This is the presentation of photos and history of Land of Pyramids, Petra, and Prayers from our Egypt, Jordan, and Israel Tour during February, 2020. This was prepared and presented to the family and friends on 19th July, 2020.
The document provides an overview of the history and culture of West Asia. It discusses how the region has been shaped by Arab, Turkish, and Persian influences. It outlines the origins and spread of Islam throughout West Asia in the 7th century. It also summarizes the various tribes and dynasties that ruled in the region, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Persians, and Arabs. The document further examines the key architectural features and styles of Islamic architecture, including its influences from Persian, Roman, Egyptian, and Byzantine traditions.
The Mycenaean civilization flourished during the period roughly between 1600 BC. It perished with the collapse of bronze age civilization in the eastern Mediterranean.
Ancient Egyptian Architecture By James MunroeSd#43
The document discusses various aspects of ancient Egyptian architecture such as pyramids, the Sphinx, houses, and the Valley of the Kings. It describes the key pyramids built by different pharaohs including their sizes and compositions. The Sphinx is noted as having the body of a lion and the head of a man, with a legend that it would eat those who could not answer its riddle. Egyptian homes were constructed from sun-dried bricks of mud and straw with flat roofs. The Valley of the Kings contained underground tombs for pharaohs like Tutankhamen and Ramesses the Great, where their possessions were stored.
Ancient Egyptian architecture had some consistent characteristics. Massive stone structures like temples and tombs were favored after the Old Kingdom. Mud bricks were commonly used for houses while stone was used for more permanent religious buildings. Columns were designed to mimic plant structures and corner details replicated binding reeds. Funerary structures evolved from mastaba tombs to step pyramids like Zoser's and finally the iconic Great Pyramids at Giza, which marked a transition to rock-cut tombs in places like the Valley of the Kings. Temples followed a structured layout and carefully controlled light using columns, windows and shadow effects.
The document provides information on the original Seven Wonders of the World and the New Seven Wonders of the World that were selected in a global poll. It discusses the key locations and features of each of the original wonders including the Great Pyramid of Giza and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. It then summarizes the process used by the New Seven Wonders Foundation to conduct a global poll to select new wonders, announcing the winners on July 7, 2007. The new wonders are briefly described along with their locations, including the Taj Mahal, Great Wall of China, and Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro.
The document provides an overview of the history and culture of West Asia. It discusses how the region has been shaped by Arab, Turkish, and Persian influences. It outlines the origins and spread of Islam throughout West Asia in the 7th century. It also summarizes the various tribes and dynasties that ruled in the region, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Persians, and Arabs. The document further examines the key architectural features and styles of Islamic architecture, including its influences from Persian, Roman, Egyptian, and Byzantine traditions.
The Mycenaean civilization flourished during the period roughly between 1600 BC. It perished with the collapse of bronze age civilization in the eastern Mediterranean.
Ancient Egyptian Architecture By James MunroeSd#43
The document discusses various aspects of ancient Egyptian architecture such as pyramids, the Sphinx, houses, and the Valley of the Kings. It describes the key pyramids built by different pharaohs including their sizes and compositions. The Sphinx is noted as having the body of a lion and the head of a man, with a legend that it would eat those who could not answer its riddle. Egyptian homes were constructed from sun-dried bricks of mud and straw with flat roofs. The Valley of the Kings contained underground tombs for pharaohs like Tutankhamen and Ramesses the Great, where their possessions were stored.
Ancient Egyptian architecture had some consistent characteristics. Massive stone structures like temples and tombs were favored after the Old Kingdom. Mud bricks were commonly used for houses while stone was used for more permanent religious buildings. Columns were designed to mimic plant structures and corner details replicated binding reeds. Funerary structures evolved from mastaba tombs to step pyramids like Zoser's and finally the iconic Great Pyramids at Giza, which marked a transition to rock-cut tombs in places like the Valley of the Kings. Temples followed a structured layout and carefully controlled light using columns, windows and shadow effects.
The document provides information on the original Seven Wonders of the World and the New Seven Wonders of the World that were selected in a global poll. It discusses the key locations and features of each of the original wonders including the Great Pyramid of Giza and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. It then summarizes the process used by the New Seven Wonders Foundation to conduct a global poll to select new wonders, announcing the winners on July 7, 2007. The new wonders are briefly described along with their locations, including the Taj Mahal, Great Wall of China, and Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro.
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian civilization between 1450-1100 BC. It describes the geography of Egypt centered around the Nile River, which was essential for agriculture and trade. It then outlines the three main periods of Egyptian rule: the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Key developments included the Old Kingdom organizing a strong central state and building pyramids, the Middle Kingdom experiencing invasions and rebellions, and the New Kingdom expanding Egyptian rule. The document also summarizes Egyptian religious beliefs, architecture, and aspects of daily life like the class system.
Islamic art reflected religious beliefs without figurative imagery, focusing instead on geometry, calligraphy, and nature. This was influenced by Islam's emphasis on the oneness of God and prohibition of idolatry. Architecture used elements like minarets, mihrabs, and qibla walls to organize prayer and reflect influences from nature and other faiths while distinguishing itself. Ornamentation in tilework and mosaics depicted flowers, plants, and intricate scripts to symbolize paradise and creation.
Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest and most influential civilizations. The document provides background information on Ancient Egypt, including that the name 'Egypt' comes from the Greek name for the country. It discusses some of Egypt's major river valley civilizations and highlights the importance of the predictable flooding of the Nile River in the development of Egyptian settlements and agriculture. Key sites from Ancient Egypt are described, such as the pyramids at Giza and structures built during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Ancient Egyptian cities, tomb types (such as mastabas and rock-cut tombs), and religious sites (like Karnak and Luxor Temple) are also outlined.
The document discusses factors that influenced ancient Egyptian architecture such as geography, geology, climate, religion, and history. It describes key architectural features of Egyptian structures like temples, pyramids, and tombs. Some key points made are that the Nile river valley enabled agriculture and settlements in Egypt. Egyptian architecture used stone, bricks, sloped walls, columns, and lacked windows. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids to the peaked pyramids at Giza. Major sites discussed include the temples at Karnak, Abu Simbel, and Hatshepsut's mortuary temple.
The document provides an overview of Egyptian architecture spanning over 10,000 years. It describes some key characteristics including the predominant building materials of mud bricks and stone. It highlights some of Egypt's most famous structures like the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx. The document also provides details about Egyptian temples, sarcophagi, and other architectural elements like obelisks and reliefs.
Pharaoh Djoser, who ruled from 2868-2649 BC, was responsible for the world's first monumental stone building - the Step Pyramid at Sakkara. He commissioned his architect Imhotep to build the structure, which began as a traditional mastaba tomb but was expanded into Egypt's earliest pyramid through three phases of construction. The Step Pyramid marked a major development in funerary architecture and demonstrated Djoser's power and wealth during his long and peaceful reign.
