This PPT explains that persuation and rethorics are, along with the definition of the rethorical devices. This is a combination of my own classroom practices and a PPT I found here.
The document provides an agenda for a class discussion on justice. It includes topics such as thoughts on Machiavelli and Lao-Tzu, an introduction to Essay #3 on justice, a discussion of a reading by Cicero on the defense of injustice, suggestions for reading Thoreau, and student evaluations. It outlines questions for critical reading of the Cicero text and provides guidance for Essay #3 assignments on justice due November 13th.
This document outlines the agenda for a class on justice. It includes:
- Reviewing previous discussions on Machiavelli and Lao-Tzu.
- Introducing the third essay assignment on justice, which will involve analyzing an excerpt from Cicero and/or Thoreau.
- Discussing Cicero's "The Defense of Injustice" including his biography, rhetorical strategies used, and questions for critical reading.
- Breaking into groups to analyze the rhetorical strategies in Cicero and discuss critical thinking questions. Homework involves reading and analyzing Thoreau's "Civil Disobedience".
The document discusses Aristotle's three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos is persuasion through logic and facts. Ethos is persuasion through establishing credibility and trustworthiness. Pathos is persuasion by appealing to emotions. Examples are provided for each mode, such as Churchill using repetition to emphasize his point through pathos. The document teaches that using all three modes can help master the art of persuasion through language.
This document discusses the three artistic proofs of persuasion outlined by Aristotle: ethos, pathos, and logos. [1] Ethos refers to establishing credibility or trust with an audience. [2] Pathos involves appealing to an audience's emotions. [3] Logos uses facts, data, and logical reasoning to support an argument. The document provides examples of each and notes that effective arguments employ all three techniques.
The document discusses Aristotle's three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos is persuasion through logic and evidence. Ethos is persuasion through establishing credibility and trustworthiness. Pathos is persuasion by appealing to emotions. Examples are provided of each type of persuasion, including Churchill's use of repetition to stir emotions in a speech.
The document outlines the agenda for Class 18 of an EWRT 1A course. It includes an in-class writing assignment on thesis statements, a presentation on rhetorical strategies used in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech, and a discussion of that famous speech. The document provides information on developing a readable essay plan using transitional words and phrases. It also gives an overview of Aristotle's three crucial motivational appeals of ethos, pathos and logos used in persuasive speaking.
Logos, pathos, and ethos are three modes of persuasion used in arguments. Logos appeals to logic and reason using facts, data, and credible sources. Pathos appeals to the emotions of the audience using vivid language and emotional examples. Ethos establishes the author's credibility and character so the audience trusts their message.
The power of persuasion logos, pathos, and ethosmczyz
This document discusses three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos is logical reasoning using inductive and deductive arguments. Ethos is establishing credibility and character. Pathos is appealing to emotion through stories and examples. The document demonstrates these modes by having students debate whether school cameras invade privacy, then discussing opposing viewpoints to address counterarguments.
The document provides an agenda for a class discussion on justice. It includes topics such as thoughts on Machiavelli and Lao-Tzu, an introduction to Essay #3 on justice, a discussion of a reading by Cicero on the defense of injustice, suggestions for reading Thoreau, and student evaluations. It outlines questions for critical reading of the Cicero text and provides guidance for Essay #3 assignments on justice due November 13th.
This document outlines the agenda for a class on justice. It includes:
- Reviewing previous discussions on Machiavelli and Lao-Tzu.
- Introducing the third essay assignment on justice, which will involve analyzing an excerpt from Cicero and/or Thoreau.
- Discussing Cicero's "The Defense of Injustice" including his biography, rhetorical strategies used, and questions for critical reading.
- Breaking into groups to analyze the rhetorical strategies in Cicero and discuss critical thinking questions. Homework involves reading and analyzing Thoreau's "Civil Disobedience".
The document discusses Aristotle's three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos is persuasion through logic and facts. Ethos is persuasion through establishing credibility and trustworthiness. Pathos is persuasion by appealing to emotions. Examples are provided for each mode, such as Churchill using repetition to emphasize his point through pathos. The document teaches that using all three modes can help master the art of persuasion through language.
This document discusses the three artistic proofs of persuasion outlined by Aristotle: ethos, pathos, and logos. [1] Ethos refers to establishing credibility or trust with an audience. [2] Pathos involves appealing to an audience's emotions. [3] Logos uses facts, data, and logical reasoning to support an argument. The document provides examples of each and notes that effective arguments employ all three techniques.
