Sources, Importance and Maintenance of Educational Financing and Forces Affecting Educational Financing.
Concept, Purpose, Functions, Phases and Advantages of Budgeting.
A teacher plays three key roles as a manager: pre-teaching, teaching, and post-teaching. In pre-teaching, the teacher analyzes content, selects portions, and sets objectives based on students' levels and context. During teaching, the teacher provides instruction. In post-teaching, the teacher evaluates their own performance. Co-curricular activities are important for students' holistic development and involve literary, physical, aesthetic, civic, and other types of activities. The teacher plays an important role in organizing these activities by planning, leading, innovating, directing, organizing, recording, evaluating, managing, advising, motivating, communicating, and coordinating. Difficulties include issues faced by
This document discusses educational management and supervision. It defines management and outlines its key functions and elements. Management is defined as an act of managing people and resources to achieve common goals. It can be considered both an art and a science. The document also discusses different levels and aspects of management, including principles of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, controlling and measuring. Objectives of educational management are provided, such as enhancing efficiency and eliminating waste.
The document discusses the subject-centered curriculum model proposed by Ralph Tyler in 1949. It focuses on organizing education around specific subject matter like math or science rather than the individual student. Key aspects include selecting content based on the logic of the subject, teaching students in a traditional classroom setting, emphasizing skills practice and intellectual development, and assessing students based on how much of the predetermined subject content they have learned. While it can promote intellectual growth, critics argue it is not student-centered and may lack engagement if it does not consider individual learning styles.
The document discusses educational planning in India. It outlines key concepts in educational planning like goals, objectives, features, and aspects of planning. It then describes India's system of educational planning, governance, and financing at the central, state, and local levels. Some highlights covered are the roles of the central government, state governments, sources of education funding, and education indicators and targets outlined in India's Five-Year Plans.
This document outlines the objectives of a course on education in Pakistan. It discusses several topics:
1. Human resource development and its impact on Pakistan's economic development. HRD aims to improve employee skills through training to increase organizational effectiveness.
2. The relationship between education and HRD. While education provides skills for youth, HRD focuses on corporate training. Strategically combining these systems could reform education and restructure HRD.
3. Technological developments' impact on education. Technologies like digital simulations, improved communication tools, and online collaboration have enhanced learning by making it more engaging, personalized, and self-paced.
Basic assumptions of teacher educationSuresh Kumar
The document outlines several assumptions about teacher education and development, including that it is a process of personal and social transformation, that practice generates theory, that good teachers are reflective practitioners who develop autonomous learners. It also notes other assumptions such as the idea that knowing a subject means one can teach it, and that one learns to teach by doing. The document emphasizes that reflection is a key part of professionalization and being a teacher.
master in education related topic ...different type of supervision .nature of supervision in context of education.description of each type of supervision.with references and small conclusion..
Approaches to the study of comparative education by tariq ghayyurTariq Ghayyur
This document discusses eight approaches to comparative education as identified by Awolola in 1986. These include the problem approach, case study approach, area study approach, historical approach, descriptive approach, philosophical approach, international approach, and gastronomic approach. For each approach, the document provides details on how the approach would be implemented in a comparative education study.
A teacher plays three key roles as a manager: pre-teaching, teaching, and post-teaching. In pre-teaching, the teacher analyzes content, selects portions, and sets objectives based on students' levels and context. During teaching, the teacher provides instruction. In post-teaching, the teacher evaluates their own performance. Co-curricular activities are important for students' holistic development and involve literary, physical, aesthetic, civic, and other types of activities. The teacher plays an important role in organizing these activities by planning, leading, innovating, directing, organizing, recording, evaluating, managing, advising, motivating, communicating, and coordinating. Difficulties include issues faced by
This document discusses educational management and supervision. It defines management and outlines its key functions and elements. Management is defined as an act of managing people and resources to achieve common goals. It can be considered both an art and a science. The document also discusses different levels and aspects of management, including principles of planning, organizing, staffing, leading, controlling and measuring. Objectives of educational management are provided, such as enhancing efficiency and eliminating waste.
The document discusses the subject-centered curriculum model proposed by Ralph Tyler in 1949. It focuses on organizing education around specific subject matter like math or science rather than the individual student. Key aspects include selecting content based on the logic of the subject, teaching students in a traditional classroom setting, emphasizing skills practice and intellectual development, and assessing students based on how much of the predetermined subject content they have learned. While it can promote intellectual growth, critics argue it is not student-centered and may lack engagement if it does not consider individual learning styles.
The document discusses educational planning in India. It outlines key concepts in educational planning like goals, objectives, features, and aspects of planning. It then describes India's system of educational planning, governance, and financing at the central, state, and local levels. Some highlights covered are the roles of the central government, state governments, sources of education funding, and education indicators and targets outlined in India's Five-Year Plans.
This document outlines the objectives of a course on education in Pakistan. It discusses several topics:
1. Human resource development and its impact on Pakistan's economic development. HRD aims to improve employee skills through training to increase organizational effectiveness.
2. The relationship between education and HRD. While education provides skills for youth, HRD focuses on corporate training. Strategically combining these systems could reform education and restructure HRD.
3. Technological developments' impact on education. Technologies like digital simulations, improved communication tools, and online collaboration have enhanced learning by making it more engaging, personalized, and self-paced.
Basic assumptions of teacher educationSuresh Kumar
The document outlines several assumptions about teacher education and development, including that it is a process of personal and social transformation, that practice generates theory, that good teachers are reflective practitioners who develop autonomous learners. It also notes other assumptions such as the idea that knowing a subject means one can teach it, and that one learns to teach by doing. The document emphasizes that reflection is a key part of professionalization and being a teacher.
master in education related topic ...different type of supervision .nature of supervision in context of education.description of each type of supervision.with references and small conclusion..