The document provides information on Egyptian civilization and its architecture. It discusses the geography of Egypt along the Nile River which determined the character of Egyptian civilization. It then outlines the different dynasties of ancient Egypt and describes the predominant materials used in architecture such as sun-baked bricks, stone, and limestone. Some key architectural features are discussed such as the use of symbolic motifs, hieroglyphics, and alignment with astronomical events. Different structures are summarized such as pyramids, which served as tombs for pharaohs; sphinxes which guarded tombs; and obelisks which symbolized the sun god. The document also covers the Valley of Kings and different types of tombs including mastabas
The document summarizes the major Bronze Age cultures in the Aegean region: the Cycladic culture, Minoan culture, and Mycenaean culture. The Cycladic culture developed simple pottery and marble sculptures on the Cyclades islands beginning around 3000 BC. The Minoan culture arose on Crete around 2200 BC and was known for its palace complexes, frescoes, and naturalistic art. The Mycenaean culture developed on the Greek mainland after 1600 BC and is associated with massive stone architecture including tholos tombs and the Lion Gate of Mycenae.
The document provides information about ancient Egyptian civilization, including their geography, climate, religious beliefs about the afterlife, burial practices of mummification and tomb construction, as well as important historical periods and rulers. It also describes various architectural features of temples, pyramids and other structures, such as their materials, layouts, ornamentation and more. The Giza pyramid complex is highlighted as a notable example that includes Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure's pyramids as well as the Great Sphinx.
Seven World Wonders of the Ancient Worldguest024b38
The Great Pyramid of Giza was constructed around 2560 BC as the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu and remained the tallest structure in the world for over 4000 years. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built in the 6th century BC in Babylon by King Nebuchadnezzar II to please his wife, and were described as having plants cultivated above ground level. The Temple of Artemis, built in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, was located in Ephesus and was destroyed in 401 AD.
Egyptian architecture features pyramids and temples. The first pyramid was built for King Zoser at Saqqara, while the most famous is the Great Pyramid of Giza constructed for King Khufu, standing over 480 feet tall. Temples were considered homes for gods and only priests could enter the inner chambers, while courtyards were occasionally open to the public. Each temple housed a statue of its dedicated deity.
Ancient Egyptian architecture was vital to their civilization. They constructed massive temples, like the Temple of Luxor and Temple of Ramses II, to honor their gods. They also built elaborate tombs, such as the Tombs of Meresankh and the Tegran Tomb, to prepare royalty for the afterlife. The Egyptians commonly used carved limestone and mud bricks in their architecture, seen on temples, statues, and tombs.
The document describes several ancient architectural wonders of the world including:
- The Great Pyramids of Giza in Egypt built around 2584-2561 BC that are still standing today.
- The Hanging Gardens of Babylon built around 600 BC that were destroyed by earthquakes after the 1st century AD.
- The Temple of Artemis built in 550 BC and rebuilt in 323 BC that was destroyed by arson and plundering.
- The Statue of Zeus at Olympia built in 435 BC that was disassembled and destroyed by fire in the 5th-6th centuries AD.
- The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus built in 351 BC that was destroyed by earth
Egyptian architecture featured massive stone structures for temples and tombs, while domestic buildings used mud brick. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids as ways to provide passage to the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza, among the largest constructions ever built, housed tombs for pharaohs. Later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings, with hidden entrances and richly decorated tombs. Temples followed a structured layout and used light and shadow symbolically through clerestory windows and column placement.
The document provides information on important artistic periods in ancient Egypt from 3000 BCE to 30 BCE. It discusses the Old Kingdom from 2575-2134 BCE, which was the age of pyramid building, including the Step Pyramid of Djoser and the iconic Great Pyramids of Giza. Key artworks from this period included reliefs like the Palette of Narmer and sculptures of rulers such as Khafre that followed strict artistic conventions.
The 7 Ancient and my Modern Wonders of the WorldProy14
The document discusses seven man-made islands that the author considers to be modern wonders of the world. They highlight the Palm Islands off the coast of Dubai, which include Palm Jumeirah, Palm Deira, and Palm Jabel Ali islands. They also discuss The World Islands near Dubai, The Pearl-Qatar island, The Dubai Waterfront development, The Eden Island in the Seychelles, and The Venetian Islands as impressive man-made island constructions. The author chooses these islands as wonders due to the immense effort, planning, and scale of their development.
The document provides details about 7 ancient wonders of the world and 7 wonders of the medieval period. It describes each wonder's key features and history. The Great Pyramid of Giza was the oldest and largest of the pyramids, while the Hanging Gardens of Babylon may not have actually existed. The Statue of Zeus and the Temple of Artemis were both destroyed by fires. Stonehenge, the Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa, and the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing were wonders from the medieval period. Hagia Sophia served as a church, mosque, and now museum, and the Leaning Tower of Pisa continues to lean due to being built on unstable ground.
Egyptian architecture was heavily influenced by geographical, geological, climatic, historical, social, and religious factors. The Nile river provided resources and trade routes, and abundant stone like limestone was used for construction. Egypt's hot climate led to simple designs with massive unbroken walls. Egyptian architectural styles included temples, pyramids, mastabas, and rock-cut tombs. Columns resembled bundles of plant stems and capitals took forms like lotus buds. Temples had imposing gateways and courtyards, while pyramids served as tombs for pharaohs. Hieroglyphics, columns, obelisks, and symbols like the scarab beetle and lotus plant decorated Egyptian
How to Spend Your Holiday in Egypt -7 Day Egypt Itinerary.pdfiLink Turkey
Embarking on your first solo travel adventure can be both exhilarating and nerve-wracking. To make the most of your journey and ensure a smooth experience, here are ten invaluable tips for first-time solo travelers. Firstly, research your destination thoroughly; understanding the culture, local customs, and essential phrases can greatly ease your transition. Prioritize safety by staying vigilant, especially in unfamiliar surroundings, and always keep important documents secure. Pack wisely, opting for versatile clothing and essential items while keeping luggage to a minimum. Embrace spontaneity but maintain a loose itinerary for guidance. Engage with locals and fellow travelers to enrich your experience and gain valuable insights. Stay connected by having a reliable means of communication and inform someone trustworthy about your itinerary.
Exquisite Egypt Tour Explore Cairo & The Pyramids of Giza with Nile Cruise & ...LookAtEgyptTours1
This 12-day tour provides an in-depth exploration of Egypt's highlights, including 4 nights in Cairo, a 3-night Nile cruise from Aswan to Luxor, and 4 nights at a beach resort in Hurghada on the Red Sea. Key inclusions are luxury accommodations, entry fees, transportation, and most meals. The itinerary features visits to major archaeological sites like the Pyramids of Giza, Egyptian Museum, Valley of the Kings, Karnak and Luxor Temples. International flights and tips are excluded.
