Dans cette intervention nous verrons comment dans un système d\'information, un petit peu de sémantique formelle peut vous emmener très loin et nous montrerons comment les ontologies informatiques proposent une approche pour intégrer de la sémantique formelle dans les représentations d’un système d’information.
Pour cela nous expliquerons cette notion d’ontologie que l\'informatique a empruntée à la philosophie au début des années 1990. Nous montrerons ensuite qu’intégrer une ontologie à un système d\'information permet de déclarer formellement un certain nombre de connaissances utilisées pour caractériser les informations gérées par le système et de se baser sur ces caractérisations et la formalisation de leur signification pour automatiser des tâches de traitement de l\'information.
Les ontologies sont maintenant utilisées pour décrire et traiter des ressources multimédia ; asseoir l\'interopérabilité d\'applications en réseaux ; piloter des traitements automatiques de la langue naturelle ; construire des solutions multilingues et interculturelles ; permettre l\'intégration de sources hétérogènes d\'information ; décrire des protocoles d\'interactions complexes ; vérifier la cohérence de modèles ; permettre les raisonnements temporel et spatial ; faire des approximations logiques ; etc. Ces utilisations des ontologies se retrouvent dans de nombreux domaines d\'application : intégration d\'informations géographiques, gestion de ressources humaines, aide à l\'analyse en biologie, commerce électronique, enseignement assisté par ordinateur, bibliothèques numériques, échanges commerciaux entre partenaires industriels, suivi médical informatisé, etc.
Nous aborderons les caractéristiques des ontologies, leur cycle de vie et leur opérationnalisation. Nous mentionnerons aussi un courant particulièrement prometteur pour le déploiement des systèmes à base d\'ontologies : le web sémantique permettant d’utiliser le web comme un média d’échange de données entre applications.
Pour en savoir plus : http://interstices.info/jcms/c_17672/ontologies-informatiques
Walking Our Way to the Web - Fabien Gandon
The Web: Scientific Creativity, Technological Innovation and Society
XXVIII Conference on Contemporary Philosophy and Methodology of Science
9 and 10 March 2023
University of A Coruña
The prospect of Walking our Way to the Web may sound strange to contemporary readers of this article for whom the Web is omnipresent. However, the slogan of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has been, for years, and remains today, to lead “the Web to its full potential” meaning we haven’t reached that potential yet, whatever it is. The first architect of the Web himself, Tim Berners-Lee, said in an interview in 2009: “The Web as I envisaged it, we have not seen it yet. The future is still so much bigger than the past”. And he is still very active, together with the W3C members and Web experts world-wide, in proposing evolutions of the Web architecture to improve its growing usages and applications. In this article we will review the path that led us to the actual Web, the shape it is taking now and the possible evolutions, good and bad, we can identify today. This will lead us to consider the distance that we witness between the initial vision and the reality of the Web today, and to reflect on the possible divergence between the potential we see in the Web and the directions it could take. Our goal in this article is to reflect on how we could walk the delicate path to the full potential of the Web, finding the missing links and avoiding the one too many links.
a shift in our research focus: from knowledge acquisition to knowledge augmen...Fabien Gandon
EKAW 2022 keynote by Fabien GANDON: "a shift in our research focus: from knowledge acquisition to knowledge augmentation"
While EKAW started in 1987 as the European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop, in 2000 it transformed into a conference where we advance knowledge engineering and modelling in general. At the time, this transition also echoed shifts of focus such as moving from the paradigm of expert systems to the more encompassing one of knowledge-based systems. Nowadays, with the current strong interest for knowledge graphs, it is important again to reaffirm that our ultimate goal is not the acquisition of bigger siloed knowledge bases but to support knowledge requisition by and for all kinds of intelligence. Knowledge without intelligence is a highly perishable resource. Intelligence without knowledge is doomed to stagnation. We will defend that intelligence and knowledge, and their evolutions, have to be considered jointly and that the Web is providing a social hypermedia to link them in all their forms. Using examples from several projects, we will suggest that, just like intelligence augmentation and amplification insist on putting humans at the center of the design of artificial intelligence methods, we should think in terms of knowledge augmentation and amplification and we should design a knowledge web to be an enabler of the futures we want.
