Editors' influence on passive use in English-German business translationMario Bisiada
Talk given at the Congreso Internacional de Traducción Especializada (International Conference of Specialised Translation) EnTRetextos, Valencia, 29 April 2016.
Investigating English-German translation of ideational grammatical metaphor i...Mario Bisiada
Talk given at the Metaphors in/and/of Translation specialised seminar, organised by the Researching and Applying Metaphors society, Universiteit Leiden.
11 June 2015
Editors' influence on passive use in English-German business translationMario Bisiada
Talk given at the Congreso Internacional de Traducción Especializada (International Conference of Specialised Translation) EnTRetextos, Valencia, 29 April 2016.
Investigating English-German translation of ideational grammatical metaphor i...Mario Bisiada
Talk given at the Metaphors in/and/of Translation specialised seminar, organised by the Researching and Applying Metaphors society, Universiteit Leiden.
11 June 2015
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edit...Mario Bisiada
Research Seminar given for the ModevigTrad research project, as part of the Grup d'Estudis del Discurs seminar series, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
11 December 2015
Diachronic change in causal cohesive devices in translated and non-translated...Mario Bisiada
Talk given at the 7th International Contrastive Linguistics and 3rd Corpora in Contrastive and Translation Studies conference, Universiteit Gent
12 July 2013
English-Spanish translation of the chapter Analyzing Business Goals and Const...Enrique Zurita-Guitar
Abstract
"Translation is that which transforms everything so that nothing changes." - Grass Günter. Doing that requires a high skills and it might be hard but not impossible. A translation is the reflection of its author, it shows the knowledge and background of the translator. This work aims to offer the reader a trustworthy translation of the text “Analysing Business Goals and Constraints” which shows us how to use a systematic, top-down process when designing computer networks. The main purpose for this monographic study is to be analysed using the techniques proposed by Molina and Hurtado Albir as well as reading material for Network Design students.
Syntactic change through translation: A corpus-based approach to language changeMario Bisiada
Talk given as part of the Corpus Research Seminar series rub by the University Centre for Computer Corpus Research on Language, University of Lancaster
10th of November 2011
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edit...Mario Bisiada
Research Seminar given for the ModevigTrad research project, as part of the Grup d'Estudis del Discurs seminar series, Universitat Pompeu Fabra.
11 December 2015
Diachronic change in causal cohesive devices in translated and non-translated...Mario Bisiada
Talk given at the 7th International Contrastive Linguistics and 3rd Corpora in Contrastive and Translation Studies conference, Universiteit Gent
12 July 2013
English-Spanish translation of the chapter Analyzing Business Goals and Const...Enrique Zurita-Guitar
Abstract
"Translation is that which transforms everything so that nothing changes." - Grass Günter. Doing that requires a high skills and it might be hard but not impossible. A translation is the reflection of its author, it shows the knowledge and background of the translator. This work aims to offer the reader a trustworthy translation of the text “Analysing Business Goals and Constraints” which shows us how to use a systematic, top-down process when designing computer networks. The main purpose for this monographic study is to be analysed using the techniques proposed by Molina and Hurtado Albir as well as reading material for Network Design students.