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian civilization between 1450-1100 BC. It describes the geography of Egypt centered around the Nile River, which was essential for agriculture and trade. It then outlines the three main periods of Egyptian rule: the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Key developments included the Old Kingdom organizing a strong central state and building pyramids, the Middle Kingdom experiencing invasions and rebellions, and the New Kingdom expanding Egyptian rule. The document also summarizes Egyptian religious beliefs, architecture, and aspects of daily life like the class system.
Islamic art reflected religious beliefs without figurative imagery, focusing instead on geometry, calligraphy, and nature. This was influenced by Islam's emphasis on the oneness of God and prohibition of idolatry. Architecture used elements like minarets, mihrabs, and qibla walls to organize prayer and reflect influences from nature and other faiths while distinguishing itself. Ornamentation in tilework and mosaics depicted flowers, plants, and intricate scripts to symbolize paradise and creation.
Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest and most influential civilizations. The document provides background information on Ancient Egypt, including that the name 'Egypt' comes from the Greek name for the country. It discusses some of Egypt's major river valley civilizations and highlights the importance of the predictable flooding of the Nile River in the development of Egyptian settlements and agriculture. Key sites from Ancient Egypt are described, such as the pyramids at Giza and structures built during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Ancient Egyptian cities, tomb types (such as mastabas and rock-cut tombs), and religious sites (like Karnak and Luxor Temple) are also outlined.
The document discusses factors that influenced ancient Egyptian architecture such as geography, geology, climate, religion, and history. It describes key architectural features of Egyptian structures like temples, pyramids, and tombs. Some key points made are that the Nile river valley enabled agriculture and settlements in Egypt. Egyptian architecture used stone, bricks, sloped walls, columns, and lacked windows. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids to the peaked pyramids at Giza. Major sites discussed include the temples at Karnak, Abu Simbel, and Hatshepsut's mortuary temple.
The document provides an overview of Egyptian architecture spanning over 10,000 years. It describes some key characteristics including the predominant building materials of mud bricks and stone. It highlights some of Egypt's most famous structures like the Great Pyramids of Giza and the Great Sphinx. The document also provides details about Egyptian temples, sarcophagi, and other architectural elements like obelisks and reliefs.
Pharaoh Djoser, who ruled from 2868-2649 BC, was responsible for the world's first monumental stone building - the Step Pyramid at Sakkara. He commissioned his architect Imhotep to build the structure, which began as a traditional mastaba tomb but was expanded into Egypt's earliest pyramid through three phases of construction. The Step Pyramid marked a major development in funerary architecture and demonstrated Djoser's power and wealth during his long and peaceful reign.
The document provides information on Egyptian civilization and its architecture. It discusses the geography of Egypt along the Nile River which determined the character of Egyptian civilization. It then outlines the different dynasties of ancient Egypt and describes the predominant materials used in architecture such as sun-baked bricks, stone, and limestone. Some key architectural features are discussed such as the use of symbolic motifs, hieroglyphics, and alignment with astronomical events. Different structures are summarized such as pyramids, which served as tombs for pharaohs; sphinxes which guarded tombs; and obelisks which symbolized the sun god. The document also covers the Valley of Kings and different types of tombs including mastabas
The document summarizes the major Bronze Age cultures in the Aegean region: the Cycladic culture, Minoan culture, and Mycenaean culture. The Cycladic culture developed simple pottery and marble sculptures on the Cyclades islands beginning around 3000 BC. The Minoan culture arose on Crete around 2200 BC and was known for its palace complexes, frescoes, and naturalistic art. The Mycenaean culture developed on the Greek mainland after 1600 BC and is associated with massive stone architecture including tholos tombs and the Lion Gate of Mycenae.
The document provides information about ancient Egyptian civilization, including their geography, climate, religious beliefs about the afterlife, burial practices of mummification and tomb construction, as well as important historical periods and rulers. It also describes various architectural features of temples, pyramids and other structures, such as their materials, layouts, ornamentation and more. The Giza pyramid complex is highlighted as a notable example that includes Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure's pyramids as well as the Great Sphinx.
Seven World Wonders of the Ancient Worldguest024b38
The Great Pyramid of Giza was constructed around 2560 BC as the tomb of the Egyptian pharaoh Khufu and remained the tallest structure in the world for over 4000 years. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were built in the 6th century BC in Babylon by King Nebuchadnezzar II to please his wife, and were described as having plants cultivated above ground level. The Temple of Artemis, built in honor of the Greek goddess Artemis, was located in Ephesus and was destroyed in 401 AD.
Egyptian architecture features pyramids and temples. The first pyramid was built for King Zoser at Saqqara, while the most famous is the Great Pyramid of Giza constructed for King Khufu, standing over 480 feet tall. Temples were considered homes for gods and only priests could enter the inner chambers, while courtyards were occasionally open to the public. Each temple housed a statue of its dedicated deity.
Ancient Egyptian architecture was vital to their civilization. They constructed massive temples, like the Temple of Luxor and Temple of Ramses II, to honor their gods. They also built elaborate tombs, such as the Tombs of Meresankh and the Tegran Tomb, to prepare royalty for the afterlife. The Egyptians commonly used carved limestone and mud bricks in their architecture, seen on temples, statues, and tombs.
The document describes several ancient architectural wonders of the world including:
- The Great Pyramids of Giza in Egypt built around 2584-2561 BC that are still standing today.
- The Hanging Gardens of Babylon built around 600 BC that were destroyed by earthquakes after the 1st century AD.
- The Temple of Artemis built in 550 BC and rebuilt in 323 BC that was destroyed by arson and plundering.
- The Statue of Zeus at Olympia built in 435 BC that was disassembled and destroyed by fire in the 5th-6th centuries AD.
- The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus built in 351 BC that was destroyed by earth
Egyptian architecture featured massive stone structures for temples and tombs, while domestic buildings used mud brick. Pyramids evolved from mastabas and step pyramids as ways to provide passage to the afterlife. The Great Pyramids of Giza, among the largest constructions ever built, housed tombs for pharaohs. Later pharaohs were buried in the Valley of the Kings, with hidden entrances and richly decorated tombs. Temples followed a structured layout and used light and shadow symbolically through clerestory windows and column placement.
The document provides information on important artistic periods in ancient Egypt from 3000 BCE to 30 BCE. It discusses the Old Kingdom from 2575-2134 BCE, which was the age of pyramid building, including the Step Pyramid of Djoser and the iconic Great Pyramids of Giza. Key artworks from this period included reliefs like the Palette of Narmer and sculptures of rulers such as Khafre that followed strict artistic conventions.