Approaches to the study of comparative education by tariq ghayyurTariq Ghayyur
This document discusses eight approaches to comparative education as identified by Awolola in 1986. These include the problem approach, case study approach, area study approach, historical approach, descriptive approach, philosophical approach, international approach, and gastronomic approach. For each approach, the document provides details on how the approach would be implemented in a comparative education study.
Unit 1 history of education in sub-continentAsima shahzadi
The document discusses the history of education in Pakistan. It describes the education system during Muslim rule, including the curriculum, teaching methods, and types of religious academies. It then outlines the British educational policy after 1857 that aimed to produce civil servants and spread Christianity. This new system excluded Arabic, Islamiyat and Urdu. By 1947 when British rule ended, the literacy rate in Pakistan was only 11.5% due to the negative impacts of the British educational system.
TSL3143 Topic 2b Steps in Curriculum DesignYee Bee Choo
The document discusses the steps in curriculum design, which are planning, implementing, and evaluating. It provides details on the components of curriculum planning, including objectives, content, learning experiences, and evaluation. It also discusses curriculum implementation models and key considerations for curriculum evaluation such as examining student achievement of goals and whether the curriculum encourages critical thinking.
Training of Secondary School Teachers in PakistanR.A Duhdra
All the formal, nonformal and informal activities and experiences that help to qualify a person to assume the responsibilities of a member of the educational profession or to discharge his responsibilities more effectively.
The program of activities and experiences developed by an institution responsible for the preparation and growth of persons preparing themselves for educational work or engaging in the work of the educational profession.
1. To provide adequate professional training.
2. To keep teachers abreast of new developments in curriculum and pedagogy.
3. To upgrade the academic qualification of teachers
4. To develop the skills and attitude responsive to emerging national development goals.
5. To make the teachers aware of the problems of the community and develop necessary skills enabling them to be effective change agents.
The document discusses educational management. It defines educational management as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling educational institutions to effectively accomplish teaching, research, and community engagement. It outlines the functions of educational management as planning, organizing, directing, motivating, evaluating, and decision-making. The objectives of educational management in schools are to achieve institutional objectives, improve planning and implementation, enhance the institution's public image, ensure appropriate use of resources, and create a congenial school environment. Educational management aims to strengthen educational quality by improving ministries of education and institutions.
Management of Physical Resources in SchoolKritika Kohli
This document discusses the importance of physical infrastructure for schools. It defines physical infrastructure as the school buildings, grounds, furniture, and equipment needed for education. It emphasizes that the school head must effectively manage these resources to achieve educational objectives. The document then outlines key components of physical infrastructure and what they should include, such as well-designed classrooms, a library with various resources, laboratories, administrative blocks, staff rooms, playgrounds, and rooms for art, music, and other activities. Proper physical infrastructure is outlined as essential for a good learning environment and students' development.
Comparative education involves the step-by-step study of different educational systems to understand their similarities and differences. It covers components like structure, aims, curriculum, administration, financing and teacher education across geographical areas from individual countries to global systems. Ideological comparisons examine systems based on political, social and economic ideologies, while thematic comparisons focus on specific issues. The historical scope analyzes the discipline's development from early travelers' accounts to modern social science. The purposes of comparative education are to describe systems, assist development, highlight education-society links, and make generalized statements valid across countries.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Curriculum Reforms in Pakistan....You may visit my channel for more updates:
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National Commission of education was adopted by Government on 30th December 1958.This commission was known as Sharif commission. Its chairman was S.M Sharif. The main reason was that the existing system of education was not adequate to meet the requirements of national.
Muhammad Tahir Rabbani is well-renowned teacher, trainer,parenting coach,writer, an inspirational speaker and leader, a success coach and a practical educationist of Pakistan.
Barriers to educational planning and resource managementGeraldine Cachero
This document outlines three main barriers to educational planning and resource management: inadequate funding, poor organization of the education system, and physical barriers. It notes that a lack of communication and physical obstacles can negatively impact the education system. Proper organization, adequate funding, and addressing physical barriers are needed to overcome these challenges.
Physical resources management in schoolssavinagwen
The document discusses physical resource management in schools. It defines resource management and maintenance, and explains that as a school head, ensuring proper planning, organization, and maintenance of resources is an important responsibility. Some key aspects covered include:
- Classifying school resources as human, financial, and physical resources.
- Defining maintenance as work to preserve assets and enable continued use over their design life.
- Explaining that resource maintenance involves acquisition, storage, utilization, servicing, repairs, and replenishment of resources.
- Detailing various principles of resource maintenance like periodic checks, inspections, inventory records, and following procurement regulations.
- Describing different types of maintenance like planned,
This document discusses the need for research in educational management. It notes that there is a gap between theoretical research and practical application in the field of educational leadership and management. Several areas of educational management that could benefit from further research are identified, including administering adult education programs, curriculum renewal, policy analysis and evaluation, and quality improvement. The document concludes that researchers have a responsibility to encourage rigorous research programs that can help address issues in educational leadership and management and inform policy and practice.
This document discusses staff development and training programs for teachers. It begins by outlining the general objectives of explaining training and development, conducting needs assessments, designing effective programs, and showing appreciation for training. It then lists lessons on staff training, development programs, and designing staff development programs. Key terms like staff and development are defined. The goals, needs, reasons, and benefits of staff development are explained. Different types of in-service training like school-based and cluster-based are also described. Standards for effective staff development programs are provided. Finally, an electronic self-assessment tool to guide goal-setting and professional development is introduced.
Principal as Instructional Leader presentationNola Taylor
This document discusses the role of school principals as instructional leaders and the impact of effective leadership on student achievement. It reviews research showing that leadership is second only to classroom instruction in influencing learning and that effective principals can increase student achievement by 2-7 months in one year. The document also examines the challenges principals face, such as feeling their jobs are too complex and experiencing high stress levels. It then outlines the key activities of instructional leaders, such as coaching teachers, using data to inform instruction, and focusing on adult learning. Overall, the summary emphasizes that school principals indirectly improve teaching and learning most powerfully through their influence on staff motivation, commitment, and working conditions.
