This document provides an overview of mental illness/disorders. It discusses that mental illness involves changes in emotion, thinking and behavior. The most common mental illnesses in Nepal are schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It outlines the symptoms and types of various mental illnesses like psychosis, neurosis, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, and PTSD. It also discusses risk factors, treatments, complications and ways to prevent mental illness through social support, coping skills, stress management, and early diagnosis/treatment.

1. Mental Disorders/illness
Presented By:
Dhan Lal Pandey
Student of : BPH, BED, General Medicine

2. Mental illness/disorders

3. Mental illness/ Disorders
• Mental illness is health conditions involving changes in
emotion, thinking and behaviors or a combination of
these emotion.
• Mental illness has relationship with emotions, thinking,
communication, learning, residence and self-esteem.
• Most of the mental illness is mental condition just like
Diabetes and Hypertensions.

4. Mental Disorders/illness
• Mental illness doesn’t discriminate: it can affect anyone
like age, sex, social status, race, religion, geography,
income etc.
• About all of the mental illness have successful treatment
are available.

5. Types of Mental Illness
1. Psychosis (Major)
- It is a major mental illness where patient doesn’t know about his illness.
- Genetic or organic factor is more important
- There is no insight (i.e. Accept)
- Personality is affected
- Hallucination and Delusion are present
- Disorganized speech and behavior is present
- Need hospitalization or treated by physical methods
- Can not stop medication
- Slow prognosis
- ECT is very useful
- E.g. schizophrenia, Mania, Bipolar Associated Disorder (BPAD) etc.

6. Types of Mental Illness
2. Neurosis (Minor)
- It is minor mental illness where patient knows about his illness
- There is insight
- Reality testing judgment present
- No disorganized speech
- Hallucination and Delusion is absent
- Disorganized behaviors is absent
- Need clinical treatment or Treated with psychological methods
- Can stop medication
- Fast prognosis
- E.g. Depression, Stress, Anxiety, Personality disorders, Character
disorders etc.

7. Types of Mental Illness
3. Other diseases
- e.g. Epilepsy, Parkinsonism ( Due to decreased dopamine
in the brain), Mental Retardation (IQ less than 70) etc.

8. Some Examples of mental illness/ disorders
Schizophrenia
BPAD
Depression
Mania
Anxiety disorders
Obsessive- compulsive
disorders
Trauma and stress related
disorders
Somatic symptoms and
related disorders
Feeding and eating disorders
Sleep-wake disorders
Sexual dysfunctions
Substance related and
addictive disorders
Personality disorders
Other mental disorders

9. Risk factors/ causes of mental illness
• Blood relation (Hereditary)
• Stressful life situation from financial problem, love,
sudden death of relatives, diverse, chronic disease etc.
• Traumatic brain injuries
• Use of alcohol or drugs
• Previous history of mental illness
• Environmental exposure before birth or after birth

10. Risk factors or causes of mental illness
• Chemical imbalance like hormone, neurotransmitters
• Neglected as a child
• Brain damage
• Substance abuse

11. Clinical features of mental illness
• Feeling sad
• Withdrawal from friends and relatives
• Confused thinking
• Reduce concentration
• Excessive fear or worries
• Extreme feeling of guilt
• Reduced regular activities
• Sleeping problems (Low or High)

12. Clinical features of mental illness
• Suicidal thought/ attempt
• Excessive anger, hostility or violence
• Changes in eating habits
• Alcohol or drug abuse
• Hallucinations
• Illusion
• Delusion

13. Hallucination (without reality)

14. Hallucination
1. Auditory hallucination: False hearing voices
2. Visual hallucination: False seeing objects
3. Gustatory hallucination: False sensation of taste
4. Somatic/Tactile hallucination: False sensation of touch
5. Olfactory hallucination: False sense of smell

15. Illusion
• Confusion with reality like

16. Delusion (Detachment from reality)

17. Most common Mental illness of Nepal
1. Schizophrenia
2. Bipolar associated disorders
3. Depression
4. Anxiety
5. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
6. Substance abuse
a) Alcohol
b) Drugs
c) Other substances like tobacco, smoking, ganja etc

18. Schizophrenia

19. Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Symptoms of schizophrenia in teenagers
 Withdrawal from friends and family
 A drop in performance at school
 Trouble sleeping
 Irritability or depressed mood
 Lack of motivation
Symptoms of schizophrenia in old age
• Delusion
• Hallucinations
• Impaired ability to function
• Extremely disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
• Disorganized thinking (speech) like communication, reasoning answer etc

20. Bipolar

21. Bipolar associated disorders (BPAD)
- Bipolar disorder is a mental illness marked by extreme
changes in mood from high to low, and from low to high.
- Highs are periods of mania, while lows are periods of
depression.
- 2005 study found that 2.6 percent U.S. population, or
more than 5 million people are affected with BPAD.