The 7 Ancient and my Modern Wonders of the WorldProy14
The document discusses seven man-made islands that the author considers to be modern wonders of the world. They highlight the Palm Islands off the coast of Dubai, which include Palm Jumeirah, Palm Deira, and Palm Jabel Ali islands. They also discuss The World Islands near Dubai, The Pearl-Qatar island, The Dubai Waterfront development, The Eden Island in the Seychelles, and The Venetian Islands as impressive man-made island constructions. The author chooses these islands as wonders due to the immense effort, planning, and scale of their development.
The document provides details about 7 ancient wonders of the world and 7 wonders of the medieval period. It describes each wonder's key features and history. The Great Pyramid of Giza was the oldest and largest of the pyramids, while the Hanging Gardens of Babylon may not have actually existed. The Statue of Zeus and the Temple of Artemis were both destroyed by fires. Stonehenge, the Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa, and the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing were wonders from the medieval period. Hagia Sophia served as a church, mosque, and now museum, and the Leaning Tower of Pisa continues to lean due to being built on unstable ground.
Egyptian architecture was heavily influenced by geographical, geological, climatic, historical, social, and religious factors. The Nile river provided resources and trade routes, and abundant stone like limestone was used for construction. Egypt's hot climate led to simple designs with massive unbroken walls. Egyptian architectural styles included temples, pyramids, mastabas, and rock-cut tombs. Columns resembled bundles of plant stems and capitals took forms like lotus buds. Temples had imposing gateways and courtyards, while pyramids served as tombs for pharaohs. Hieroglyphics, columns, obelisks, and symbols like the scarab beetle and lotus plant decorated Egyptian
How to Spend Your Holiday in Egypt -7 Day Egypt Itinerary.pdfiLink Turkey
Embarking on your first solo travel adventure can be both exhilarating and nerve-wracking. To make the most of your journey and ensure a smooth experience, here are ten invaluable tips for first-time solo travelers. Firstly, research your destination thoroughly; understanding the culture, local customs, and essential phrases can greatly ease your transition. Prioritize safety by staying vigilant, especially in unfamiliar surroundings, and always keep important documents secure. Pack wisely, opting for versatile clothing and essential items while keeping luggage to a minimum. Embrace spontaneity but maintain a loose itinerary for guidance. Engage with locals and fellow travelers to enrich your experience and gain valuable insights. Stay connected by having a reliable means of communication and inform someone trustworthy about your itinerary.
Exquisite Egypt Tour Explore Cairo & The Pyramids of Giza with Nile Cruise & ...LookAtEgyptTours1
This 12-day tour provides an in-depth exploration of Egypt's highlights, including 4 nights in Cairo, a 3-night Nile cruise from Aswan to Luxor, and 4 nights at a beach resort in Hurghada on the Red Sea. Key inclusions are luxury accommodations, entry fees, transportation, and most meals. The itinerary features visits to major archaeological sites like the Pyramids of Giza, Egyptian Museum, Valley of the Kings, Karnak and Luxor Temples. International flights and tips are excluded.
Top 6 astounding attraction places in egypt to visit 2022Ask Aladdin
Egypt is a country known for being an ancient civilization and for hosting some of the most famous monuments in the history of humankind, including the Pyramids of Giza, the Great Sphinx, and the ancient temples of Luxor, whose origins go back to thousands of years ago. Although most tourists concentrate their trip on the monuments located along the Nile River, the tourist possibilities in Egypt include many other attractions.
See more: https://www.ask-aladdin.com/blog/top-6-astounding-attraction-places-of-egypt/
Ancient Egyptians were skilled builders who constructed some of the most iconic architecture in history, including the Great Pyramid of Giza and Great Sphinx of Giza. The Great Pyramid was the largest pyramid built for the pharaoh Khufu, while the Sphinx had the body of a lion and the head of a pharaoh. Other notable structures discussed include Khafre's Pyramid, smaller subsidiary pyramids, and the well-preserved Temple of Horus at Edfu, highlighting the Egyptians' architectural achievements.
The document provides information about various aspects of ancient Egypt. It begins with background on Egypt's name and location. It then discusses key river valley civilizations including Egypt along the Nile River. Several sections describe important periods in ancient Egyptian history like the Old Kingdom known for pyramid building, the Middle Kingdom ruled from Thebes, and the New Kingdom golden age. Additional sections provide details on sites like Giza's pyramids and Sphinx, King Tut's tomb, temples at Karnak and Luxor, and the Valley of the Kings burial ground. In summary, the document outlines the major historical periods of ancient Egypt and some of its most prominent archaeological sites and monuments.
The document provides information about various aspects of ancient Egypt. It begins with background on Egypt's name and location. It then discusses some of Egypt's earliest civilizations along the Nile River. Several key periods in ancient Egyptian history are outlined, including the Old Kingdom known for building pyramids, the Middle Kingdom which reunited Egypt, and the New Kingdom that marked Egypt's golden age. Important sites from these eras like the pyramids at Giza and King Tut's tomb are described. The document also provides details on various structures used in ancient Egypt such as mastabas, rock-cut tombs, and temples at Karnak and Luxor.
The document provides an overview of basic art history from prehistoric to Roman art. It describes prehistoric cave paintings and Venus figurines from the Upper Paleolithic period. During the Neolithic period, art became more symbolic with pottery, jewelry and megaliths. Mesopotamian art reflected military rule with structures like ziggurats and protective deities. Egyptian art had religious purposes and followed strict conventions for thousands of years as seen in structures like the Great Pyramids of Giza. Ancient Greek art progressed from the Archaic to Classical periods, establishing ideals of naturalism seen in works like the Parthenon and Doryphorus. Hellenistic art became more dramatic. Roman art
Do you want to know top tourist attraction in Egypt. this PDF file have answer to your question. Egypt is favorite Tourist destination in all over the world. If you want to know more about Egypt Tourism visit http://www.lookategypttours.com
The document summarizes information about several important historical sites and artifacts from ancient Egypt:
- Al-Azhar Mosque is the oldest mosque in Cairo, established in 970 AD, and Al-Azhar University developed there as the foremost institution of Sunni Islamic learning.
- The Pyramids of Giza include the famous three pyramids of Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure, as well as Djoser's stepped pyramid. They were built as tombs for pharaohs and their consorts.
- Papyrus was a writing material made from plant pith used in ancient Egypt, and was also used to make boats, mats, rope,
Ancient Egyptian architecture - Wikipedia.pdfManeeshm29
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian architecture spanning over 3,000 years. It describes some of the common architectural features such as columns often resembling plants like papyrus, and buildings constructed from mud bricks and stone using post and lintel construction. It highlights some of Egypt's most prominent architectural sites including the Giza pyramid complex with the Great Pyramids, Luxor Temple, Karnak Temple known for its massive Hypostyle Hall, and the Ramesseum built by Ramesses II.