The document discusses Aristotle's three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos is persuasion through logic and evidence. Ethos is persuasion through establishing credibility and trustworthiness. Pathos is persuasion by appealing to emotions. Examples are provided of each type of persuasion, including Churchill's use of repetition to stir emotions in a speech.
The document outlines the agenda for Class 18 of an EWRT 1A course. It includes an in-class writing assignment on thesis statements, a presentation on rhetorical strategies used in Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech, and a discussion of that famous speech. The document provides information on developing a readable essay plan using transitional words and phrases. It also gives an overview of Aristotle's three crucial motivational appeals of ethos, pathos and logos used in persuasive speaking.
Logos, pathos, and ethos are three modes of persuasion used in arguments. Logos appeals to logic and reason using facts, data, and credible sources. Pathos appeals to the emotions of the audience using vivid language and emotional examples. Ethos establishes the author's credibility and character so the audience trusts their message.
The power of persuasion logos, pathos, and ethosmczyz
This document discusses three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos is logical reasoning using inductive and deductive arguments. Ethos is establishing credibility and character. Pathos is appealing to emotion through stories and examples. The document demonstrates these modes by having students debate whether school cameras invade privacy, then discussing opposing viewpoints to address counterarguments.
This document provides an agenda and discussion notes for a class on justice. It introduces an upcoming essay assignment on the topic of justice due in week 8. Students will choose a prompt responding to an excerpt from Cicero or Thoreau, or both. The class discusses rhetorical strategies in Cicero's work and questions for critical reading. Students are divided into groups to analyze the prompts and passages in more depth. Homework includes reading Thoreau's "Civil Disobedience" and responding to discussion questions.
Nancy Mairs presents a logical argument for choosing to identify as a "cripple" rather than using alternative terms like "disabled." She acknowledges the complexity of her motives while positioning herself as someone willing to face hard truths head-on. Mairs demonstrates her authority on the topic through honest self-reflection and sharing personal experiences. She uses carefully selected emotive language to convey the feelings underlying her experiences in order to persuade the audience.
Aristotle identified four modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, pathos, and kairos. Logos refers to logical argument based on facts and evidence. Ethos involves establishing one's credibility and trustworthiness to persuade an audience. Pathos means appealing to an audience's emotions. Kairos involves using a sense of urgency or timing to persuade. The document then provides examples of each mode from speeches and writing to illustrate how they are used to change views or motivate action.
This document discusses the Greek foundations for argumentation, including artistic proof, inartistic proof, logos, pathos, and ethos. Logos uses logic and reasoning to persuade, either through inductive or deductive reasoning. Pathos appeals to emotion. Ethos establishes the character and credibility of the arguer. Together, these elements form the basis for persuasive arguments.
The document discusses Aristotle's three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos is persuasion through logic and facts. Ethos is persuasion through establishing credibility and trustworthiness. Pathos is persuasion by appealing to emotions. Examples are provided for each mode, such as Churchill using repetition to stir emotion in a speech. The document teaches that using all three modes can help master the art of persuasion through language.
The document discusses Walter Fisher's narrative paradigm theory. The narrative paradigm proposes that humans are naturally storytellers and that stories are a more effective means of persuasion than arguments or evidence alone. The paradigm has five key elements: it views humans as homo narrans or storytelling animals; considers symbolic actions, events, and their meanings over time as the basic elements of human communication; and evaluates the coherence and fidelity of stories rather than objective facts or logical arguments. The narrative paradigm shifts the focus of rhetoric and persuasion from the rational appeals of logos and ethos emphasized by Aristotle to the emotional appeal of pathos through compelling stories.
This document provides an agenda for Class 13 of an English writing course. It includes discussions of previous readings by Machiavelli and Lao-Tzu, and the introduction of the third essay assignment on the topic of justice. The class will discuss an excerpt from Cicero titled "The Defense of Injustice" through analyzing its rhetorical strategies and themes. Students will be assigned to read an excerpt from Thoreau and respond to a prompt for the upcoming essay. Homework includes further discussion questions on the readings and preparations for the essay.
Aristotle was a famous Greek philosopher who studied rhetoric and persuasion. He identified three main methods of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos refers to appealing to the speaker's credibility or character. Pathos involves stirring the audience's emotions. Logos is persuading through facts, statistics, logical reasoning. The document provides examples and explanations of each rhetorical device.