This document provides an introduction to comparative education, including definitions and concepts. It defines education as the transmission of knowledge between generations and the preparation of youth for society. Comparative education is summarized as the systematic study and comparison of different education systems and practices across cultures and countries in order to understand similarities and differences in how problems are addressed. The scope of comparative education includes subject matter, geographical units, ideologies, and historical development. Its purposes are to improve education systems by learning from other approaches and to understand factors that drive educational change.
Management of Financial Resources in Educational Leadership and ManagementR.A Duhdra
This document discusses the management of financial resources in educational leadership and management. It covers several topics:
1. The sources, importance, and maintenance of educational financing and the forces affecting it.
2. The concept, purpose, functions, phases and advantages of budgeting for education.
3. The sources of educational finance in Pakistan and factors affecting the demand for education.
The document provides a situational analysis of Egypt's higher education sector prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that Egypt had 2.4 million students enrolled in higher education as of 2019, with 94% attending public universities. However, the higher education system was underfunded and faced challenges in quality. There were also existing skills gaps between the education provided and labor market needs. The analysis provides background on Egypt's higher education system and strategic plans to help improve the sector.
Unit 1 history of education in sub-continentAsima shahzadi
The document discusses the history of education in Pakistan. It describes the education system during Muslim rule, including the curriculum, teaching methods, and types of religious academies. It then outlines the British educational policy after 1857 that aimed to produce civil servants and spread Christianity. This new system excluded Arabic, Islamiyat and Urdu. By 1947 when British rule ended, the literacy rate in Pakistan was only 11.5% due to the negative impacts of the British educational system.
TSL3143 Topic 2b Steps in Curriculum DesignYee Bee Choo
The document discusses the steps in curriculum design, which are planning, implementing, and evaluating. It provides details on the components of curriculum planning, including objectives, content, learning experiences, and evaluation. It also discusses curriculum implementation models and key considerations for curriculum evaluation such as examining student achievement of goals and whether the curriculum encourages critical thinking.
Training of Secondary School Teachers in PakistanR.A Duhdra
All the formal, nonformal and informal activities and experiences that help to qualify a person to assume the responsibilities of a member of the educational profession or to discharge his responsibilities more effectively.
The program of activities and experiences developed by an institution responsible for the preparation and growth of persons preparing themselves for educational work or engaging in the work of the educational profession.
1. To provide adequate professional training.
2. To keep teachers abreast of new developments in curriculum and pedagogy.
3. To upgrade the academic qualification of teachers
4. To develop the skills and attitude responsive to emerging national development goals.
5. To make the teachers aware of the problems of the community and develop necessary skills enabling them to be effective change agents.
The document discusses educational management. It defines educational management as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling educational institutions to effectively accomplish teaching, research, and community engagement. It outlines the functions of educational management as planning, organizing, directing, motivating, evaluating, and decision-making. The objectives of educational management in schools are to achieve institutional objectives, improve planning and implementation, enhance the institution's public image, ensure appropriate use of resources, and create a congenial school environment. Educational management aims to strengthen educational quality by improving ministries of education and institutions.
Management of Physical Resources in SchoolKritika Kohli
This document discusses the importance of physical infrastructure for schools. It defines physical infrastructure as the school buildings, grounds, furniture, and equipment needed for education. It emphasizes that the school head must effectively manage these resources to achieve educational objectives. The document then outlines key components of physical infrastructure and what they should include, such as well-designed classrooms, a library with various resources, laboratories, administrative blocks, staff rooms, playgrounds, and rooms for art, music, and other activities. Proper physical infrastructure is outlined as essential for a good learning environment and students' development.
Comparative education involves the step-by-step study of different educational systems to understand their similarities and differences. It covers components like structure, aims, curriculum, administration, financing and teacher education across geographical areas from individual countries to global systems. Ideological comparisons examine systems based on political, social and economic ideologies, while thematic comparisons focus on specific issues. The historical scope analyzes the discipline's development from early travelers' accounts to modern social science. The purposes of comparative education are to describe systems, assist development, highlight education-society links, and make generalized statements valid across countries.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana.
Curriculum Reforms in Pakistan....You may visit my channel for more updates:
http://fixit.buysellclone.com/ visit this and click subscribe...
thank you
National Commission of education was adopted by Government on 30th December 1958.This commission was known as Sharif commission. Its chairman was S.M Sharif. The main reason was that the existing system of education was not adequate to meet the requirements of national.
Muhammad Tahir Rabbani is well-renowned teacher, trainer,parenting coach,writer, an inspirational speaker and leader, a success coach and a practical educationist of Pakistan.
Barriers to educational planning and resource managementGeraldine Cachero
This document outlines three main barriers to educational planning and resource management: inadequate funding, poor organization of the education system, and physical barriers. It notes that a lack of communication and physical obstacles can negatively impact the education system. Proper organization, adequate funding, and addressing physical barriers are needed to overcome these challenges.
Physical resources management in schoolssavinagwen
The document discusses physical resource management in schools. It defines resource management and maintenance, and explains that as a school head, ensuring proper planning, organization, and maintenance of resources is an important responsibility. Some key aspects covered include:
- Classifying school resources as human, financial, and physical resources.
- Defining maintenance as work to preserve assets and enable continued use over their design life.
- Explaining that resource maintenance involves acquisition, storage, utilization, servicing, repairs, and replenishment of resources.
- Detailing various principles of resource maintenance like periodic checks, inspections, inventory records, and following procurement regulations.
- Describing different types of maintenance like planned,
This document discusses the need for research in educational management. It notes that there is a gap between theoretical research and practical application in the field of educational leadership and management. Several areas of educational management that could benefit from further research are identified, including administering adult education programs, curriculum renewal, policy analysis and evaluation, and quality improvement. The document concludes that researchers have a responsibility to encourage rigorous research programs that can help address issues in educational leadership and management and inform policy and practice.