Syntactic change through translation: A corpus-based approach to language changeMario Bisiada
Talk given as part of the Corpus Research Seminar series rub by the University Centre for Computer Corpus Research on Language, University of Lancaster
10th of November 2011
Salas, V. (2024) "John of St. Thomas (Poinsot) on the Science of Sacred Theol...Studia Poinsotiana
I Introduction
II Subalternation and Theology
III Theology and Dogmatic Declarations
IV The Mixed Principles of Theology
V Virtual Revelation: The Unity of Theology
VI Theology as a Natural Science
VII Theology’s Certitude
VIII Conclusion
Notes
Bibliography
All the contents are fully attributable to the author, Doctor Victor Salas. Should you wish to get this text republished, get in touch with the author or the editorial committee of the Studia Poinsotiana. Insofar as possible, we will be happy to broker your contact.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation
1. Precision or readability? On the influence of
editors in English-German business translation
Mario Bisiada
Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge
Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Meaning in Translation: Illusion of Precision
Riga Technical University
May 2016
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
2. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Table of Contents
Editing and translation
Manuscripts in corpus research
Editing for readability
Edited language as mediated discourse
Corpus details & objects of study
Corpus & research aims
German passives
Findings & discussion
Findings
Hypotheses & open questions
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
3. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Editorial influence in translation
Translated text
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
4. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Editorial influence in translation
Translated text
Manuscript
translation
Published
translation
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
5. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Editorial influence in translation
Translated text
Manuscript
translation
Published
translation
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
6. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Stages in translated document production
Stage Sub-process Agent Product
Planning Original author
Writing1
Translating Original author
Reviewing Original author Source text
Orientation Translator
Translation2
Drafting Translator Draft
Revising Reviser Manuscript
Stylistic editing Editor
Copyediting Editor
Publication Structural editing Editor
Content editing Editor
Publication Publisher Target text
1
adopted from Hayes et al. (1987)
2
adopted from Jakobsen (1999)
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
7. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Stages in translated document production
Stage Sub-process Agent Product
Planning Original author
Writing1
Translating Original author
Reviewing Original author Source text
Orientation Translator
Translation2
Drafting Translator Draft
Revising Reviser Manuscript
Stylistic editing Editor |
Copyediting Editor |
Publication Structural editing Editor |
Content editing Editor ∨
Publication Publisher Target text
1
adopted from Hayes et al. (1987)
2
adopted from Jakobsen (1999)
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
8. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Manuscript-based corpus research
Proposals in the literature
“successive stages of individual attempts” (Hartmann 1981: 206)
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
9. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Manuscript-based corpus research
Proposals in the literature
“successive stages of individual attempts” (Hartmann 1981: 206)
“intermediate stages of translation, or how the final product
evolves over time” → “explore the process of translation
through a retrospective analysis of successive versions of the
product” (Baker 1993: 247)
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
10. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Manuscript-based corpus research
Proposals in the literature
“successive stages of individual attempts” (Hartmann 1981: 206)
“intermediate stages of translation, or how the final product
evolves over time” → “explore the process of translation
through a retrospective analysis of successive versions of the
product” (Baker 1993: 247)
“interim solutions” (Toury 1995: ch. 9)
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
11. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Manuscript-based corpus research
Proposals in the literature
“successive stages of individual attempts” (Hartmann 1981: 206)
“intermediate stages of translation, or how the final product
evolves over time” → “explore the process of translation
through a retrospective analysis of successive versions of the
product” (Baker 1993: 247)
“interim solutions” (Toury 1995: ch. 9)
“valuable [...] window into the working practice of a
translator” (Munday 2013: 126)
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
12. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Manuscript-based corpus research
Proposals in the literature
“successive stages of individual attempts” (Hartmann 1981: 206)
“intermediate stages of translation, or how the final product
evolves over time” → “explore the process of translation
through a retrospective analysis of successive versions of the
product” (Baker 1993: 247)
“interim solutions” (Toury 1995: ch. 9)
“valuable [...] window into the working practice of a
translator” (Munday 2013: 126)
→ process-based research, revision studies
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
13. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Product-based research
empirical strength: “authentic data attested in texts” (Kenny 2009)
→ published sources
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
14. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Product-based research
empirical strength: “authentic data attested in texts” (Kenny 2009)
→ published sources
neglects linguistic interventions made at editing stage
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
15. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Product-based research
empirical strength: “authentic data attested in texts” (Kenny 2009)
→ published sources
neglects linguistic interventions made at editing stage
Main argument
Editors may have significant influence on translated language
→ corpus studies should draw on manuscripts
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
16. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Applications
Corpus studies of editing
Utka (2004): “phases of translation corpus”
UPF research on editing
in literary texts: Sinner (2012)
on sentence splitting: Bisiada (2014)
in French–Spanish translation: Andújar Moreno (Forthcoming)
on mediation universals: Bisiada (Forthcoming)
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
17. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Manuscripts in corpus research
Applications
Corpus studies of editing
Utka (2004): “phases of translation corpus”
UPF research on editing
in literary texts: Sinner (2012)
on sentence splitting: Bisiada (2014)
in French–Spanish translation: Andújar Moreno (Forthcoming)
on mediation universals: Bisiada (Forthcoming)
Research on editing has so far focussed on
1. readability studies
2. “mediated discourse”
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
18. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Editing for readability
Research line: Editing and readability
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
19. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Editing for readability
Research line: Editing and readability
“Strategy of anticipation” (Bisaillon 2007)
Editors search for certain anticipated problems, e.g. “overlong
sentences”, “irrelevant use of impersonal pronouns”
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
20. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Editing for readability
Research line: Editing and readability
“Strategy of anticipation” (Bisaillon 2007)
Editors search for certain anticipated problems, e.g. “overlong
sentences”, “irrelevant use of impersonal pronouns”
Automatisms in copyediting (Bisaillon 2007; Robert 2014)
minimise reflection time for grammar/syntax problems
50%–75% of recorded editing: immediate solutions
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
21. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Editing for readability
⇒ pursuing readability with little reflection for discourse matters?