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher in the 4th century BCE who studied and wrote on many diverse subjects including logic, philosophy, ethics, physics, biology, politics, and rhetoric. Rhetoric is the art of persuasion through appealing to an audience's logic, ethics, and emotions. When trying to persuade, a speaker or writer can employ logos by making a logical argument based on facts and evidence, ethos by establishing their credibility and character as trustworthy, and pathos by appealing to the audience's emotions. Examples are provided that demonstrate the effective use of logos, ethos, and pathos in writing and speeches.
The document discusses Aristotle's rhetoric and how to win arguments. It explains that rhetoric is the art of persuasion. Aristotle wrote about rhetoric in his treatise, focusing on using probable knowledge rather than pure emotion to persuade. He identified three key traits of a good arguer: pathos to appeal to emotions, ethos to establish credibility, and logos for good logical structure. It provides tips on researching thoroughly, structuring arguments logically, countering opponents' arguments, remaining calm, and avoiding personal attacks to argue effectively.
The document discusses distinguishing between facts and opinions, noting that facts use numbers, dates, and statistics while opinions use words like "prefer", "think", "feel", and "should". It explains that statements about a person's opinion are facts, and provides examples of identifying opinions within paragraphs that discuss using animals for entertainment, scientific testing, and companionship. Students are asked to identify opinions within 3 given paragraphs.
This document discusses science as a rhetorical enterprise rather than an objective pursuit of facts. It outlines Thomas Kuhn's model of scientific revolutions as an alternative to seeing scientific work as a linear progression of discoveries. The key premises are that scientists aim to gain assent for their claims within their discourse community and that cultural narratives shape how scientists view and operate in their work. Specific rhetorical aspects of Charles Darwin's work are then examined, focusing on how he managed to publish his ideas with the help of supporters who vouched for him.
1. The document discusses different aspects of how mental maps and beliefs are formed.
2. It explains that mental maps are influenced by a variety of sources like teachers, friends, family, books, and culture.
3. Mental maps can distort reality and be influenced by biases without us realizing it, so common sense and intuition cannot always be trusted.
Aristotle identified three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos refers to logical argument based on facts and evidence. Ethos involves establishing one's credibility and character. Pathos appeals to the audience's emotions. Examples from speeches and essays demonstrate the effective use of each technique to change perspectives or motivate action. Logos cites precedents and statistics, ethos establishes the author as trustworthy, and pathos uses repetition to emphasize emotional points. Mastering these three modes can improve persuasive rhetoric.
This document discusses the elements of persuasive writing, including ethos, pathos, and logos. It defines each element and provides examples of how authors employ them in persuasive writing. Ethos refers to establishing credibility or character to convince the audience. Pathos involves appealing to the emotions of the audience. Logos means using logic and reason, such as facts, statistics, and citations. The document also contains examples analyzing how these elements are used in various statements and articles.
The document summarizes Aristotle's three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos refers to logical argument based on facts and evidence. Ethos involves establishing one's credibility and trustworthiness to persuade an audience. Pathos aims to appeal to emotions and feelings to persuade. The document provides examples of each from speeches and essays to illustrate how authors have effectively used these rhetorical devices to change readers' views or motivate action.
The document discusses the difference between facts and opinions, stating that facts can be proven true with evidence while opinions are personal beliefs that cannot be proven or disproven. It provides examples of factual sentences about rabbits, George Washington, and the Earth's orbit that can be verified, and asks the reader to identify whether the author wants them to believe these are facts.
This document discusses the difference between facts and opinions. Facts can be proven true through evidence or proof, while opinions represent personal beliefs that cannot be definitively proven or disproven. Some examples of facts provided are that rabbits are mammals, George Washington was the first US president, and the earth orbits the sun, as these statements can be verified with sources. Opinions, on the other hand, are judgments that depend on a person's point of view.
Aristotle's Modes of Persuasion: Logos, Ethos, Pathoschrismurban
Aristotle identified three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos refers to logical arguments based on facts and evidence. Ethos involves establishing one's credibility and trustworthiness. Pathos appeals to the emotions and feelings of the audience. These three modes can be used together to effectively change people's views or motivate them to take action through rhetoric and persuasive language.
The document discusses Aristotle's three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos is persuasion through logic and factual arguments. Ethos is persuasion through establishing credibility and trustworthiness. Pathos is persuasion by appealing to emotions. Examples are provided that demonstrate the effective use of each technique.
This document provides an agenda and discussion notes for a class on justice. It introduces an upcoming essay assignment on the topic of justice due in week 8. Students will choose a prompt responding to an excerpt from Cicero or Thoreau, or both. The class discusses rhetorical strategies in Cicero's work and questions for critical reading. Students are divided into groups to analyze the prompts and passages in more depth. Homework includes reading Thoreau's "Civil Disobedience" and responding to discussion questions.
