This presentation is from the Paper 209: Research Methodology and I choose the topic Interdisciplinary Insights: Data Collection Methods.

1. Department of English
Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University
Date: 3rd April 2024
Sem 4। Batch 2022-24
Research Methodology
Presentation on
Interdisciplinary Insights:
Data Collection Methods
Presented by Pooja Bhuva

2. Personal Information
● Presented by:- Pooja A. Bhuva
● Enrollment Number:- 4069206420220005
● Email:- poojabhuva2002@gmail.com
● Batch:- 2022 - 2024 (M.A. Sem 4)
● Date:- 3 April, 2024
● Paper: Research Methodology
● Roll Number:- 15

3. ● What are the different
methods employed for
gathering data?
● Why is it crucial to amass
data?
● Is the data collection
regarded as authentic?
● In which interdisciplinary
fields is data utilized?
Some of
the Ideas &
Questions
addressed
in the
Presentation

4. ● Data collection is the method of gathering and measuring information about specific things in a system that's
already set up. This helps to find answers to important questions and assess the results. Every field of study,
like science, humanities, and business, uses data collection to learn and make decisions. (Vuong)
● The process of data collection starts after you have clearly defined your research problem and developed a
plan or design for your study. When deciding on the method for collecting data, researchers need to consider
two types of data: Primary and Secondary and Tertiary. (Kothari) (Cote)
● Primary data is information that you collect directly from the source for the first time. This data is original and
has not been previously collected or processed by anyone else. On the other hand, secondary data is
information that has already been gathered and processed by someone else, such as data from published
reports, databases, or previous research studies. (Kothari)
What is Data Collection?
● Choice of data collection method will depend on whether you need primary or secondary
data for your research. If you require primary data, you will need to use methods like
surveys, interviews, experiments, or observations to gather new and original information.
However, if you plan to use secondary data, your data collection process will involve
compiling and analyzing information that already exists. (Kothari)
● It's important to note that the methods for collecting primary and secondary data differ
significantly. Primary data collection requires designing and implementing data-gathering
techniques from scratch, while secondary data collection involves locating, accessing,
and organizing existing data sources. (Kothari) (Berry)

5. ● Methods for collecting Primary Data
○ Observation Method
○ Interview Method
○ Questionnaire-Based Data Collection
○ Schedule-Based Data Collection
● Warranty Cards,
● Distributor or Store Audits,
● Pantry Audits,
● Consumer Panels,
● Utilization of Mechanical Devices,
● Projective Techniques, and others.
● These methods are valuable for gathering opinions on specific topics.
(Kothari)

6. ● Observation Method:
○ The observation method involves directly observing subjects or phenomena for research
purposes, either as a participant or non-participant. It allows gathering firsthand data
without relying on respondents' responses, but can be expensive, limited in scope, and
susceptible to observer bias. (Kothari)
● Interview Method:
○ The interview method involves collecting data through direct verbal communication,
either in person or over the telephone. It allows for in-depth information gathering but
can be expensive, time-consuming, and susceptible to interviewer and respondent
biases. (Kothari)
● Questionnaire-Based Data Collection:
○ The questionnaire method involves collecting data by sending a set of printed questions
to respondents, who fill out their responses directly on the questionnaire form. While
economical for large surveys, this method can suffer from low response rates and
potential respondent misunderstanding of questions. (Kothari)
● Schedule-Based Data Collection:
○ The schedule method involves trained enumerators visiting respondents, asking them
questions from a pre-designed schedule or questionnaire, and recording their responses.
While ensuring accurate data collection, this method is expensive and requires extensive

7. ● Warranty Cards and Audits:
○ Warranty cards included with products to gather user information
○ Store audits where salespeople observe and record inventory data
● Consumer Panels:
○ A sample of consumers record their purchases/consumption over time
● Use of Mechanical Devices:
○ Eye cameras, psychogalvanometer etc. to indirectly measure responses
● Projective Techniques:
○ Use ambiguous stimuli to uncover underlying motivations
● In-Depth Interviews:
Probe deeply into motivations and desires
● Content Analysis:
○ Systematically examine documents and communication materials
● These methods allow gathering data indirectly or exploring underlying factors, but may require specialized training and
can be more costly/time-consuming than straightforward surveys.
Other Data Collection Methods
(Kothari)

