three ways:
- It produces revenue which contributes toward repayment of irrigation facilities,
easing the water users' financial burden.
- It makes irrigation of lands at higher elevations possible through pumping facilities.
- It makes power available for use on the farm for domestic purposes.
Reclamation delivers 10 trillion gallons of water to more than 31 million people each
year. This includes providing one out of five Western farmers (140,000) with
irrigation water for 10 million farmland acres that produce 60% of the nation's
vegetables and 25% of its fruits and nuts.
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Some of the major hydroelectric powerplants built by Reclamation are located at:
-- Grand Coulee Dam on the Columbia River in Washington (the largest
single electrical generating complex in the United States)
-- Hoover Dam on the Colorado River in Arizona-Nevada
-- Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River in Arizona
-- Shasta Dam on the Sacramento River in California
-- Yellowtail Dam on the Bighorn River in Montana
Grand Coulee has a capacity of more than 6.8 million kW of power. Hydropower
generated at Grand Coulee furnishes a large share of the power requirements in the
Pacific Northwest.
Reclamation is one of the largest operators of Federal power-generating stations. The
agency uses some of the power it produces to run its facilities, such as pumping
plants. Excess Reclamation hydropower is marketed by either the Bonneville Power
Administration or the Western Area Power Administration and is sold first to
preferred customers, such as rural electric power co-cooperatives, public utility
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districts, municipalities, and state and Federal agencies. Any remaining power may
be sold to private electric utilities. Reclamation generates enough hydropower to
meet the needs of millions of people and power revenues exceed $900 million a year.
Power revenues are returned to the Federal Treasury to repay the cost of constructing,
operating, and maintaining projects.
CONCLUSION
Reclamation is helping to meet the needs of our country, and one of the most pressing
needs is the growing demand for electric power. Reclamation power plants annually
generate more than 42 billion kWh of hydroelectric energy, which is enough to meet
the annual residential needs of 14 million people or the energy equivalent of more
than 80 million barrels of crude oil.
The deregulation of wholesale electricity sales and the imposition of requirements for
open transmission access are resulting in dramatic changes in the business of electric
power production in the United States. This restructuring increases the importance of
clean, reliable energy sources such as hydropower.
Hydropower is important from an operational standpoint as it needs no "ramp-up"
time, as many combustion technologies do. Hydropower can increase or decrease the
amount of power it is supplying to the system almost instantly to meet shifting
demand. With this important load-following capability, peaking capacity and voltage
stability attributes, hydropower plays a significant part in ensuring reliable electricity
service and in meeting customer needs in a market driven industry. In addition,
hydroelectric pumped storage facilities are the only significant way currently
available to store electricity.
Hydropower's ability to provide peaking power, load following, and frequency
control helps protect against system failures that could lead to the damage of
equipment and even brown or blackouts. Hydropower, besides being emissions-free
and renewable has the above operating benefits that provide enhanced value to the
electric system in the form of efficiency, security, and most important, reliability. The
electric benefits provided by hydroelectric resources are of vital importance to the
success of our National experiment to deregulate the electric industry.
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Water is one of our most valuable resources, and hydropower makes use of this
renewable treasure. As a National leader in managing hydropower, Reclamation is
helping the Nation meet its present and future energy needs in a manner that protects
the environment by improving hydropower projects and operating them more
effectively.
GLOSSARY
Alternating Current : An electric current changing regularly from one direction to
the opposite.
Ampere: The common unit of measurement of electrical current.
Base load: The minimum constant amount of load connected to the power system
over a given time period, usually on a monthly, seasonal, or yearly basis.
Base load Plant: A plant, usually housing high-efficiency steam-electric units, which
is normally operated to take all or part of the minimum load of a system, and which
consequently produces electricity at an essentially constant rate and runs
continuously. These units are operated to maximize system mechanical and thermal
efficiency and minimize system operating costs.
Bus (bus work): A conductor, or group of conductors, that serve as a common
connection for two or more electrical circuits. In power plants, bus work comprises
the three rigid single-phase connectors that interconnect the generator and the step-up
transformer(s).
Capability: The maximum load that a generating unit, generating station, or other
electrical apparatus can carry under specified conditions for a given period of time
without exceeding approved limits of temperature and stress.
Capacity: The amount of electric power delivered or required for which a generator,
turbine, transformer, transmission circuit, station, or system is rated by the
manufacturer.