This document discusses staff development and training programs for teachers. It begins by outlining the general objectives of explaining training and development, conducting needs assessments, designing effective programs, and showing appreciation for training. It then lists lessons on staff training, development programs, and designing staff development programs. Key terms like staff and development are defined. The goals, needs, reasons, and benefits of staff development are explained. Different types of in-service training like school-based and cluster-based are also described. Standards for effective staff development programs are provided. Finally, an electronic self-assessment tool to guide goal-setting and professional development is introduced.
Principal as Instructional Leader presentationNola Taylor
This document discusses the role of school principals as instructional leaders and the impact of effective leadership on student achievement. It reviews research showing that leadership is second only to classroom instruction in influencing learning and that effective principals can increase student achievement by 2-7 months in one year. The document also examines the challenges principals face, such as feeling their jobs are too complex and experiencing high stress levels. It then outlines the key activities of instructional leaders, such as coaching teachers, using data to inform instruction, and focusing on adult learning. Overall, the summary emphasizes that school principals indirectly improve teaching and learning most powerfully through their influence on staff motivation, commitment, and working conditions.
This document provides an introduction to comparative education, including definitions and concepts. It defines education as the transmission of knowledge between generations and the preparation of youth for society. Comparative education is summarized as the systematic study and comparison of different education systems and practices across cultures and countries in order to understand similarities and differences in how problems are addressed. The scope of comparative education includes subject matter, geographical units, ideologies, and historical development. Its purposes are to improve education systems by learning from other approaches and to understand factors that drive educational change.
Management of Financial Resources in Educational Leadership and ManagementR.A Duhdra
This document discusses the management of financial resources in educational leadership and management. It covers several topics:
1. The sources, importance, and maintenance of educational financing and the forces affecting it.
2. The concept, purpose, functions, phases and advantages of budgeting for education.
3. The sources of educational finance in Pakistan and factors affecting the demand for education.
The document provides a situational analysis of Egypt's higher education sector prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that Egypt had 2.4 million students enrolled in higher education as of 2019, with 94% attending public universities. However, the higher education system was underfunded and faced challenges in quality. There were also existing skills gaps between the education provided and labor market needs. The analysis provides background on Egypt's higher education system and strategic plans to help improve the sector.
Prospects for achieving the sustainable development goals and the role of Isl...SDGsPlus
The document discusses prospects for achieving the sustainable development goals through Islamic finance. It provides an overview of megatrends impacting the SDGs, data and monitoring of goals, challenges with implementation across different countries, and financing needs. Islamic finance tools like sukuk bonds and risk-sharing instruments are presented as viable means to mobilize private capital at scale for infrastructure and development projects in support of the 2030 agenda. Examples are given of how various countries have utilized sukuk bonds for purposes like education, healthcare, environment and fiscal support.
Alternative budget priorities elgeyo marakwet county, 2015-2016Timothy Kiprono
Our analysis of Elgeyo Marakwet County reveals that, allocation from highest to lowest per sector is as follows;
1. Health services sector has been allocated 27.2% (KES 895.2 million) of total budget.
2. Public administration sector has been allocated 25.4% (KES 838 million) of the total budget.
3. Agriculture, Rural Development, General Economic, commercial and labor affairs sector has been allocated 15.5% (KES 509 million) of the total budget.
4. Energy & Water, Infrastructure and ICT and E-government sector has been allocated 19% (KES 627.6 million) of the total budget.
5. Education, Social protection, Culture and recreation sector has been allocated 12.7% (KES 417.6 million) of the total budget.
Could you have prioritized differently? Read our proposed sector estimates for 2015/2016.
The document provides an overview of the Treasury Single Account (TSA) system implemented in Nigeria, including:
1) The TSA consolidates all government bank accounts into a centralized account to improve cash management and address issues like lost control over accounts and idle cash.
2) It requires all government revenues be deposited in the TSA to improve transparency and prevent revenue leakage from multiple bank accounts.
3) Advocates say the TSA will increase integrity in public financial management by removing organizational secrecy around finances and ensuring all revenues are deposited in the centralized account.
Samuel using government chart of accounts for tracking aid flows and expendit...icgfmconference
The document discusses Malawi's use of its government chart of accounts to track aid flows and expenditures in its national budget. The chart of accounts segments expenditures by administrative details, program, output, and economic classification, allowing donor resources to be tracked by specific projects. While some donors finance projects outside the budget, making full tracking difficult, aligning all donors with the country's expenditure system would improve transparency and reduce the time needed for expenditure reporting.
The document analyzes the performance agreements of various Namibian ministers. It discusses the Prime Minister's goals of increasing affirmative action compliance, training public servants, and reviewing disaster risk management plans. The Minister of Economic Planning aims to improve development strategies and programs. The Minister of Finance's targets include maintaining debt levels and economic stability. The Higher Education Minister plans to increase technical education to develop skills. The Education Minister seeks to reduce dropout rates and increase enrollment and funding for schools.
Planning in India aimed to realize the aspirations of the freedom struggle and future generations. The objectives of planning were articulated by the National Planning Committee and incorporated into the Constitution. The basic task of economic planning was to achieve high growth, improve living standards, eradicate poverty and unemployment, and build a self-reliant economy. Regional disparities became acute, so plans emphasized balanced regional development through exploiting resources and increasing incomes across all regions. A two-pronged strategy prioritized investment in backward regions while also differentiating strategies based on state needs.