This document provides an overview of Egypt, including its presidents, major cities, and top tourist attractions. It begins with brief biographies of Egypt's current political leaders and notes that Cairo is the capital and largest city. Next, it lists the country's presidents from 1953 to the present. Several cities across Egypt are then described in terms of their history, culture, and attractions. The document concludes by detailing 10 of Egypt's most popular tourist destinations, such as the Pyramids of Giza, the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, and Abu Simbel on Lake Nasser.
The document provides an overview of the history and features of ancient Egyptian civilization from 3000 BC to 395 AD. It describes the major historical periods and dynasties, including the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. It also summarizes key aspects of Egyptian society such as religion, architecture, economy, and burial practices. Major sites mentioned include Memphis, Thebes, and the Giza pyramids. The evolution of burial techniques from pit graves to mastabas to step pyramids is outlined.
EGYPTIAN ARTS REFLECTS ITS CULTURE AND RELIGION. "Egyptian art" redirects here. For the art of modern Egypt, see Contemporary art in Egypt.
Art of ancient Egypt
The Mask of Tutankhamun; c. 1327 BC; gold, glass and semi-precious stones; height: 54 cm (21 in); Egyptian Museum (Cairo)
The Great Pyramid of Giza, constructed between c. 2580–2560 BC during the Old Kingdom period
History of art
Periods
Regions
Religions
Techniques
Types
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Ancient Egyptian art refers to art produced in ancient Egypt between the 6th millennium BC and the 4th century AD, spanning from Prehistoric Egypt until the Christianization of Roman Egypt. It includes paintings, sculptures, drawings on papyrus, faience, jewelry, ivories, architecture, and other art media. It is also very conservative: the art style changed very little over time. Much of the surviving art comes from tombs and monuments, giving more insight into the ancient Egyptian afterlife beliefs.
The ancient Egyptian language had no word for "art". Artworks served an essentially functional purpose that was bound with religion and ideology. To render a subject in art was to give it permanence. Therefore, ancient Egyptian art portrayed an idealized, unrealistic view of the world. There was no significant tradition of individual artistic expression since art served a wider and cosmic purpose of maintaining order (Ma'at).
The Early Dynastic Period of Egypt immediately follows the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, c. 3100 BC. It is generally taken to include the First and Second Dynasties, lasting from the end of the Naqada III archaeological period until about 2686 BC, or the beginning of the Old Kingdom.[8]
Cosmetic palettes reached a new level of sophistication during this period, in which the Egyptian writing system also experienced further development. Initially, Egyptian writing was composed primarily of a few symbols denoting amounts of various substances. In the cosmetic palettes, symbols were used together with pictorial descriptions. By the end of the Third Dynasty, this had been expanded to include more than 200 symbols, both phonograms and ideograms.[20]
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (a.k.a. "The Period of Reunification") follows a period of political division known as the First Intermediate Period. The Middle Kingdom lasted from around 2050 BC to around 1710 BC, stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the reign of Mentuhotep II of the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty. The Eleventh Dynasty ruled from Thebes and the Twelfth Dynasty ruled from el-Lisht. During the Middle Kingdom period, Osiris became the most important deity in popular religion.[24] The Middle Kingdom was followed by the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt, another period of division that involved foreign invasions of the country by the Hyksos of West Asia.
After the reunification of Egypt in the Middle Kingdom, the kings of the Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties were able to return their focus to art. In the E
Asu history and theory lecture 8-ancient egyptian a 16-12-2017Galala University
Ancient Egyptians were obsessed with the afterlife and built elaborate tombs and pyramids to assist with the soul's journey after death. The document discusses the evolution of tomb architecture from early mastabas to stepped pyramids to true smooth-sided pyramids. Key developments included Imhotep's design of the Step Pyramid at Saqqara, the first stone structure and use of columns, and later the massive Great Pyramid at Giza, considered one of the finest examples of megalithic architecture. Egyptian tombs also began to incorporate elements of temple architecture to further synthesize concepts of life and death.
The document discusses the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, a list of remarkable constructions from classical antiquity. It describes each of the seven wonders, including the Great Pyramid of Giza, Hanging Gardens of Babylon, Statue of Zeus at Olympia, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, Colossus of Rhodes, and Lighthouse of Alexandria. The wonders were built between 2500 BC and 280 BC by various ancient civilizations to celebrate religion, mythology, art, power, and science. Only the Great Pyramid of Giza still stands today.
The document provides information about ancient Egypt, including sphinxes, pharaohs, and locations. It describes that sphinxes are mythical creatures with the body of a lion and the head of a person, usually a pharaoh, and the Egyptians built giant sphinx statues to guard important areas like temples and tombs. The first sphinx was built around 2500 BC to guard Pharaoh Khafre's tomb. Sphinxes are made of limestone that was carved and shaped using stone tools. The Great Sphinx was discovered in 1817 by an expedition led by Captain Caviglia.
- Egypt had one of the most ancient civilizations with many monuments still intact due to its hot, dry climate and use of durable materials like sandstone and limestone.
- The ancient Egyptians were obsessed with the afterlife, which is reflected in their architectural focus on tombs and mortuary temples cut into rock or built with stone masonry.
- The earliest tombs were mudbrick mastabas, which evolved into stepped pyramids like the one designed by architect Imhotep for Pharaoh Zoser, and culminated in the massive three pyramids built at Giza for Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian art from the Predynastic period through the Old Kingdom. It describes key developments like the unification of Egypt under King Narmer, the evolution of tomb architecture from mastabas to step pyramids and true pyramids, and important artistic conventions like frontalism. Major artworks discussed include the Narmer Palette, the Step Pyramid and mortuary of Djoser, statues of Khafre and Menkaure, and wall paintings from Saqqara tombs. The document also outlines Egyptian contributions to mathematics, shipbuilding, and other areas.
- The ancient Egyptians built pyramids and mastabas to house the bodies and possessions of pharaohs and other elites to use in the afterlife.
- Imhotep designed the Step Pyramid of Djoser, the first pyramid, which was built out of stone mastabas.
- Later, the Great Pyramids of Giza were constructed, including the massive Pyramid of Khufu, as elaborate tombs for pharaohs like Khufu and Khafre during the Old Kingdom.