Circuit: A conductor or a system of conductors through which electric current flows.
Current (Electric): A flow of electrons in an electrical conductor. The strength or rate
of movement of the electricity is measured in amperes.
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Dam: A massive wall or structure built across a valley or river for storing water.
Demand: The rate at which electric energy is delivered to or by a system, part of a
system, or a piece of equipment. It is expressed in kilowatts, kilovolt amperes, or
other suitable units at a given instant or averaged over any designated period of time.
The primary source of "demand" is the power-consuming equipment of the
customers.
Direct Current: Electric current going in one direction only.
Distribution System: The portion of an electric system that is dedicated to delivering
electric energy to an end user. The distribution system "steps down" power from
high-voltage transmission lines to a level that can be used in homes and businesses.
Energy: The capacity for doing work as measured by the capability of doing work
(potential energy) or the conversion of this capability to motion (kinetic energy).
Energy has several forms, some of which are easily convertible and can be changed
to another form useful for work. Most of the world's convertible energy comes from
fossil fuels that are burned to produce heat that is then used as a transfer medium to
mechanical or other means in order to accomplish tasks. Electrical energy is usually
measured in kilowatt hours and represents power (kilowatts) operating for some time
period (hours), while heat energy is usually measured in British thermal units.
Generation (Electricity): The process of producing electric energy by transforming
other forms of energy; also, the amount of electric energy produced, expressed in
watt hours (Wh).
Generator: A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
Head: The difference in elevation between the headwater surface above and the tail
water surface below a hydroelectric power plant under specified conditions.
Horsepower: A unit of rate of doing work equal to 33,000 foot pounds per minute or
745.8 watts (Brit.), 746 watts (USA), or 736 watts (Europe).
Hydroelectric Power: Electric current produced from water power.
Hydroelectric Power plant: A building in which turbines are operated, to drive
generators, by the energy of natural or artificial waterfalls.
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Kilowatt (kW): Unit of electric power equal to 1,000 watts or about 1.34
horsepower. For example, it's the amount of electric energy required to light ten 100-
watt light bulbs.
Kilowatt-Hour (kWh): The unit of electrical energy commonly used in marketing
electric power; the energy produced by 1 kilowatt acting for one hour. Ten 100-watt
light bulbs burning for one hour would consume one kilowatt hour of electricity.
Kinetic Energy: Energy which a moving body has because of its motion, dependent
on its mass and the rate at which it is moving.
Load (Electric): The amount of electric power delivered or required at any specific
point or points on a system. The requirement originates at the energy-consuming
equipment of the consumers.
Megawatt: A unit of power equal to one million watts. For example, it's the amount
of electric energy required to light 10,000 100-watt bulbs.
Ohm: The unit of measurement of electrical resistance. The resistance of a circuit in
which a potential difference of one volt produces a current of one ampere.
Peak load: The greatest amount of power given out or taken in by a machine or
power distribution system in a given time.
Power: Mechanical or electrical force or energy. The rate at which work is done by
an electric current or mechanical force, generally measured in watts or horsepower.
Pumped-Storage Hydroelectric Plant: A plant that usually generates electric
energy during peak-load periods by using water previously pumped into an elevated
storage reservoir during off-peak periods when excess generating capacity is
available to do so. When additional generating capacity is needed, the water can be
released from the reservoir through a conduit to turbine generators located in a power
plant at a lower level.
Rated Capacity: That capacity which a hydro generator can deliver without
exceeding mechanical safety factors or a nominal temperature rise. In general this is
also the nameplate rating except where turbine power under maximum head is
insufficient to deliver the nameplate rating of the generator.
Reservoir: An artificial lake into which water flows and is stored for future use.
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Turbine: A machine for generating rotary mechanical power from the energy of a
stream of fluid (such as water, steam, or hot gas). Turbines convert the kinetic energy
of fluids to mechanical energy through the principles of impulse and reaction, or a
mixture of the two.
Volt (V): The unit of electromotive force or potential difference that will cause a
current of one ampere to flow through a conductor with a resistance of one ohm.
Watt (W): The unit used to measure production/usage rate of all types of energy; the
unit for power. The rate of energy transfer equivalent to one ampere flowing under a
pressure of one volt at unity power factor.
Watt hour (Wh): The unit of energy equal to the work done by one watt in one hour.