Nancy Mairs presents a logical argument for choosing to identify as a "cripple" rather than using alternative terms like "disabled." She acknowledges the complexity of her motives while positioning herself as someone willing to face hard truths head-on. Mairs demonstrates her authority on the topic through honest self-reflection and sharing personal experiences. She uses carefully selected emotive language to convey the feelings underlying her experiences in order to persuade the audience.
Aristotle identified four modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, pathos, and kairos. Logos refers to logical argument based on facts and evidence. Ethos involves establishing one's credibility and trustworthiness to persuade an audience. Pathos means appealing to an audience's emotions. Kairos involves using a sense of urgency or timing to persuade. The document then provides examples of each mode from speeches and writing to illustrate how they are used to change views or motivate action.
This document discusses the Greek foundations for argumentation, including artistic proof, inartistic proof, logos, pathos, and ethos. Logos uses logic and reasoning to persuade, either through inductive or deductive reasoning. Pathos appeals to emotion. Ethos establishes the character and credibility of the arguer. Together, these elements form the basis for persuasive arguments.
The document discusses Aristotle's three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos is persuasion through logic and facts. Ethos is persuasion through establishing credibility and trustworthiness. Pathos is persuasion by appealing to emotions. Examples are provided for each mode, such as Churchill using repetition to stir emotion in a speech. The document teaches that using all three modes can help master the art of persuasion through language.
The document discusses Walter Fisher's narrative paradigm theory. The narrative paradigm proposes that humans are naturally storytellers and that stories are a more effective means of persuasion than arguments or evidence alone. The paradigm has five key elements: it views humans as homo narrans or storytelling animals; considers symbolic actions, events, and their meanings over time as the basic elements of human communication; and evaluates the coherence and fidelity of stories rather than objective facts or logical arguments. The narrative paradigm shifts the focus of rhetoric and persuasion from the rational appeals of logos and ethos emphasized by Aristotle to the emotional appeal of pathos through compelling stories.
This document provides an agenda for Class 13 of an English writing course. It includes discussions of previous readings by Machiavelli and Lao-Tzu, and the introduction of the third essay assignment on the topic of justice. The class will discuss an excerpt from Cicero titled "The Defense of Injustice" through analyzing its rhetorical strategies and themes. Students will be assigned to read an excerpt from Thoreau and respond to a prompt for the upcoming essay. Homework includes further discussion questions on the readings and preparations for the essay.
Aristotle was a famous Greek philosopher who studied rhetoric and persuasion. He identified three main methods of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos refers to appealing to the speaker's credibility or character. Pathos involves stirring the audience's emotions. Logos is persuading through facts, statistics, logical reasoning. The document provides examples and explanations of each rhetorical device.
Aristotle was a Greek philosopher in the 4th century BCE who studied and wrote on many diverse subjects including logic, philosophy, ethics, physics, biology, politics, and rhetoric. Rhetoric is the art of persuasion through appealing to an audience's logic, ethics, and emotions. When trying to persuade, a speaker or writer can employ logos by making a logical argument based on facts and evidence, ethos by establishing their credibility and character as trustworthy, and pathos by appealing to the audience's emotions. Examples are provided that demonstrate the effective use of logos, ethos, and pathos in writing and speeches.
The document discusses Aristotle's rhetoric and how to win arguments. It explains that rhetoric is the art of persuasion. Aristotle wrote about rhetoric in his treatise, focusing on using probable knowledge rather than pure emotion to persuade. He identified three key traits of a good arguer: pathos to appeal to emotions, ethos to establish credibility, and logos for good logical structure. It provides tips on researching thoroughly, structuring arguments logically, countering opponents' arguments, remaining calm, and avoiding personal attacks to argue effectively.
The document discusses distinguishing between facts and opinions, noting that facts use numbers, dates, and statistics while opinions use words like "prefer", "think", "feel", and "should". It explains that statements about a person's opinion are facts, and provides examples of identifying opinions within paragraphs that discuss using animals for entertainment, scientific testing, and companionship. Students are asked to identify opinions within 3 given paragraphs.
This document discusses science as a rhetorical enterprise rather than an objective pursuit of facts. It outlines Thomas Kuhn's model of scientific revolutions as an alternative to seeing scientific work as a linear progression of discoveries. The key premises are that scientists aim to gain assent for their claims within their discourse community and that cultural narratives shape how scientists view and operate in their work. Specific rhetorical aspects of Charles Darwin's work are then examined, focusing on how he managed to publish his ideas with the help of supporters who vouched for him.