SCHEME GUIDELINES OF NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR YOUTH ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT (NPYAD)GK Dutta
The scheme titled National Programme for Youth Adolescent Development (NPYAD) has been formulated by merger of four 100% central sector grants-in-aid schemes of the Ministry of Skill Development, Entrepreneurship, Youth Affairs and Sports during 10th Plan namely, Promotion of Youth Activities & Training, Promotion of National Integration, Promotion of Adventure and Development and Empowerment of Adolescents, with a view to reduce multiplicity of schemes with similar objectives, ensuring uniformity in funding pattern and implementation mechanism, avoiding delays in availability of funds to the field level and institutionalising participation of State Governments in project formulation and its implementation. While there will be synergy and convergence in operational mechanism and programme delivery, there will be clear distinction with regards the financial parameters of each of the components under the scheme.
The document discusses ISODEC's work engaging communities in social accountability and budget advocacy in Ghana and beyond. Key points include:
1. ISODEC promotes citizens' engagement with governments to secure autonomous development and resource rights.
2. Their strategies include empowering communities, strategic engagement with legislatures and bridging different sectors.
3. Through research, forums and training, ISODEC has popularized budget and policy advocacy, finding issues like unequal infrastructure and services between regions.
4. Future plans include expanding their work to more West African countries and establishing a fiscal policy research institute.
TOOL FOR IMPLEMENTING HAITI’S STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT PLAN: 2014-2016 THREE-YEA...Stanleylucas
PARDH served as a guide for government authorities and international partners, so that a series of urgent measures and key projects could be carried out to put Haiti on the path of change, to ensure that it will be an emerging country by 2030. At the same time, the national authorities developed a Strategic Development Plan for Haiti, to provide further details on the PARDH guidelines and include all public policies in a consistent global package, as a single programming approach.
The Haiti Strategic Development Plan presents the new framework for the planning, programming, and management of Haitian development, the vision and the strategic guidelines for the country’s development, the four major work areas to be implemented to ensure the recovery and development of Haiti, the programs and subprograms to be implemented under each of them, and the major features of the implementation strategy. These choices are designed to make Haiti an emerging country by 2030, and testify to the clear intention of the authorities to seek a balanced, sustainable development that will guarantee and maximize the impact of the programmed activities. This approach will apply to the next three years covered by this document, which presents the three-year development program and the three-year investment program, the first tools for implementing the PSDH.
The first part of this document contains the three-year development framework. This framework is aimed specifically at accelerated, balanced economic growth and the sustainable reduction of poverty. It shows the road map the government will follow during the period to remain on target. It is also the vehicle to be used by the government to implement its activities, which have clearly formulated results indicators.
The second part of the document presents the 2014-2016 Three-Year Investment Program. More specifically, it lists the projects to be implemented. The projects chosen are a continuation of the following: recent action undertaken to begin the reform and reconstruction of Haiti; action carried out earlier under the National Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (DSNCRP) to reduce poverty and social
This document summarizes a research seminar on public finance that covered several topics:
1. Budgeting terminologies and concepts such as the budget, balanced budget, deficits, and appropriations.
2. Philippine budgetary laws from 1936 to 2019 that established institutions and reformed the budget system.
3. Budget reforms in the Philippines including the Program Expenditure Classification and the Unified Reporting System to improve performance-informed budgeting.
4. Financial management systems like the Government Integrated Financial Management Information System and Budget and Treasury Management System that aim to integrate processes and increase transparency.
Reforms and Innovations in Government BudgetingGilda Galangue
The document discusses reforms and innovations in government budgeting in the Philippines. It outlines the Public Financial Management (PFM) Reform Program which aims to improve transparency, accountability, and financial management processes through the Government Integrated Financial Management Information System (GIFMIS) and other key projects. The objectives of PFM reforms by 2016 are also summarized, which include real-time budget monitoring, consolidated financial reporting, and improved cash management.
- Pakistan's economy has grown slowly in recent years, averaging only 3% annually, insufficient to significantly improve living standards given high population growth. Private investment has declined sharply.
- Inflation has fallen recently but underlying pressures remain from money growth driven by large fiscal deficits.
- The external position has weakened significantly, with foreign reserves declining to critical levels of under 11⁄2 months of imports due to collapsing financial inflows and rising debt obligations, despite a low current account deficit.
- Immediate policy action is needed to address macroeconomic imbalances and structural weaknesses holding back stronger growth in order to improve living standards and reduce poverty and unemployment over the medium-term.
Domestic Resource Mobilization - Mobilizing Finance for Development Hillary Fernando
The document discusses domestic resource mobilization (DRM) as the key to financing sustainable development goals. It outlines strategies for public and private resource mobilization, including tax revenue, public-private partnerships, institutional investors, and foreign direct investment. Effective DRM requires developing long-term infrastructure plans, strengthening legal and governance frameworks, and mobilizing both public and private resources through regulatory and policy reforms. Public-private partnerships are highlighted as a crucial tool for DRM to improve access to basic services and mobilize capital for development projects.
This document summarizes key points from several documents related to education policy in the Philippines:
1. An executive order renames the Bureau of Non-Formal Education to the Bureau of Alternative Learning System to expand educational opportunities and access to basic education.
2. A presidential decree establishes a 10-year national education development program to achieve objectives like training manpower, developing leadership, and responding to changing national needs. It authorizes educational development projects and appropriates funding.
3. A law establishes and maintains an integrated education system in the Philippines to achieve economic development, social progress, and national unity through both formal and non-formal education.
BUDGETING PROCESS OF CHED_ABYGAIL MANALO_PPT.pptxAbygailManalo
The document discusses the budgeting process of the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) in the Philippines. It provides background on CHED, describing how it was created in 1994 to govern tertiary and graduate education. The document then details CHED's Administrative, Financial and Management Service (AFMS), which manages the agency's operational requirements like human resources, budgeting, accounting, and general services. It describes the four divisions within AFMS and their specific roles in personnel management, accounting, budget preparation and allocation, and general services.
What financial tools do African countries have at their disposal to finance infrastructure projects? Exploring the role of development finance in addressing Africa’s infrastructure needs
This document provides an overview of public finance as a subject area. It defines public finance and outlines its key areas of focus, including public revenue, public expenditure, public debt, financial administration, and economic stabilization. It distinguishes public finance from private finance and discusses some major principles of public finance, including the principle of maximum social advantage. The document is a study material on public finance prepared by the University of Calicut School of Distance Education.