A Never-Ending Project for Humanity Called “the Web”Fabien Gandon
A Never-Ending Project for Humanity Called "the Web"
Fabien Gandon, Wendy Hall
https://hal.inria.fr/WIMMICS/hal-03633526
In this paper we summarized the main historical steps in making the Web, its foundational principles and its evolution. First we mention some of the influences and streams of thought that interacted to bring the Web about. Then we recall that its birthplace, the CERN, had a need for a global hypertext system and at the same time was the perfect microcosm to provide a cradle for the Web. We stress how this invention required to strike a balance between the integration of and the departure from the existing and emerging paradigms of the day. We then review the pillars of the Web architecture and the features that made the Web so viral compared to competitors. Finally we survey the multiple mutations the Web underwent no sooner it was born, evolving in multiple directions. We conclude on the fact the Web is now an architecture, an artefact, a science object and a research and development object, and of which we haven't seen the full potential yet.
CovidOnTheWeb : covid19 linked data published on the WebFabien Gandon
The Covid-on-the-Web project aims to allow biomedical researchers to access, query and make sense of COVID-19 related literature. To do so, it adapts, combines and extends tools to process, analyze and enrich the "COVID-19 Open Research Dataset" (CORD-19) that gathers 50,000+ full-text scientific articles related to the coronaviruses. We report on the RDF dataset and software resources produced in this project by leveraging skills in knowledge representation, text, data and argument mining, as well as data visualization and exploration. The dataset comprises two main knowledge graphs describing (1) named entities mentioned in the CORD-19 corpus and linked to DBpedia, Wikidata and other BioPortal vocabularies, and (2) arguments extracted using ACTA, a tool automating the extraction and visualization of argumentative graphs, meant to help clinicians analyze clinical trials and make decisions. On top of this dataset, we provide several visualization and exploration tools based on the Corese Semantic Web platform, MGExplorer visualization library, as well as the Jupyter Notebook technology. All along this initiative, we have been engaged in discussions with healthcare and medical research institutes to align our approach with the actual needs of the biomedical community, and we have paid particular attention to comply with the open and reproducible science goals, and the FAIR principles.
Walking Our Way to the Web - Fabien Gandon
The Web: Scientific Creativity, Technological Innovation and Society
XXVIII Conference on Contemporary Philosophy and Methodology of Science
9 and 10 March 2023
University of A Coruña
The prospect of Walking our Way to the Web may sound strange to contemporary readers of this article for whom the Web is omnipresent. However, the slogan of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has been, for years, and remains today, to lead “the Web to its full potential” meaning we haven’t reached that potential yet, whatever it is. The first architect of the Web himself, Tim Berners-Lee, said in an interview in 2009: “The Web as I envisaged it, we have not seen it yet. The future is still so much bigger than the past”. And he is still very active, together with the W3C members and Web experts world-wide, in proposing evolutions of the Web architecture to improve its growing usages and applications. In this article we will review the path that led us to the actual Web, the shape it is taking now and the possible evolutions, good and bad, we can identify today. This will lead us to consider the distance that we witness between the initial vision and the reality of the Web today, and to reflect on the possible divergence between the potential we see in the Web and the directions it could take. Our goal in this article is to reflect on how we could walk the delicate path to the full potential of the Web, finding the missing links and avoiding the one too many links.
a shift in our research focus: from knowledge acquisition to knowledge augmen...Fabien Gandon
EKAW 2022 keynote by Fabien GANDON: "a shift in our research focus: from knowledge acquisition to knowledge augmentation"
While EKAW started in 1987 as the European Knowledge Acquisition Workshop, in 2000 it transformed into a conference where we advance knowledge engineering and modelling in general. At the time, this transition also echoed shifts of focus such as moving from the paradigm of expert systems to the more encompassing one of knowledge-based systems. Nowadays, with the current strong interest for knowledge graphs, it is important again to reaffirm that our ultimate goal is not the acquisition of bigger siloed knowledge bases but to support knowledge requisition by and for all kinds of intelligence. Knowledge without intelligence is a highly perishable resource. Intelligence without knowledge is doomed to stagnation. We will defend that intelligence and knowledge, and their evolutions, have to be considered jointly and that the Web is providing a social hypermedia to link them in all their forms. Using examples from several projects, we will suggest that, just like intelligence augmentation and amplification insist on putting humans at the center of the design of artificial intelligence methods, we should think in terms of knowledge augmentation and amplification and we should design a knowledge web to be an enabler of the futures we want.