Similaire à Land of Pyramids, Petra, and Prayers - Egypt, Jordan, and Israel Tour (20)
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Land of Pyramids, Petra, and Prayers - Egypt, Jordan, and Israel Tour
1. Visiting the lands of
Pyramids, Petra, and Prayers
Egypt, Jordan and Israel in 13 days
19-Jul-2020
2. The Tour
• Cairo Alexandria Cairo
• Cairo Giza Cairo
• Cairo Aswan
• Aswan Luxor
• Luxor Cairo Amman
• Amman Jerusalem
• Egypt: 13th to 20th February,
2020
• Jordan: 21st to 23rd February,
2020
• Israel: 23rd February, 2020 to
26th February, 2020
• Agency: Travel Triangle
3. The Team of 9 Sujit Bose
Anamitra Bose - Noyonika Bose - Mou Chaudhuri-
Chandreyee Das - Malabika Bose
Partha Bose – Partha Pratim Das – Abhimanyu Basu
4. About Egypt (Arab Republic of Egypt)
• Transcontinental – spanning the NE corner of Africa and
SE corner of Asia by a land bridge (Sinai Peninsula)
• Capital: Cairo, 30°2′N 31°13′E
• Language: Arabic
• Area: 1,010,408 sq. km.
• Water (%): 0.632
• Population: 100,075,480 (2020)
• Dialing code: +20
• Currency: Egyptian pound
5. Egypt is all about..
Pharaos or
Kings
The Gods :
Isis,
Ra,Osiris,
Horus ,
Anibus,
Sobek
Pyramids
and the
Ruins
Sarcophagi
and
mummificat
ion
Brown
and Grey
Cities
Nile : the
key of life
Scarabs
and
Cartouche
6. Egyptian Civilization Spans …
250000
BC
Earliest
human
traces in
Egypt
1ST DYNASTY
4500 - 3100 BC
Local cultures
appear in the Nile
Valley
C 3100 BC Memphis
founded as the
capital of united
Egypt
4TH DYNASTY
Early 2500 BC
Era of the great
pyramid builders at
Giza & Saggara
404 - 343 BC The
last native
Egyptian dynastic
332 BC - Alexander
invades Egypt
31 BC
Anthony &
Cleopatra
defeated -
Ptolemy reign ends
with Cleopatra’s
death
8. Saints Sergius and Bacchus Church
Coptic Church: Abu Serga
• Coptic Cairo is a part of Old Cairo
• Babylon Fortress,
• Coptic Museum,
• Hanging Church,
• Greek Church of St. George and many others
• Coptic Cairo was a stronghold for Christianity in
Egypt both before and during the Islamic era, as
most of its churches were built after the Muslim
conquest of Egypt in the 7th century
• Coptic Church dates back to the 4th century
• Built on the spot where the Holy
Family, Joseph, Mary and the infant Jesus Christ,
rested at the end of their journey into Egypt
A The Hanging
Church is one of
Cairo's most
famous Coptic
Orthodox Churches,
first built in the 3rd or
4th century AD
13. Cairo City
• Capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world.
• Associated with ancient Egypt, as the famous Giza pyramid
complex and the ancient city of Memphis are located in its
geographical area
• Located near the Nile Delta, Cairo was founded in 969 AD by the
Fatimid dynasty
A rendition
of Fustat from A. S.
Rappoport's History
of Egypt
Louis Comfort Tiffany (1848–1933). On the Way between Old and
New Cairo, Citadel Mosque of Mohammed Ali, and Tombs of the
Mamelukes, 1872. Oil on canvas. Brooklyn Museum
28. Alexandria
• Second-largest city in Egypt and a major
economic center for natural gas and oil
pipelines from Suez
• Founded in c. 331 BC by Alexander, the
Great
• Capital of Ptolemaic, Roman and Byzantine
Egypt for almost 1,000 years, until the
Muslim conquest of Egypt in AD 641
• Hellenistic Alexandria:
• Lighthouse of Alexandria (Pharos), one of the
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World
• Great Library, largest in the ancient world
• Necropolis, one of the Seven Wonders of the
Middle Ages
• Modern Alexandria:
• Coptic Orthodox Church
• Greek Orthodox Church
30. Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa
• One of the 7 Wonders of the Middle Ages
• Necropolis, the city of the dead, having series of Alexandrian tombs,
statues and archaeological objects of the Pharaonic funeral cult
with Hellenistic and early Imperial Roman influences
• Used as a burial chamber from 2nd to 4th century, before being
rediscovered in 1900
• 3 Sarcophagi (box-like funeral receptacle for a corpse, carved in
stone) along with other human & animal remains
• Hall of Caracalla contains the bones of horses of Emperor Caracalla
31.
32. The antique carved sarcophagus at the entrance to Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa archaeological site, containing
objects of Pharaonic, Greek and Roman funeral cult
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41. Roman Amphitheatre at Kom El Dekka
• In Arabic, means the hill of rubble or the hill of the benches,
and it was named by a famous historian, El Neweir at the
beginning of the 20th century
• Was discovered by coincidence in the year 1960
• Constructed in the 4th century AD and was a common feature
of the Greco Roman period
• Features a marble audience section which is symmetrical
with extended wing and could host up 600 spectators
46. Pompey's Pillar
• Roman triumphal column in Alexandria
• Set up in honor of the augustus Diocletian between 298-302 AD, the
giant Corinthian column
• Originally supported a colossal porphyry statue of the emperor in armor
• The erroneous name and association with Pompey stems from historical
misreading of the Greek dedicatory inscription on the base
1799 cartoon by James Gillray
Pompey's Pillar in 1911
Commander John Shortland, R.N. atop the pillar (1803)
52. Citadel of Qaitbay
• A 15th century defensive
fortress located on the
Mediterranean sea
coast, in Alexandria
• Established in 1477 AD
by Sultan Al-Ashraf Sayf
al-Din Qa'it Bay
• Situated on the eastern
side of the northern tip
of Pharos Island at the
mouth of the Eastern
Harbor
• Erected on the exact site
of the famous
Lighthouse of Alexandria
– one of the 7 Wonders
of the Ancient World
62. Day 3: Giza
Great Pyramid, Great Sphinx, Egyptian Museum, Khan El Khalili Bazaar, Travel to
Aswan
63. Great Pyramid of Giza
• Oldest of the 7 Wonders of the Ancient World
• Designated on kings of 4th Dynasty (2613 – 2494 BC)
• Khufu (2589–2566 BC)
• Khafre (2558–2532 BC) and
• Menkaure (2532–2503 BC)
• There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid
• The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built
• Queen's Chamber
• King's Chamber
• 3 small pyramids for Khufu's wives, a smaller "satellite" pyramid
Map of the Giza pyramid complex
Comparison of
approximate profiles of the
Great Pyramid of Giza with
some notable pyramidal or
near-pyramidal buildings
Khufu – Khafre – Menkaure
75. Great Sphinx of Giza
• Limestone statue of a
reclining sphinx
• Mythical creature with
the body of a lion and
the head of a human –
represents the pharaoh
Khafre in 2540 BC?
• Facing directly from
West to East, it stands
on the Giza Plateau on
the west bank of
the Nile in Giza, Egypt
• Measures 73 m X 20 m
X 19 m
1870 1871
1878
1880
2005
80. Egyptian Museum
• Has 120,000 items
• Built in 1901 by the Italian Garozzo-Zaffarani to a design by
the French architect Marcel Dourgnon
• In 2020 the museum is due to be superseded by the new Grand
Egyptian Museum at Giza.