Evaluation and Analysis of the City of Weslaco's Municipal Budget, 2014-2015
Graduate Research for Public Budgeting and Finance: Master of Public Affairs-Administration, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV)
Rev. 1.0
Similaire à Management of Educational Resources P-2 (20)
ROLE OF THE UNIVERSITY unit 2 AIOU workshopR.A Duhdra
Philosophy of Higher Education
Four pillars emerge from philosophy of
education
Importance of Philosophy of Education
Need of the University
Contribution of Universities in Different Areas
Modes of the University
Factors Influencing the Selection of Mode
Open Learning Mode
Functions of the University
INTRODUCTION TO HIGHER EDUCATION unit 1 Part 2R.A Duhdra
explain the nature of higher education
discuss the need and purpose of higher
education
know the challenges and suggestions about
higher education
Understand the status, factors and reforms of
higher education in Pakistan
INTRODUCTION TO HIGHER EDUCATION 8625 unit 1 Part-1R.A Duhdra
INTRODUCTION TO
HIGHER EDUCATION
explain the nature of higher education
discuss the need and purpose of higher
education
know the challenges and suggestions about
higher education
Understand the status, factors and reforms of
higher education in Pakistan
Unit-9 Psychological Testing and Its ImplicationsR.A Duhdra
INTRODUCTION
Testing, in education and psychology is a systematic process to measure an individual’s knowledge, intelligence, specific skills and other personal traits. It is also to collect information about the strengths, weakness of a student, teacher and educational programme.
The questions, problems and tasks to be attempted are called test item. In this unit we are going to study some basic concepts related to psychological testing and assessment, its validity and reliability, major areas and kinds of psychological testing.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, the students can be able to:
Define tests and psychological testing
Describe nature and importance of psychological testing
Outline the different areas of psychological testing
Discuss the various kinds of tests
Know the reliability and validity of psychological testing
Differentiate between psychological testing and assessment
INTRODUCTION
Adolescence is a period of life with specific health and development needs. It is also a time to develop knowledge and skills, manage emotions and relationships and acquire attributes / abilities that will be important for enjoying the adolescent years and assuming adult roles.
This stage requires special care from adults. An adolescent longs for personal identity, striving for autonomy and independence. In this unit we are going to discuss the external factors that influence the development of an adolescent.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, the students can be able to:
Understand how community is important for the development of an adolescent
Understand how family can play a role in the psychological development of an adolescent
Elaborate the importance of media in adolescent development
Unit-7 Life Crisis and Problems and Issues in AdolescentR.A Duhdra
INTRODUCTION
Adolescent crises mean the upheavals that the adolescents face during this period. These can be related to changes which are taking place in emotional, psychological and physical development areas. The parents feel confused and frustrated while interacting with their children. These crises may be failing school, staying out late, sleeping all day, running off, being expelled, use of drugs etc. affect the life of a teen ager.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, the students can be able to:
Define the crises in adolescence.
Understand the issues and problems of puberty.
Understand attachment theory and its implications in adolescence
Enumerate and identify few problems relating to adolescence
Unit-6 Moral Development in Adolescent PsychologyR.A Duhdra
INTRODUCTION
The word ‘moral’ comes from the Latin term ‘Mores’ which means manner, custom and habit. Moral development involves the formation of a system of values in which decisions concerning ‘right’ and ‘wrong’, ‘good’ and ‘bad’.
Moral development have three major faces - 1. Cognitive 2. Behavior 3. Emotional
OBJECTIVES
After studying the unit you will be able to
Define moral value development in humans.
Discuss morality and its constituents
Describe the nature of moral development
Outline different factors contributing towards moral development
Describes various Piaget’s and Kohlberg’s theories of moral development
Unit-5 Social Development in Adolescent PsychologyR.A Duhdra
INTRODUCTION
A society is peaceful, progressing and prosperous if all its members perform their duties towards others in a respectful manner.
The promotion of members of society with respect to their life longevity, education decent standard of living (per capita income) is called social development. All segments of society should be kept on the path of peace, prosperity and stability.
In this unit we are going to study about social development of children and adults through the process of education and training to prepare them for their future role in the society. Social development can be ensured as per indices set by UNDP and other organizations.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, the learners will be able to
Explain the concept of social development.
Compare various theories of social development .
Discuss different aspects of nature of social development.
Justify the role of family in the social development of adolescent’s .
Elaborate the role of peers in social development of young ones .
Describe the school role in social development in the light of different theories
Education enables an individual to live healthy social life with emotional stability Emotional excitement Is related to our mind and body. In this unit, we will study some basic concepts related to emotional development like emotional problems and different strategies to understand emotional problems.
OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, you will be able to
define emotional development.
explain the nature and aspects of emotional development.
differentiate emotional development at different age levels.
outline various factors affecting Emotional Development.
describe the different kinds of Emotional Development.
discuss various strategies to cope with emotional problems.
DEFINITION
Emotional development involves learning what feelings and emotions are understanding how and why they occur recognizing your own feelings and those of others and developing effective ways for managing those feelings.
Emotional development is a complex affective experience e.g expression, understanding and regulation of emotions from birth to adolescence and adulthood.
After learning this unit, the students can be able to understand:
Define cognitive development
Describe the nature and aspects of cognitive development
Outline the various factors affecting C.D
Describe the role of cognitive development in behavioural changes
Describe changes
Describe piaget’s formal operations and its various characteristics
Explain information processing and decision making
INTRODUCTION
Cognitive development is the study of childhood neurological and psychological development which is assessed on the level of conception, perception, information processing and language as an indicator of brain development. In this unit we will study basic concepts related to cognitive development like nature, aspects of C.D. factors affecting C.D, educational implications, piagets’ stages of C.D, information processing and decision making.