A Never-Ending Project for Humanity Called “the Web”Fabien Gandon
A Never-Ending Project for Humanity Called "the Web"
Fabien Gandon, Wendy Hall
https://hal.inria.fr/WIMMICS/hal-03633526
In this paper we summarized the main historical steps in making the Web, its foundational principles and its evolution. First we mention some of the influences and streams of thought that interacted to bring the Web about. Then we recall that its birthplace, the CERN, had a need for a global hypertext system and at the same time was the perfect microcosm to provide a cradle for the Web. We stress how this invention required to strike a balance between the integration of and the departure from the existing and emerging paradigms of the day. We then review the pillars of the Web architecture and the features that made the Web so viral compared to competitors. Finally we survey the multiple mutations the Web underwent no sooner it was born, evolving in multiple directions. We conclude on the fact the Web is now an architecture, an artefact, a science object and a research and development object, and of which we haven't seen the full potential yet.
CovidOnTheWeb : covid19 linked data published on the WebFabien Gandon
The Covid-on-the-Web project aims to allow biomedical researchers to access, query and make sense of COVID-19 related literature. To do so, it adapts, combines and extends tools to process, analyze and enrich the "COVID-19 Open Research Dataset" (CORD-19) that gathers 50,000+ full-text scientific articles related to the coronaviruses. We report on the RDF dataset and software resources produced in this project by leveraging skills in knowledge representation, text, data and argument mining, as well as data visualization and exploration. The dataset comprises two main knowledge graphs describing (1) named entities mentioned in the CORD-19 corpus and linked to DBpedia, Wikidata and other BioPortal vocabularies, and (2) arguments extracted using ACTA, a tool automating the extraction and visualization of argumentative graphs, meant to help clinicians analyze clinical trials and make decisions. On top of this dataset, we provide several visualization and exploration tools based on the Corese Semantic Web platform, MGExplorer visualization library, as well as the Jupyter Notebook technology. All along this initiative, we have been engaged in discussions with healthcare and medical research institutes to align our approach with the actual needs of the biomedical community, and we have paid particular attention to comply with the open and reproducible science goals, and the FAIR principles.
Web open standards for linked data and knowledge graphs as enablers of EU dig...Fabien Gandon
Web open standards for linked data and knowledge graphs as enablers of EU digital sovereignty
ENDORSE Keynote by Fabien GANDON, 19/03/2021
https://op.europa.eu/en/web/endorse
from linked data & knowledge graphs to linked intelligence & intelligence graphsFabien Gandon
ISWC Vision track talk "from linked data & knowledge graphs to linked intelligence & intelligence graphs or the potential of the semantic Web to break the walls between semantic networks and computational networks"
JURIX talk on representing and reasoning on the deontic aspects of normative rules relying only on standard Semantic Web languages.
The corresponding paper is at https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01643769v1
One Web of pages, One Web of peoples, One Web of Services, One Web of Data, O...Fabien Gandon
Keynote Fabien GANDON, at WIM2016: One Web of pages, One Web of peoples, One Web of Services, One Web of Data, One Web of Things…and with the Semantic Web bind them.
Wimmics Research Team 2015 Activity ReportFabien Gandon
Extract of the activity report of the Wimmics joint research team between Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée and I3S (CNRS and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis). Wimmics stands for web-instrumented man-machine interactions, communities and semantics. The team focuses on bridging social semantics and formal semantics on the web.
Retours sur le MOOC "Web Sémantique et Web de données"Fabien Gandon
Présentation des caractéristiques et résultats de la première session en 2015 du MOOC "Web Sémantique et Web de données" par Inria, Université de Nice, FUN et UNIT.