1904 Aerial view from a balloon
Postcard depicting the Egyptian Museum
81.
82.
83.
84. “Akhenaten and Nefertiti with
their Children” is a small house
shrine stele made of limestone
Akhenaton and Nefertiti are shown
with the three of their daughters
88. NARMER PALETTE
A significant Egyptian archaeological find dating
from about the 31st century BC. It contains some of
the earliest hieroglyphic inscriptions ever found.
The gold
mask of
Tutankhamen
was allowed
to leave Egypt
for display
overseas.
BUT Narmer
Palette
however is so
valuable, that
it has never
been
permitted to
leave the
country!
95. Khan El Khalili Bazaar
• A famous bazaar in the historic center of Cairo
• Established as a center of trade in the Mamluk era (10th / 12th Century)
• Named for one of its several historic caravan-serais
• Home to many Egyptian artisans and workshops involved in the production of
traditional crafts and souvenirs
By Pascal Sébah from Georg Ebers, Egypt (1878)
Carpet Merchant from Georg Ebers, Egypt (1878)
107. Aswan High Dam
• World's largest dam across
the Nile built between 1960
and 1970
• Eclipsed Aswan Low
Dam initially completed in
1902 downstream
• Water storage for irrigation and
generate hydroelectricity the
dam
Egyptian President Nasser and
Soviet leader Nikita
Khrushchev to divert the Nile
during the construction of the
Aswan High Dam on 14 May
1964.
Gamal Abdel Nasser observing the
construction of the dam, 1963
Aswan High Dam from space
108.
109.
110. Philae Temple
• Philae – an island in the reservoir of
the Aswan Low Dam, downstream of
the Aswan Dam and Lake Nasser
• Variously flooded since the Aswan Low
Dam in 1902
• The temple complex was moved to
nearby Agilkia Island by UNESCO Nubia
Campaign project
• Temples:
• Temple of Isis (380-362 BC), Pharaonic era
• Temple of Arensnuphis (282-145 BC),
Hellenistic era
Philae flooded by the Aswan Low Dam in 1906
Aswan High Dam from space
Kiosk of Emperor Trajan on Phylae Island
before relocation
Map of Philae with floor plan of
the Temple of Isis
General view of Temple of Philae during
flood, 1908, Brooklyn Museum Archives
111.
112.
113.
114.
115.
116.
117.
118.
119.
120.
121.
122.
123.
124. Nubian Village
• Along the Nile river between Aswan in southern Egypt & Khartoum in central Sudan
• One of the earliest civilizations of Africa, as the Kerma culture lasted from around
2500 BC until its conquest by pharaoh Thutmose I around 1500 BC
• Nubian villages now on north of Aswan on the west bank of the Nile and
on Elephantine Island
Aswan High Dam from space
134. Day 5: Aswan and Nile Cruising
Abu Simbel, the Nile Cruise starts, and Temple of Kom Ombo
135. Abu Simbel
• Two massive rock temples at Abu
Simbel are situated on the
western bank of Lake Nasser,
about 230 km southwest
of Aswan
• Part of the UNESCO World
Heritage Site known as the
"Nubian Monuments“
• Originally carved out of the
mountainside in the 13th
century BC, during the 19th
dynasty reign of
the Pharaoh Ramesses II
• Monument to the king and his
queen Nefertari for his victory at
the Battle of Kadesh
• Relocated in its entirety in 1968
on an artificial hill made from a
domed structure, high above
the Aswan High Dam reservoir
Front view of the Great Temple before 1923
The statue of Ramses being reassembled in 1967
Aswan High Dam from space
A scale model showing the original
and current location of the temple
136.
137.
138.
139. “The statues
of the
princesses
are taller
than those of
the princes,”
a sign,
perhaps, that
this temple
pays tribute
to Nefertari
and the
women of
Ramesses II’s
household.
140.
141.
142.
143.
144.
145.
146.
147.
148. Cruising the Nile
• A major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa,
• Longest river in Africa and the disputed longest river in the world
• About 6,650 km long
• Drainage basin covers 11 countries:
• Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Kenya, Ethiopia, Eritrea, South Sudan, Republic of the Sudan, and Egypt.
• Primary water source of Egypt and Sudan
• Has two major tributaries
• White Nile – headwaters and primary stream of the Nile itself
• Blue Nile – source of most of the water, containing 80% of water & silt
• Ancient, Medieval and Modern civilization of Egypt has flourished
around the Nile
• Cruising along the Nile is a major tourists’ interest
Aswan High Dam from space
161. Temple of Kom Ombo
• Double temple in the town of Kom Ombo in Aswan
• Constructed during the Ptolemaic dynasty, 180–47
BC
• Courts, halls, sanctuaries and rooms duplicated for
two sets of gods
• Southern half of the temple was dedicated to the
crocodile god Sobek, god of fertility and creator of
the world with Hathor and Khonsu
• Northern part of the temple was dedicated to the
falcon god Haroeris
• Everything is perfectly symmetrical along the main
axis
• A few of 300 crocodile mummies are displayed in
The Crocodile Museum
Aswan High Dam from space
170. Day 6: Nile Cruise continues …
Edfu Temple, Luxor
171. Temple of Edfu
• An Egyptian temple located on the west bank of
the Nile in Edfu
• City was known in the Hellenistic period
• Built in the Ptolemaic Kingdom between 237
and 57 BC
• There are also "important scenes and
inscriptions of the Sacred Drama which related
the age-old conflict between Horus and Seth
gods
Aswan High Dam from space
172.
173.
174.
175.
176.
177.
178.
179. Angry Horus – the Falcon God
representing the kingship and the
sky
186. Luxor City
• Luxor is a city in Upper (southern) Egypt on East
bank of the Nile
• Frequently been characterized as the World's
greatest open-air museum with East bank having
• Temple complex at Karnak
• Temple complex at Luxor
• Mummification Museum
• Across the Nile, on West bank lie the monuments,
necropolis
• Valley of the Kings
• Valley of the Queens
• Colossi of Memnon
• Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
Aswan High Dam from space
192. Day 7: Luxor
Colossi of Memnon, Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut, Valley of Kings, Karnak
Temple, Luxor Temple, Traveling to Amman
193. Colossi of Memnon
• Two massive stone statues of
the Pharaoh Amenhotep III, who reigned
in Egypt during the Dynasty XVIII
• Since 1350 BCE, they have stood in
the Theban Necropolis, located west of
the River Nile from the modern city of Luxor
Aswan High Dam from space
Antonio Beato, Colosses de Memnon, 19th
century. Brooklyn Museum
194.
195.
196. Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut
• A mortuary temple of Ancient Egypt located
in Upper Egypt
• Built for the 18th Dynasty pharaoh Hatshepsut,
who died in 1458 BC
• Located beneath the cliffs at Deir el-Bahari on
the west bank of the Nile near the Valley of the
Kings
• Dedicated to Amun and Hatshepsut
Aswan High Dam from space
Deir el-Bahari prior to reconstruction efforts in early 20th century
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.
202.
203.
204.
205.
206.
207.
208. Valley of the Kings
• A valley in Egypt
where, for a period of
nearly 500 years from
the 16th to 11th
century BC, rock cut
tombs were
excavated for the
pharaohs and
powerful nobles of
the 18th to the 20th
Dynasties of Ancient
Egypt
• Stands on the west
bank of the Nile,
opposite Thebes
(modern Luxor),
within the heart of
the Theban
Necropolis
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A map of the Valley of the Kings with locations of tombs marked
Pharaohs:
KV2: 20th dynasty: Ramesses IV
KV6: 20th dynasty: Ramesses IX
KV8: 19th dynasty: Merenptah
Howard Carter the British
archaeologist and Egyptologist
became world-famous after
discovering the intact tomb of
King Tut, in 1922
209.
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220.
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222.
223. Karnak Temple Complex
• Karnak (Meaning "fortified village"),
comprises a vast mix of decayed
temples, chapels, pylons, and other
buildings
• Comprises a vast mix of
decayed temples, chapels, pylons, and
other buildings near Luxor
• Construction at the complex began
during the reign of Senusret I in
the Middle Kingdom (~ 2000-1700 BC)
and continued into the Ptolemaic
period (305 - 30 BC)
• Most of the extant buildings date from
the New Kingdom
• The main place of worship of the 18th
dynasty Theban Triad with the god
Amun as its head
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Temple complex in 1914 - Cornell University Library
Hieroglyphs from the great obelisk
of Karnak, transcribed by Ippolito
Rosellini in 1828
Map of Karnak,
showing major
temple complexes
and the sacred
crescent lake of Mut
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230. Luxor Temple Complex
• Constructed approximately 1400 BCE
• Not dedicated to a cult god or a
deified version of the pharaoh in
death
• Dedicated to the rejuvenation of
kingship
• Many of the pharaohs of Egypt were
crowned in reality or conceptually
• Alexander the Great – claimed crowned at
Luxor but may never have traveled south
of Memphis, near modern Cairo
• 4 of the major mortuary temples in
Luxor
• the Temple of Seti I,
• the Temple of Hatshepsut,
• the Temple of Ramesses II, and
• the Temple of Ramesses III
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Original two obelisks in 1832
Luxor Obelisk (right) is in Paris
231.
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233.
234. Day 8: Amman
Traveling delayed from Cairo, Amman Citadel & Amphitheatre, Amman City,
Kempinski and Deadse
235. About Jordan
• King: Abdullah II of
Jordan
• Capital: Amman
• Dialing code: +962
• Currency: Jordanian
dinar
238. Amman City
• Amman is the capital and largest city
of Jordan
• The earliest dates to 7250 BC
• Names:
• Ammon: Iron Age, Kingdom of the
Ammonites
• Philadelphia: Greek and Roman periods
• Philadelphia means “brotherly love” in Greek
• Amman: Islamic period
• Modern city started in late 19th
century during Ottoman Empire in
1878
• Had several waves of refugees:
• Palestinians in 1948 and 1967
• Iraqis in 1990 and 2003
• Syrians since 2011
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239. Amman Citadel &
Amphitheatre
• Historical site at the center of downtown Amman
• L-shaped hill is one of the seven hills (jabals) that
originally made up Amman
• Hill was fortified during the Bronze Age (1800 BC)
• Capital of
• Kingdom of Ammon sometime after 1200 BC
• Assyrians (8th century BC)
• Babylonians (6th century BC)
• Ptolemies, the Seleucids (3rd century BC)
• Romans (1st century BC)
• Byzantines (3rd century AD)
• Umayyads (7th century AD)
• Decline until 1878 as the former city became an
abandoned pile of ruins only sporadically used by
Bedouins and seasonal farmers
• Citadel is home for
• Roman Temple of Hercules
• Umayyad Palace and water cistern
• Byzantine church
• Ayyubid watchtower
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Amphitheatre
• A 6,000-seat, 2nd
century Roman theatre
• Dates to Roman period
when the city was
known as Philadelphia
255. Day 9: Dead Sea & Petra
Dip in the Sea, Drive along the Basin
256. Dead Sea
• Lies in the Jordan Rift Valley between
Jordan & Israel with main tributary
being the Jordan River
• Its surface and shores are 430.5 m
below sea level, Earth's lowest
elevation on land.
• It is 304 m deep, the deepest
hypersaline lake in the world
• With a salinity of 342 g/kg, or 34.2%
(in 2011), it is one of the world's
saltiest bodies of water – 9.6 times as
salty as the ocean – and has a density
of 1.24 kg/litre, which makes
swimming similar to floating.
• Salinity means no plant / animal can
flourish, hence its name
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Halite deposits
(and teepee
structure)
along the
western Dead
Sea coast
257.
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263. Nabatean Red Rose city of Petra
• Lies around Jabal Al-Madbah in
a basin surrounded by
mountains which form the
eastern flank of the Arabah
valley that runs from the Dead
Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba
• Has been inhabited from as
early as 7000 BC, and the
Nabataeans might have settled
in what would become the
capital city of their kingdom, as
early as the 4th century BC
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1947 2013
276. About Israel
• President: Reuven Rivlin
• Prime Minister: Benjamin Netanyahu
• Capital: Jerusalem
• Dialing code: +972
• Currency: New Shekel
277. Jerusalem
• A city in the Middle East, one of the
oldest cities in the world
• Considered holy to the three major
Abrahamic religions
• Judaism
• Christianity
• Islam
• Both Israel and the Palestinian claim
Jerusalem as capital
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279. City of David
• A Palestinian Arab village
intertwined with an Israeli
settlement
• Archaeological site – the
original settlement core of
Bronze and Iron Age Jerusalem
• The City of David is highly
controversial in the context of
the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
• Located in the West Bank –
annexed to Israel following the
1967 Six-Day War and
1980 Jerusalem Law
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UN map showing
the City of David
as a series of
Israeli "Inner
Settlements“
represented as
red crosses
285. Western Wall or Wailing Wall
• Ancient limestone wall in the
Old City of Jerusalem
• A relatively small segment of a
far longer ancient retaining
wall
• Its holiness in Judaism is due to
its proximity to the Temple
Mount that has entry
restrictions
• It is the holiest place where
Jews are permitted to pray,
though the Foundation Stone,
with the holiest site in the
Jewish faith behind it
Aswan High Dam from space