After reading this unit, the learners will be able to:
Understand what biological changes occur during adolescence period.
Comprehended importance of norms and individual differences at puberty.
Conceptual knowledge of hormonal control of puberty
Grasp the idea of pubertal change and its effects on individuals.
Educational Management and Leadership SystemR.A Duhdra
Leadership is critical to educational development and specific preparation is are vital if leaders are to maximize their effectiveness. Senior teachers develop more leading capacity as they have experience to tackle unwanted situations. Leadership is the general process of influence and motivating others to work effectively while the management processes on planning and organizing to complete the task within time. All the teachers are managers as they have to manage teaching / learning activities.
Understand nature and need of educational management
State the nature and need of leadership
Debate on performance evaluation
Understand theories of performance management
Describe different techniques of performance evaluation
Social Change Management and Leadership R.A Duhdra
SOCIAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP
Change lead to a comprehensive transformation, as social as well as commercial, political, economic and cultural. Now the traditional companies have to change their business operations and direct them to new technologies in order to remain in the present competitive age.
After studying this unit the prospective teachers can be able to
Define change management and its role in organization and society
Elaborate ethics and code of ethics of leadership
Express management of innovation and changing role of educational leader / manager
Explain the concept of Teacher leadership
The human beharviour has diversity to handle various situations in a multi-faceted organization in different fields. There are five categories- autocratic, democratic, participative, goal oriented and situational. Different styles have been described before explaining Theories presented by researchers and at the end existing educational leadership styles being practiced in Pakistan have also been explained.
Discuss the concept of leadership styles
Elaborate research conducted by Ohio state University regarding behavioral leadership style.
Understand resreach conducted by University of Michigan and taxes regarding leadership styles.
Analyse the difference of researches conducted by these Universities.
Suggest solutions to meet the challenges of leadership styles in Pakistani education
Leadership is considered as being “a part of the problem-solving machinery of the group, (Gibb-1958). Leaders are highly powerful authority and can influence decisions made in the workplace to achieve organizational goals.
• Fredrick taylor gave the concept of scientific management to direct the organizational productivity.
• Max weber (1922) gave an idea of bureaucratic management.
• Mary parker follett (1926)- participatory management in “power with” as opposed to “power over.”
• Describe various theories of leadership.
• Discuss the necessary characteristics of leadership.
• Enumerate the leadership styles and need of taking appropriate decisions.
• Infer the leadership styles that has concern for people and production.
• Describe the important role of leadership that encourages participation and enhances contributions from group members.
International influence is exerted by one person or a group, over other people, to structure the activities and relationships in a group or organization.
A social influencing process, The nature of the influence, The purpose for the exercise of influence and its outcomes. Educational leadership is concerned with formal educational institutions. Leadership is generally not related to a role but viewed as a process.
• Describe the scope of educational leadership.
• Explain the concept of educational leadership in local context.
• Elaborate historical perspectives of educational leadership.
• Discuss the prevailing situation of educational leadership in local context.
• Explain the concept of educational leadership in international perspectives.
The document discusses the management of physical resources in educational institutions. It covers several topics:
1. Components and maintenance of the school building, site, and hostel to ensure a comfortable learning environment.
2. Selection and organization of instructional materials, audiovisual aids, the library, and laboratories to support educational goals.
3. Responsibilities of the hostel superintendent in managing the hostel, meals, student activities and health.
4. Types of registers needed to record student and facility information.
Conflict Management in Educational OrganizationsR.A Duhdra
Five conflict response modes.
Competing, Avoiding, Accommodating
Compromising, Collaborating
After studying this unit, the students will be able to
• Elaborate the conflict and conflict management.
• Explain the types of conflict in educational organizations.
• Identify the sources of conflict in educational organizations.
• Express the role of conflict and suggest strategies of handling conflicts in educational organizations.
Efforts are being made to seek and explore the most suitable forms of management for different work setting. Some of the theories have been developed 100 years ago that provide stable framework for an organization even to today. In this unit we are going to study classical as well as modern theories which would lead us towards enhancement of productivity, job satisfaction and conducive environment of an organization.
• The management theories in detail.
• Principles of scientific management theory.
• Principles of bureaucratic management theory.
• Strengths and limitations of classical management theories.
• Components of systems theory.
• Behavioral approach to management.
• Participate management a new model in management theories.
Under the nature of management and educational management
Examine critically the principles of management and make efforts to implement these principles in education.
Analyze the management process, elements and functions of management
High light the importance of Islamic management
Management is an art as were science of
Getting the work done
With the help of other people
Within the given budget
With in the given deadlines
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdf
Management of Educational Resources P-2
1. ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN
UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD
ONLINE WORKSHOP
Unit-4 Part-B
MANAGEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL
RESOURCES
IN
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
AND LEADERSHIP
CC 6467
Presented by:
Ch. M. Ashraf
m.ashraf0919@gmail.com
tinyurl.com/z3j85t57
Telegram: https://t.me/duhdra
2. UNIT-4 PART-B
MANAGEMENT OF EDUCATIONAL
RESOURCES
2
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
tinyurl.com/z3j85t57
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https://t.me/duhdra
EDUCATIONAL MANAGEMENT
AND LEADERSHIP
4. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Educational Financing
Educational/School financing refers to the process by which
taxes revenues and other resources are derived for the
formation and operation of schools as well as the process by
which those resources are allocated in different geographical
areas and to types and levels of education.
4
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
tinyurl.com/z3j85t57
Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra
5. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Introduction
The Financing of education is concerned with such questions as
summarized below.
1. Who pays for Education?
2. Who benefits from Education?
3. Who should pay?
4. What should be the method of paying?
5
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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6. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Introduction (Continue)
5. How should the students be financed?
6. How much of the total resources be devoted to education?
7. How much should be met out of budget and how much be
contributed from private source?
8. How should be expenditure be divided for different levels
and sectors of education?