1. The document discusses different aspects of how mental maps and beliefs are formed.
2. It explains that mental maps are influenced by a variety of sources like teachers, friends, family, books, and culture.
3. Mental maps can distort reality and be influenced by biases without us realizing it, so common sense and intuition cannot always be trusted.
Aristotle identified three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos refers to logical argument based on facts and evidence. Ethos involves establishing one's credibility and character. Pathos appeals to the audience's emotions. Examples from speeches and essays demonstrate the effective use of each technique to change perspectives or motivate action. Logos cites precedents and statistics, ethos establishes the author as trustworthy, and pathos uses repetition to emphasize emotional points. Mastering these three modes can improve persuasive rhetoric.
This document discusses the elements of persuasive writing, including ethos, pathos, and logos. It defines each element and provides examples of how authors employ them in persuasive writing. Ethos refers to establishing credibility or character to convince the audience. Pathos involves appealing to the emotions of the audience. Logos means using logic and reason, such as facts, statistics, and citations. The document also contains examples analyzing how these elements are used in various statements and articles.
The document summarizes Aristotle's three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos refers to logical argument based on facts and evidence. Ethos involves establishing one's credibility and trustworthiness to persuade an audience. Pathos aims to appeal to emotions and feelings to persuade. The document provides examples of each from speeches and essays to illustrate how authors have effectively used these rhetorical devices to change readers' views or motivate action.
The document discusses the difference between facts and opinions, stating that facts can be proven true with evidence while opinions are personal beliefs that cannot be proven or disproven. It provides examples of factual sentences about rabbits, George Washington, and the Earth's orbit that can be verified, and asks the reader to identify whether the author wants them to believe these are facts.
This document discusses the difference between facts and opinions. Facts can be proven true through evidence or proof, while opinions represent personal beliefs that cannot be definitively proven or disproven. Some examples of facts provided are that rabbits are mammals, George Washington was the first US president, and the earth orbits the sun, as these statements can be verified with sources. Opinions, on the other hand, are judgments that depend on a person's point of view.
Aristotle's Modes of Persuasion: Logos, Ethos, Pathoschrismurban
Aristotle identified three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos refers to logical arguments based on facts and evidence. Ethos involves establishing one's credibility and trustworthiness. Pathos appeals to the emotions and feelings of the audience. These three modes can be used together to effectively change people's views or motivate them to take action through rhetoric and persuasive language.
The document discusses Aristotle's three modes of persuasion: logos, ethos, and pathos. Logos is persuasion through logic and factual arguments. Ethos is persuasion through establishing credibility and trustworthiness. Pathos is persuasion by appealing to emotions. Examples are provided that demonstrate the effective use of each technique.
Here are the examples labeled with their persuasive technique:
1. A doctor discusses the health risks of smoking. (ethos)
2. An advertisement features a crying child to promote donations to an orphanage. (pathos)
3. Statistics are presented showing a correlation between secondhand smoke and cancer rates. (logos)
4. A celebrity endorses a brand of shoes in a television commercial. (ethos, pathos)
5. An op-ed cites historical examples to argue against restricting free speech. (logos)
6. A politician recounts a personal story about his humble upbringing to seem more relatable. (ethos, pathos)
This document discusses rhetorical appeals, including logos, ethos, and pathos. It defines each appeal and provides examples. Logos appeals to logic and reason through facts, statistics, and logical arguments. Ethos appeals to credibility and authority through the reputation and expertise of the source. Pathos appeals to emotion through stories, anecdotes, and the elicitation of feelings like love, pity, fear, and anger. The document suggests analyzing arguments to identify which appeals are used and how effectively, and provides exercises for students to practice using and identifying appeals.
Rhetoric refers to persuasive language used to influence audiences. Effective rhetoric uses three appeals: ethos establishes the writer's credibility; pathos appeals to emotions; and logos uses facts and logic. Together these appeals can combine to craft persuasive messages tailored to specific audiences.
Aristotle was a famous Greek philosopher who studied rhetoric and identified three methods of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos. Ethos refers to an appeal to the speaker's credibility or character. Pathos involves persuading an audience through emotional arguments. Logos means logical argument and appeals to reason and facts. These three appeals are still used in arguments today.
This document analyzes the rhetorical devices of ethos and pathos. It describes four types of ethos appeals that help establish a rhetor's credibility: simplicity, integrity, mirroring, and expertise. It also outlines three common pathos appeals that elicit emotional responses: yoking, descriptive detail, and vehement repetition. The document provides examples of each appeal and advises analyzing how they are used in rhetorical arguments.