Nous lisons régulièrement que le Web révolutionne notre monde et provoque des évolutions dans toutes les dimensions de notre société. Mais le Web lui-même, ses usages et la compréhension que nous en avons n’ont pas cessé d’évoluer depuis la proposition à l’origine de sa création en 1989. C’est un espace en perpétuelle recréation qui nous demande sans cesse de nouvelles explorations et reconsidérations. Ce sont certains de ces changements passés, actuels, et à venir du Web que nous allons regarder ensemble en insistant sur la complexité de cet artefact qui en fait un objet de recherches pluridisciplinaires.
On Youtube: https://youtu.be/jNjHdqS-1Ko
Web open standards for linked data and knowledge graphs as enablers of EU dig...Fabien Gandon
Web open standards for linked data and knowledge graphs as enablers of EU digital sovereignty
ENDORSE Keynote by Fabien GANDON, 19/03/2021
https://op.europa.eu/en/web/endorse
from linked data & knowledge graphs to linked intelligence & intelligence graphsFabien Gandon
ISWC Vision track talk "from linked data & knowledge graphs to linked intelligence & intelligence graphs or the potential of the semantic Web to break the walls between semantic networks and computational networks"
JURIX talk on representing and reasoning on the deontic aspects of normative rules relying only on standard Semantic Web languages.
The corresponding paper is at https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01643769v1
One Web of pages, One Web of peoples, One Web of Services, One Web of Data, O...Fabien Gandon
Keynote Fabien GANDON, at WIM2016: One Web of pages, One Web of peoples, One Web of Services, One Web of Data, One Web of Things…and with the Semantic Web bind them.
Wimmics Research Team 2015 Activity ReportFabien Gandon
Extract of the activity report of the Wimmics joint research team between Inria Sophia Antipolis - Méditerranée and I3S (CNRS and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis). Wimmics stands for web-instrumented man-machine interactions, communities and semantics. The team focuses on bridging social semantics and formal semantics on the web.
Retours sur le MOOC "Web Sémantique et Web de données"Fabien Gandon
Présentation des caractéristiques et résultats de la première session en 2015 du MOOC "Web Sémantique et Web de données" par Inria, Université de Nice, FUN et UNIT.
Nous lisons régulièrement que le Web révolutionne notre monde et provoque des évolutions dans toutes les dimensions de notre société. Mais le Web lui-même, ses usages et la compréhension que nous en avons n’ont pas cessé d’évoluer depuis la proposition à l’origine de sa création en 1989. C’est un espace en perpétuelle recréation qui nous demande sans cesse de nouvelles explorations et reconsidérations. Ce sont certains de ces changements passés, actuels, et à venir du Web que nous allons regarder ensemble en insistant sur la complexité de cet artefact qui en fait un objet de recherches pluridisciplinaires.
On Youtube: https://youtu.be/jNjHdqS-1Ko
12. quot;voiturequot;, quot;caissequot;, quot;autoquot;,
quot;bagnolequot;, quot;tirequot;, quot;tacotquot;,
quot;automobilequot;, ...
véhicule de transport automobile
conçu et aménagé pour le transport
d'un petit nombre de personnes
- la 206 cc 3124 SH 45
- la clio 16S de Tom
- le Galaxy bleu garé
en bas à l'entrée
- ...
18. partie
de
méthane éthane méthanol éthanol
dioxyde de carbone dioxygène ozone phénol eau dihydrogène
méthyle
carbone oxygène hydrogène
19. combiner
différents types de connaissances ontologiques
Organic object
Individual Limb
Cat
Hierarchical model of the shape of the human body. D. Marr and H.K. Nishihara, Representation and recognition
of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes, Proc. R. Soc. London B 200, 1978, 269-294).
20. ontos logos
“Jacob Lorhard's quot;Ogdoas Scholasticaquot; (1606) contains the first occurrence of the term
‘ontologia’ ” Raul Corazzon on formalontology.it
être / êtres discours / science
22. définitions basées sur…
… le contenu
– spécification d’un vocabulaire: définitions, liens et relations, structure
du domaine et interprétation. [Uschold & Jasper, 1999]
– ensemble d’axiomes logiques conçu pour rendre compte du sens associé
à un vocabulaire. [Guarino, 1998]
… la méthode de construction
– Conceptualisation commune à tout ce qui est représenté dans une base
de connaissances. [Bernaras et al, 1996]
– Construites de façon coopérative par différentes personnes
[Gomez‐Perez et al, 2003]
… l’utilisation envisagée
– Squelette d’une base de connaissances [Swartout et al, 1997]
– Connaissance réutilisée et partagée (personnes et applications)
[Gomez‐Perez et al, 2003]
… le statut ou la portée
– Capture une connaissance consensuelle de façon générique
[Gomez‐Perez et al, 2003]
23. ntologie
O une théorie logique donnant un compte‐rendu
explicite mais partiel d’une conceptualisation i.e.