8. ● Secondary data can be either published or unpublished.
● Published secondary data sources include:
○ Government publications: Reports, statistics, and data from central, state, and local government bodies.
(Kothari)
○ International organizations: Publications and data from foreign governments, international bodies, and their
subsidiaries. (Kothari)
○ Industry-specific publications: Technical and trade journals covering various sectors. (Kothari)
○ Print media: Books, magazines, newspapers, and other published materials. (Kothari)
○ Business and industry associations: Reports and publications from associations related to businesses, industries,
banks, stock exchanges, and others. (Kothari)
○ Academic and research sources: Studies, reports, and publications by research scholars, universities, economists,
and experts across disciplines. (Kothari)
○ Public archives: Historical documents, public records, statistics, and other published information sources.
(Kothari)
● Unpublished secondary data can be obtained from various sources such as:
○ Personal records: Diaries, letters, unpublished biographies, and autobiographies. (Kothari)
○ Academic and research sources: Unpublished data and information held by scholars, researchers, and academic
institutions. (Kothari)
○ Industry and professional organizations: Unpublished data and information held by trade associations, labor
bureaus, and other private or public organizations. (Kothari)
○ Individual sources: Unpublished data and information available with specific individuals or experts in a particular
field. (Kothari)
● Researchers can explore both published and unpublished secondary data sources to gather relevant information for
Methods for collecting Secondary Data

9. ● Third-party data collection refers to obtaining data or information from sources outside of your organization or the
original source. Instead of collecting data directly from respondents or the primary source, you rely on an external
third-party provider. (Cote)
● Some common examples of third-party data sources include:
○ Data brokers/aggregators: Companies that collect and compile data from various sources and then sell or
license that data to other businesses. (Cote) (Claude AI)
○ Government agencies: Many government bodies like statistics bureaus, regulatory agencies, etc. collect and
publish data that can be leveraged. (Cote) (Claude AI)
○ Market research firms: Companies that conduct surveys, studies, and market analysis which produce reports and
datasets. (Cote) (Claude AI)
○ Data resellers: Entities that purchase data from primary sources and then resell/redistribute that data in
packaged formats. (Cote) (Claude AI)
○ Public databases: Some organizations make their data freely available through public online databases. (Cote)
(Claude AI)
● The main advantages of using third-party data are convenience, cost savings, and access to data you may not have
resources to collect independently. However, you rely on the third party's data collection and processing methods, so
data quality and relevance can be concerns. (Cote)
● Companies often use third-party data in combination with their own first-party data (collected directly) to enrich their
datasets, identify new patterns/insights, or use as benchmarking inputs. Proper vetting of data sources is important for
reliable third-party data utilization. (Cote)
Methods for collecting Tertiary Data

10. Case Study Method
● The case study method involves an in-depth investigation of a single unit, such as a person,
group, organization or situation. (Crowe) Here are some of the Key points:
● Allows comprehensive examination of all factors and relationships within the unit (Kothari)
● Takes a qualitative approach, gathering detailed information beyond just numbers (Kothari)
● Aims to understand the unique complexities and behavior patterns of the unit (Kothari)
● Useful for exploratory research and generating hypotheses (Kothari)
● Data comes from various sources like interviews, observations, documents (Kothari)
● Provides rich insights but findings may lack generalizability (Kothari)
● Time-consuming and expensive compared to surveys (Kothari)
● Requires skilled researchers to avoid biases in data collection and analysis (Kothari)
● While having some limitations, the case study method is widely used across disciplines like
sociology, anthropology, psychology and business to gain a profound understanding of
particular social entities or phenomena. When done rigorously, it can yield valuable context-
specific knowledge. (Crowe)

11. ● Data can be broadly categorized into two types: qualitative and quantitative.
Qualitative data describes qualities, characteristics, and non-numerical traits, while
quantitative data deals with measurable, numerical values. (Manawis) (Bryman)
● Utilizing different data collection methods offers several benefits:
● Improved efficiency and accuracy in data gathering, reducing errors. (Manawis)
● Ability to identify patterns, trends, and anomalies in the collected data, enabling better-
informed decision-making. (Manawis)
● Cost reduction by automating data collection processes, decreasing the time and
resources required for manual data collection. (Manawis)
● Both qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques are often used in tandem
to provide a comprehensive analysis of the subject under study. (Manawis) (Bryman)
Qualitative & Quantitative Data Collection

12. ● For my dissertation titled 'Beyond Borders: Understanding Anime and Manga Fandom: A Comprehensive
Audience Analysis', I conducted a survey using a questionnaire method to collect data. The questionnaire
had a structured format with pre-determined questions to ensure consistent responses.
● It started with basic demographic questions before moving on to questions about the respondents'
anime/manga viewing/reading habits and preferences. The questions progressed logically from easier
to more complex topics, following how respondents would naturally think.
● The questionnaire combined multiple-choice, checkbox, and open-ended questions to gather both
quantitative (numerical) and qualitative (descriptive) data. The questions were clear, concise, and
unbiased, designed specifically for the target audience of anime/manga fans under 30 years old. The
open-ended options allowed respondents to provide additional insights beyond the listed choices.
● Following good questionnaire principles, the survey maintained a concise yet comprehensive structure,
with a smooth logical flow from general demographic questions to specific questions about
anime/manga. This structured format, logical order of questions, variety of question types, and inclusion
of open-ended questions demonstrated a thoughtful approach to gather in-depth, multi-dimensional
data.
● While control questions could have further validated the consistency of responses, the survey method
aimed to effectively gain valuable perspectives on the anime/manga fandom among the under-30
demographic.
Questionnaire-Based Survey or Data Collection