This document provides an overview of Aristotle's three modes of persuasion: ethos, pathos, and logos. It defines each term and provides examples. Ethos refers to persuasive appeals based on the speaker's character or expertise. Pathos involves persuasion through emotional appeals. Logos means persuasion through logical arguments and factual evidence. The document explores how each mode is used in advertising to influence audiences.
The document discusses the persuasive speech, outlining its definition, purposes, types of evidence, and strategies for constructing arguments. It defines the persuasive speech as gaining fair consideration for one's point of view. It lists eight purposes, including urging a choice, acting as an advocate, and establishing the speaker's character. The document also discusses harmful forms of persuasion, types of evidence like facts and testimony, and developing proofs through logical, emotional, and ethical appeals. It provides guidance on constructing arguments through creating awareness of issues, understanding problems, and offering solutions.
Chapter 5 EpistemologyIt is the mark of an educated mind .docxchristinemaritza
Chapter 5: Epistemology
It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it. ~ Aristotle
All external links that are not explicitly marked as "Required" are to be considered as "Optional" readings.
Overview
SECTIONS
1 Overview 6 Types of Knowledge
2 Rationalism 7 Truth
3 Empiricism 8 Truth and Science
4 Transcendentalism 9. Conclusion
5 Skepticism
How do we know what we claim to know? How do we find out what we know? How do we judge claims to know? Are our beliefs
reasaonable? Are reasonable beliefs the same as rational beliefs? Are our beliefs justified? How much evidence do I need to have before I
have a right to believe something?
These are questions covered in this chapter. They are in the field of philosophy known as epistemology (from Greek: episteme - to know, and
logos - logic/study).
The issues for epistemology are all, in one way or another, related to knowledge:
how much we know
what kinds of claims we know
where knowledge comes from
how we obtain knowledge
what knowledge really is
The sections of this chapter will cover the following:
Theories of Knowledge
1. RATIONALISM
2. EMPIRICISM
3. SKEPTICISM
4. TRANSCENDENTAL IDEALISM
5. SCIENTIFIC REALISM
Theories of Truth
CORRESPONDENCE THEORY
COHERENCE THEORY
PRAGMATIC THEORY
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Introduction to Philosophy by Philip A. Pecorino is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported
License.
Page 1
http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter 5 Epistemology/OVERVIEW.htm
http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter 5 Epistemology/Types_of_knowledge.htm
http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter 5 Epistemology/Rationalism.htm
http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter 5 Epistemology/Truth.htm
http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter 5 Epistemology/Empiricism.htm
http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter 5 Epistemology/Truth_Science.htm
http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter 5 Epistemology/Transcendental_Idealism.htm
http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter 5 Epistemology/Conclusion.htm
http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/Chapter 5 Epistemology/Skepticism.htm
http://www.qcc.cuny.edu/SocialSciences/ppecorino/INTRO_TEXT/default.htm
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/
Chapter 5: Epistemology
It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain a thought without accepting it. ~ Aristotle
Overview
VIEW (Optional): Types of Claims http://youtu.be/D0tLd_jsiV8
Before we look into the various theories about how we know what we do know and how to determine if claims are true or not, it would be helpful
to make a number of important points or distinctions about language and how we use it. Not all uses of language involve a claim that can be
d ...
The document discusses the concepts of ethos, pathos, and logos in rhetoric and persuasion. It explains that Aristotle identified these three methods of persuasion in his book "The Art of Rhetoric" around 300 BCE. Ethos refers to an ethical or moral argument that establishes the speaker's credibility. Pathos involves appealing to an audience's emotions. Logos means using logical arguments and appealing to reason and facts.
The document discusses the concepts of ethos, pathos, and logos in rhetoric and persuasion. It explains that Aristotle identified these three methods of persuasion in his book "The Art of Rhetoric" around 300 BCE. Ethos refers to an ethical or moral argument that establishes the speaker's credibility. Pathos involves appealing to an audience's emotions. Logos means using logical arguments and appealing to reason and facts.
The document discusses the concepts of ethos, pathos, and logos in rhetoric and persuasion. It explains that Aristotle identified these three methods of persuasion in his book "The Art of Rhetoric" around 300 BCE. Ethos refers to an ethical or moral argument that establishes the speaker's credibility. Pathos involves appealing to an audience's emotions. Logos means relying on logic, facts, and reasoning to persuade.