22. Signs and Symptoms of BPAD
Signs and symptoms of manic form of BPAD
 Feeling overly happy or “high” for long periods of time
 Having a decreased need for sleep
 Having impossible dreams or plan
 Talking very fast, often with racing thoughts
 Feeling extremely restless or impulsive
 Becoming easily distracted
 Having overconfidence in your abilities
 Engaging in risky behavior, such as having impulsive sex,
spending more money

23. Signs and symptoms of BPAD
Signs and Symptoms of Depression form of BPAD
 Feeling sad or hopeless for long periods of time
 Withdrawing from friends and family/ relatives
 Losing interest in activities that you once enjoyed
 Having a significant change in appetite
 Feeling severe fatigue or lack of energy
 Having problems with memory, concentration, and decision
making
 Thinking about or attempting suicide, or death

24. Depression

25. Depression and Seriousness
Common Symptoms Depression Seriousness
Sleep pattern Decreased or increased Sleeping at right time
Feeling hopeless or helpless Positive Negative
Motivation/ inspiration Low or absence High or positive
Feeling worthless Positive Negative
Restlessness Positive Negative
Sadness or sad feeling Very sad Happy inside
Thought of suicide or death Positive Negative
Memory, concentration and Low or absence High

26. Anxiety

27. Anxiety
Symptoms
- Restlessness / irritability
- Fatigue
- Increased heart rate
- Feeling intense danger
- Excessive Sweating
- Excessive anxiety and worry
- Impaired concentration
- Difficulty in sleeping
- Frequent urination
- Body ache

28. PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder)
Symptoms
- Post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms may start within one month of a
traumatic events.
• Recurrent, unwanted distressing memories of the traumatic event
• Reliving the traumatic event as if it were happening again (flashbacks)
• Upsetting dreams or nightmares about the traumatic event
• Severe emotional distress or physical reactions to something that reminds
you of the traumatic event
• Trying to avoid thinking or talking about the traumatic event
• Avoiding places, activities or people that remind you of the traumatic event
• Negative thoughts about themself, other people or the world
• Hopelessness about the future

29. PTSD( Post Traumatic Stress Disorders)
• Memory problems, including not remembering
important aspects of the traumatic event
• Difficulty maintaining close relationships
• Feeling detached from family and friends
• Lack of interest in activities you once enjoyed
• Difficulty experiencing positive emotions
• Feeling emotionally numb
• Self-destructive behavior, such as drinking too much
or driving too fast
• Trouble sleeping
• Trouble concentrating
• Irritability, angry outbursts or aggressive behavior

30. Substance abuse

31. Complications of mental illness
• Unhappiness
• Decreased enjoyment of life
• Family conflicts
• Homelessness
• Relationship problem
• Social isolation
• Substance or alcohol addition
• Decreased or loose regular activities
• Financial problem
• Self-harm including suicide
• Harm to others

32. Mental Health Services
• Early Diagnosis and Treatment
• Rehabilitation
• Psychotherapy
• Mental Health Education
• ECT (Electroconvulsive Therapy)

33. Medical Treatment
• Anti-psychotic medication
• Tranquilizer
• Neuroleptic drugs
• Benzodiazepine
• Sedatives

34. Preventions
• Empowerment
• Positive interpersonal interactions
• Social participation
• Social responsibility and tolerance
• Social service
• Social support and community networks
• Ability to cope with stress
• Good parenting

35. Preventions
• Positive attachment and bonding
• Problem solving skills
• Skills for life
• Socio-emotional growth
• Stress management
• Social support of family and friends
• Improving nutrition
• Improving housing

36. Any question..?
• Thank you…