une structure sémantique intensionnelle
encodant les règles implicites contraignant la
structure d’un morceau de réalité ; le but est de
fournir des primitives avec une sémantique
associée pour représenter des connaissances
dans un contexte identifié.
[Gruber, 1993] [Guarino & Giaretta, 1995] [Bachimont, 2000]
24. Aux grands mots les grands remèdes
paleo ontos logos
ancien être discours
une
paléontologie informatique
L’
science qui étudie les êtres et organismes vivants ayant existé
au cours des temps géologiques.
étude des propriétés générales de ce qui existe.
représentation de ces propriétés dans un formalisme
supportant un traitement rationnel
36. communication, intégration, échange
• Niveau physique
– Français et Russe, n° tel : 00 7 505 903 78
– Canal de communication
• Niveau information
– quot;c'est une bolle ce violonneuxquot; Québécois
– quot;c'est un crack ce violonistequot; Français
– quot;je te fais ton lavage comme du mondequot; Québécois
– quot;je te fais ta lessive nickel chromequot; Français
– quot;il faut que j'aille remplir la chaudièrequot; Québécois
– quot;il faut que j'aille remplir le seauquot; Français
– Syntaxe, termes, notions et relations
ontologies
• Niveau protocoles
– quot;Allo ?... Allo ? ... y'a quelqu'un ?quot;
– Protocoles d'interactions
43. deux poids & deux mesures
[Gomez‐Perez et al., 2002]
–Légères (lightweight)
types, hiérarchies, propriétés
–Lourdes (heavyweight)
idem + axiomes, contraintes, etc.
44. continuum de la formalité [Uschold et Gruninger, 1996]
• informelle
exprimée en langue naturelle.
• semi‐informelle : exprimée dans une forme
restreinte et structurée de la langue naturelle ;
• semi‐formelle : exprimée dans un langage
artificiel défini formellement;
• formelle : exprimée dans un langage artificiel
disposant d’une sémantique formelle, permettant
de prouver des propriétés de cette ontologie.
46. • Identification lors d'un entretien: quot;Il faut que
je diffuse ce document à mes collèguesquot;
• Demander une définition: quot;Je suis ton
collègue si on travaille dans la même équipequot;
• Dictionnaire: quot;Personne qui remplit la même
fonction ou qui fait partie d'un même
établissement qu'une autrequot;
• Vérifier par le recueil: groupe, entreprise,…
47. • Définition consensuelle: 'Collègue de Travail'
quot;Personne qui fait partie d'un même
établissement qu'une autrequot;
• Semi‐formelle: quot;Une personne A et une
personne B sont collègues de travail si et
seulement si A fait partie d'un établissement E
et B fait partie du même établissement Equot;
• Formelle: (CollegueTrv,A,B) ⇔
(∃ Etablissement E)∧
(Personne A) ∧ (Personne B) ∧
(FaitPartie, A ,E) ∧
(FaitPartie, B, E) ;
50. • ontologies du domaine (réutilisables)
• ontologies applicatives
(spécifiques & non réutilisables)
• ontologies génériques ou ontologies de haut niveau
• ontologies de représentation ou méta‐ontologies
buts des ontologies [Van Heijst et al, 1997]
80. OWL in one… définir par…
{a,b,c,d,e} par énumération par intersection
par union par complément
≠ la disjonction
! par restriction
1..1
prop. algébriques par cardinalité
≡ par équivalence
84. RDFa signifie
RDF dans des attributs de HTML
<div xmlns:dc=quot;http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/quot;>
<h2 property=quot;dc:titlequot;>The trouble with Bob</h2>
<h3 property=quot;dc:creatorquot;>Alice</h3>
...
</div>