The document discusses the concepts of ethos, pathos, and logos in rhetoric and persuasion. It explains that Aristotle identified these three methods of persuasion in his book "The Art of Rhetoric" around 300 BCE. Ethos refers to an ethical or moral argument that establishes the speaker's credibility. Pathos involves appealing to an audience's emotions. Logos means relying on logic, facts, and reasoning to persuade.
The document discusses the concepts of ethos, pathos, and logos in rhetoric and persuasion. It explains that Aristotle identified these three methods of persuasion in his book "The Art of Rhetoric" around 300 BCE. Ethos refers to an ethical or moral argument that establishes the speaker's credibility. Pathos involves appealing to an audience's emotions. Logos means relying on logic, facts, and reasoning to persuade.
Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 1301DEPhil.docxmariuse18nolet
Introduction to Philosophy: Philosophy 1301:DE
Philosophy 1301Danny Brown: ProfessorM.A. Philosophy- University of HoustonB.A. Philosophy- North Carolina State University B.A. Communications- North Carolina State University
Philosophy is the critical and rational examination of the most fundamental assumptions that underlie our lives, an activity of concern to men and women of all cultures and races.
-- Velasquez
Survey CourseThe Introduction to Philosophy class is a survey course designed to familiarize students with the various fields in philosophy and with those philosophers associated with them. It should also enable students to develop skills in logic and critical thinking.
PHILOSOPHYMy Mini-definition:The History of human thought.How do we (humans) think about and of ourselves as human beings.What, if any, is our purpose in the universe.How do we view the world around us.
What is Philosophy?Philosophy is a 5,000 year old academic tradition that systematically analyzes the very foundational questions of human existence.Philosophy seeks clarity on issues ranging from the existence of God, the validity of scientific knowledge, arguments over right and wrong, and the existence of the soul.
Philosophy 1301“Philosophy” is a combination of two ancient Greek words, “Philein” and “Sophia”, which mean “love of wisdom.”“Hard thinking” -- Alvin Plantinga
Analysis and critique of fundamental
beliefs and concepts.
What is Philosophy?It is an enterprise which starts with wonder at the mystery and marvel of the world.
Philosophy pursues a rational investigation of those mysteries and marvels, seeking wisdom and truth.
What is Philosophy?If the quest is successful, it results in a live lived in passionate moral and intellectual integrity.
Believing that “the unexamined life is not worth living,” the philosophy leaves no facet of live untouched by its probing glance.
What philosophy is notNot mere speculationOffer reasonsPeer review
Not Dogmatic
Preview of Things to ComeWhy be moral?What is the best form of political organization?Is there an afterlife, and if so, what is its nature?What is the meaning of life?
Does God Exist?
How Does the Mind Relate to the Body?
What Is Real? (What Actually Exists?)
So Why Study Philosophy?
Some ReasonsCritical thinking skills, writing skills and speaking skillsLiberation from prejudice and provincialism.Expansion of one’s horizonUnderstanding Society
Not usually taught before college
Guard against propaganda Intrinsically interesting
Helps fulfill our “self actualization” needs (Abraham Maslow)
Critical Thinking
In most academic subjects, students are taught what to think, rather than how to think.
The goal of philosophy:Autonomy
The freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you will believe in by using your own reasoning abilities.
In other words, learn to think for yourself.
Traditional Divisions of PhilosophyEp.
Critical Thinking and the Use of Evidence, by Professor Joel HaywardProfessor Joel Hayward
By the end of this lecture you should be able to:
Understand the value of the “Socratic Method”
Understand the role and importance of skepticism
Compare and contrast opinions and arguments
Evaluate the types, strengths and limitations of the evidence available
Compare and contrast the value of primary sources and secondary sources
The Sophists were teachers in ancient Greece who specialized in rhetoric and philosophy. They explored ethical and political questions through dialectic discussions and skepticism. Their teachings emphasized experience over absolute truth and helped develop methods of argumentation. Socrates further advanced dialectic methods through his use of questioning dialogues that helped expose inconsistencies in people's positions.
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1. Select a topic that is interesting, specific, relevant, and well-documented. Reading reviews can help limit the topic.
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3. Select the sources that will be used for the particular paper, considering at least two points of view.
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5. Argue objectively without summarizing or arguing a point of view.
6. Check for plagiarism, adequate sources, and object
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Writing an academic essay involves structuring a coherent argument and presenting ideas in a logical order. A typical essay introduces the argument, analyzes evidence, considers counterarguments, and concludes. Different types of information like background context are often located in specialized sections. Successful essays anticipate questions readers may have like "what evidence supports the thesis?", "how does the thesis address counterarguments?", and "why does this matter?". Answering these questions fully helps structure the essay and ensure the argument has significance for readers.