6
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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7. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Who pays for Education- Institutions or Individuals.
In Pakistan federal or provincial Government Generally
finances education. sometimes education is financed by
private individuals, enterprisers, religious, organizations etc.
7
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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8. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Levels of Decision- Markers in Financing of Education.
There are four categories or levels of decision makers in the
financing of education.
(a) Supplies of finance, Charities, business enterprises.
(b) Allocation of finance, i.e Federal and provincial
Governments, foundations and trust.
(c) Spending bodies, such as DEOS, Directors of Education,
Managers of Private institutions who are responsible for
spending money and have no power to raise funds.
(d) Users of funds i.e all educational institutions.
8
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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9. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Sources of Educational Finance in Pakistan
1. Federal Government funds.
2. Provincial Government funds.
3. Private Organizations.
4. Fees
9
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra
10. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Importance of Education Financing
1. Running of Educational institutes smoothly.
2. Provision of educational facilities for the society.
3. To facilitate the students who cannot pay fee and afford other
expenses.
4. The distributions of educational opportunities to different
groups of the population have consequences for social justice.
5. Investment in education sector will cause economic growth of
the country.
10
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra
11. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
The Factors which affect the demand for Education
I. Society
Need for knowledge, skills, continuity, socio cultural
environment etc.
II. Religion
Religious commandments, traditions, values etc are the main
impulses for demand of education.
11
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra
12. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
The Factors which affect the demand for Education(Continue)
III. political form of Government
Education is an instrument of realizing the ideals and aspirations
of the state. The purpose and needs of the state shadow the entire
sphere of educations, Leadership in a democracy springs from the
common people to whom more educational opportunities has to be
given.
IV. Industrialization.
(Need to propose/ produce man-power)
12
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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13. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
The Factors which affect the demand for Education(Continue)
External Factors.
(Colonialism, modern challenges, international awareness etc)
i. Population: Status of Education
(The overall economy, the national ideals and the world status of
the Country determine the importance it would attach to
education).
13
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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https://t.me/duhdra
14. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
The Factors which affect the demand for Education(Continue)
ii. Economics Factors
The cycle of rise and decline of education coincides with economic
cycles. Education finances are closely connected with the national
dividend.
iii. System of Administration
The administrative Structure of the country determines the
distribution of financial responsibility for education among
different levels of administration, federal, regional, provincial local
bodies etc. 14
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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https://t.me/duhdra
15. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Budgeting
What is Budget?
a) A plan of activates in a time period relating their costs to
resources available.
b) A state of estimated receipts and expenses for a fixed period
and an authorization to collect revenues and to incur
emptiness.
15
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra
16. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Budgeting
What is Budget? (Continue)
c) A Budget is a comprehensive and coordinated plan,
expressed in financial terms for the operations of a system
or organization for a specific period to achieve
predetermined goals.
d) A plan of financial operation involving an estimate of the
proposed expenditure for a given period and proposed means
of financing them.
16
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
tinyurl.com/z3j85t57
Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra
17. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Purpose of Budget.
(a) To establish in advance the objective or end result of the
budget period.
(b) To provide the means of coordinating the activities of various
departments in the organization.
(c) To serve as basis of the orderly management or public funds.
17
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
tinyurl.com/z3j85t57
Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra
18. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Advantages of Budget
Budget is considered to be the first step in the implementation
of educational plan. Main advantages of budgeting are.
1. Policies are established.
2. Action is based on budgeting,
3. Activities in an organization are related to the available
resources and economic conditions.
4. Balanced programmes are developed,
5. Operations are controlled and wastage is prevented.
6. Weaknesses in the organization are revealed.
18
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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Telegram:
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19. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Function of Budget.
Budgeting serve three main functions:
1. Providing the operational cost time framework for activities
to be implemented.
2. For delegation of implementation authority.
3. Controlling and evaluating performance.
19
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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Telegram:
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20. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Four fiscal Functions:
1. The stabilization Function
It is concerned with the aggregation to size of the budget,
and of the budget, and its impact on the major macro-
economic variables: the volume of production, saving,
investment and the balance of trade.
2. Distributive Function
If the Government considers that the original distribution of
income is unsatisfactory, it can take steps to alter it. I may
also adjust the burden of taxations on different groups. It
may provide certain services free or at subsidized prices. 20
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
tinyurl.com/z3j85t57
Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra
21. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Four fiscal Functions: (Continue)
3. Allocation Function
If the Government considers that pattern of the production of
goods/ services generated by market forces is unsatisfactory, it
may influence the pattern by interventions like taxation,
subsidy and direct provision by the Government.
4. Taxation
Taxation has an importance effect on income distribution, and
that total sum raised a major component of the entire budget
revenue. 21
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
tinyurl.com/z3j85t57
Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra
22. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
Five Phases of Budgeting
Phase-1
Identification of programme, projects or activities to be
completed during the budget period e.g, AIOU(at the 1st
phase)identifies the courses to be developed , printed and
launched…..
Phase-2
Identifications of the resources- manpower, money, machine
and materials (actual number of men/ machine/ material
etc). e.g. we'l identify the units for each course and the men/
machine/hours/days and material…….
22
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
tinyurl.com/z3j85t57
Telegram:
https://t.me/duhdra
23. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
5 Phases of Budgeting (Continue)
Phase-3
Costing of resources- the most important activities budgeting
e.g. cost per unit etc.
Phase-4
Presentation of Budget
The budget is formulated according to the budgetary
guidelines issued from time to time by proper authorities, the
University Grant Commissions (ministry of education) in case
of Allama Iqbal Open University).
23
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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24. MANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
5 Phases of Budgeting (Continue)
Phase-5
Obtaining approval of the appropriate authority
The final stage of budgeting involves piloting the budget
through a series of budget hearings. Here budget is subjected to
the views and compromises and adjustments are made.
24
By:
Ch.
M.Ashraf
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