13. AI Data Collection Tools & Extension
● AI data collection tools are software that automatically gathers and organizes large
amounts of data using AI techniques like web scraping, social media monitoring, text
analysis, image and video analysis, data annotation, and IoT data collection. They
help extract insights from various sources for tasks like market research, sentiment
analysis, and machine learning model training. (ChatGPT)
● Clay uses AI to help sales teams find potential
customers by gathering data from many
sources and providing insights like company
features, contact details, and additional
information for better targeting. (Lieben)
● Instant Data Scraper is an AI-powered tool that
quickly extracts information from web pages,
saving it in Excel or CSV files. It's useful for
tasks like gathering data for recruitment, e-
commerce prices, contact info, reviews, and
social media analysis. (Lieben)

14. ● Ocean.io uses AI to find new clients similar to ones you've sold
to before. Their lookalike search expands your potential leads
with accurate matches, improving sales and marketing
efforts. (Lieben)
● Browse AI extracts data from websites, presents it in a
spreadsheet, and offers automation for tasks like monitoring
company info on LinkedIn. It integrates with Google Sheets
and APIs for efficient data handling. (Lieben)
● Bitskout streamlines data extraction from documents and
emails with customizable templates and integrations with
tools like Monday and Asana. Its AI system identifies fields
and handles complex scenarios, making data mapping and
automation easy. (Lieben)

15. ● Double automates lead qualification using AI from LinkedIn
profiles and website content. It corrects email names and
categorizes companies by industry, integrating with Google
for efficient searches. (Lieben)
● Tactic AI simplifies research across platforms, giving insights for better targeting and
deal closures. It sources, cleans, and enriches data globally, saving time and reducing
the need for external sources. (Lieben)

16. ● "Bitskout." Bitskout, www.bitskout.com/. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024.
● "Browse AI." Browse AI, www.browse.ai/. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024
● "Clay." Clay, www.clay.com/. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024.
● "Double." Double, docs.double.bot. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024.
● "Instant Data Scraper." Chrome Web Store,
chromewebstore.google.com/detail/instant-data-
scraper/ofaokhiedipichpaobibbnahnkdoiiah. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024.
● "Ocean.IO." Ocean, www.ocean.io/. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024.
● "Tactic." Tactic, tactic.fyi/. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024
Citation of mentioned AI Tools and Extension

17. ● Berry, Sandra H., et al. “Methodologies for Data Collection and Handling.” Designing a System for
Collecting Policy-Relevant Data for the Kurdistan Region—Iraq, RAND Corporation, 2014, pp. 33–52.
JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/j.ctt6wq9bd.13. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024.
● Bryman, Alan. “The Debate about Quantitative and Qualitative Research: A Question of Method or
Epistemology?” The British Journal of Sociology, vol. 35, no. 1, 1984, pp. 75–92. JSTOR,
https://doi.org/10.2307/590553. Accessed 3 Apr. 2024.
● "ChatGPT." Version 3.5, OpenAI, 2023, https://chat.openai.com/. Accessed 3 April 2024.
● "Claude AI." ClaudeAI.com, Claude Technologies Inc., 2022, https://www.claudeai.com/
● Cote, Catherine. “7 Data Collection Methods in Business Analytics.” HBS Online, 2 December 2021,
https://online.hbs.edu/blog/post/data-collection-methods. Accessed 3 April 2024.
● Crowe, Sarah et al. “The case study approach.” BMC medical research methodology vol. 11 100. 27 Jun.
2011, doi:10.1186/1471-2288-11-100
● Kothari, C. R. Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Age International Limited, 2004, pp.
95-104.
● Lieben, Michel. “Top 23 AI Data Collection Tools in 2023.” ColdIQ, https://www.coldiq.com/blog/ai-data-
collection-tools. Accessed 3 April 2024.
● Manawis, Roselin. “7 Data Collection Methods and Techniques | SafetyCulture.” Safety Culture, 13
December 2023, https://safetyculture.com/topics/data-collection/data-collection-techniques/. Accessed
3 April 2024.
● Vuong, Quan-Hoang et al. “An open database of productivity in Vietnam's social sciences and humanities
for public use.” Scientific data vol. 5 180188. 25 Sep. 2018, doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.188
Works Cited

18. Thank You
Do you have any Question?
Contact: poojabhuva2002@gmail.com