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El documento propone estrategias de marketing móvil para el Núcleo Ejido, incluyendo el uso de redes sociales para publicar contenido multimedia sobre eventos, talleres y otras actividades; el uso de WhatsApp para listas de difusión sobre la programación y atención al público; y el uso de códigos QR en materiales impresos para dirigir a las personas a contenido en línea como videos y boletines.
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of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
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Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
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Persuasion in-writing
1.
2. Aristotle (384-322 BCE) is the
most notable product of the
educational program devised
by Plato. Aristotle wrote on an
amazing range of subjects,
from logic, philosophy, and
ethics to physics, biology,
psychology, politics, and
rhetoric.
3. Rhetoric is the art of
persuasion.
The goal of persuasion is
to change others’
point of view or to
move others to take
action.
4. If you know why you are persuaded by something, you
will be able to make a less-biased decision and form
your own opinion. You can also use it to fight for a
cause you believe in.
7. •Ethos is an argument based on character. Using
ethos means the writer appeals to the audience’s
sense of ethical behavior. The writer or speaker
presents him or herself to the audience as credible,
trustworthy, honest and ethical. “I am an ethical
expert, so believe what I say.”
●Someone who has authority, someone who is likable
or respected
●Goal is to convince people you are someone worth
listening to.
●People tend to believe people whom they respect.
8.
9.
10. In the following example, note how Nancy Mairs
establishes her credibility, trustworthiness, and
authority to write about this subject by being honest.
Mairs admits she is uncertain about her own motives
and shows she understands the discomfort others’
have with this subject.
11. People—crippled or not—wince
at the word “cripple,” as they
do not at “handicapped” or
“disabled.” Perhaps I want
them to wince. I want them
to see me as a tough
customer, one to whom the
fates/gods/viruses have not
been kind, but who can face
the brutal truth of her
existence squarely. As a
cripple, I swagger.
—Nancy Mairs, “On
Being a Cripple”
12. ●Means persuading by the use of
reasoning.
●Often uses things such as Statistics.
●Focus on facts, recorded evidence,
historical data.
●Mentions things like studies, surveys,
and research.
●Uses Buzz Words
●Using Logos means appealing to the
readers’ sense of what is logical.
13. ●Examples:
● “Pure”
● “Natural”
● “Freedom”
● “Tasty”
●Words that end in -er
● Better, Cleaner, Longer, Faster
● Technically not the best, but
better than it was!
14. In the following example, note how Ian Ayres uses
evidence from experience (her work environment,
Delta Airlines, the University of Chicago). This
evidence establishes the precedent that Ayres uses
to compare to the current situation that she argues
should be changed.
15. We don’t have single-sex toilets
at home, and we don’t need
them at the office. Then
there’s also the small question
of efficiency. I see my male
colleagues waiting in line to
use the men’s room, when the
women’s toilet is unoccupied.
Which is precisely why Delta
Airlines doesn’t label those
two bathrooms at the back of
the plane as being solely for
men and women. It just
wouldn’t fly.
16. ● Using pathos means appealing to
readers’ emotions and feelings.
●Language choice affects the
audience's emotional response
● Can be positive
(Love, excitement)
● Can be negative (Jealousy,
hatred)
18. In the following example from a speech by
Winston Churchill, note the use of anaphora
(repetition of a word or group of words at the
beginning of items in a series).
This repetition emphasizes the point and
expresses passion and emotion. Moreover, the
repetition affects the audience emotionally.
19. We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on
to the end. We shall fight in France,
we shall fight on the seas and oceans,
we shall fight with growing confidence
and growing strength in the air, we
shall defend our island, whatever the
cost may be, we shall fight on the
beaches, we shall fight on the landing
grounds, we shall fight in the fields
and in the streets, we shall fight in the
hills. We shall never surrender.
-Winston Churchill, speech to the House
of Commons, June 4, 1940
20.
21. Logos = logic
Logos is an
argument based
on facts, evidence
and reason.
Using logos means
appealing to the
readers’ sense of
what is logical.
22. Ethos = Ethics / Image
Ethos is an argument
based on character.
The writer or speaker
presents him or
herself to the reader
as credible,
trustworthy, honest
and ethical.
23. Pathos = argument based on feelings
Using pathos means appealing to readers’
emotions and feelings.
24. Using logos, ethos, and pathos will help you to master the
art of persuasion.
• Through language, you will be able to change the point of
view of others!
• Through language, you will be able to motivate others to
take action!