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
22. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
23. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
24. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
before and after peer review/editing process
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
25. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
before and after peer review/editing process
Gunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal
contract: 18)
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
26. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
before and after peer review/editing process
Gunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal
contract: 18)
17.16 before, 16.85 after editing
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
27. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
before and after peer review/editing process
Gunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal
contract: 18)
17.16 before, 16.85 after editing
published texts longer by 2.6%
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
28. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
before and after peer review/editing process
Gunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal
contract: 18)
17.16 before, 16.85 after editing
published texts longer by 2.6%
does this reflect peer review or editing?
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
29. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Editing for readability
Does editing improve readability?
Editing in Annals of Internal Medicine (Roberts et al. 1994)
101 original research manuscripts from 1992
before and after peer review/editing process
Gunning fog index of readability (cf. New York Times: 11; legal
contract: 18)
17.16 before, 16.85 after editing
published texts longer by 2.6%
does this reflect peer review or editing?
→ No evidence in favour – more studies are needed!
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
30. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Edited language as mediated discourse
Research line: Translating, editing...: → mediation?
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
31. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Edited language as mediated discourse
Research line: Translating, editing...: → mediation?
“Constrained communication” (Chesterman 2004: 10f)
“communicating in a non-native language [...] or any form of
communication that involves relaying messages, such as
reporting discourse, even journalism” (emphasis mine)
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
32. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Edited language as mediated discourse
Research line: Translating, editing...: → mediation?
“Constrained communication” (Chesterman 2004: 10f)
“communicating in a non-native language [...] or any form of
communication that involves relaying messages, such as
reporting discourse, even journalism” (emphasis mine)
“Mediated discourse” (Ulrych & Murphy 2008)
translation, criticism, editing... = rewriting (“mediated discourse”)
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
33. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Edited language as mediated discourse
Research line: Translating, editing...: → mediation?
“Constrained communication” (Chesterman 2004: 10f)
“communicating in a non-native language [...] or any form of
communication that involves relaying messages, such as
reporting discourse, even journalism” (emphasis mine)
“Mediated discourse” (Ulrych & Murphy 2008)
translation, criticism, editing... = rewriting (“mediated discourse”)
→ “processed, or rewritten, for particular audiences and thus
mediated for a purpose”
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
34. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Edited language as mediated discourse
Research line: Translating, editing...: → mediation?
“Constrained communication” (Chesterman 2004: 10f)
“communicating in a non-native language [...] or any form of
communication that involves relaying messages, such as
reporting discourse, even journalism” (emphasis mine)
“Mediated discourse” (Ulrych & Murphy 2008)
translation, criticism, editing... = rewriting (“mediated discourse”)
→ “processed, or rewritten, for particular audiences and thus
mediated for a purpose”→ “mediation universals”
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
35. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Edited language as mediated discourse
Research line: Translating, editing...: → mediation?
“Constrained communication” (Chesterman 2004: 10f)
“communicating in a non-native language [...] or any form of
communication that involves relaying messages, such as
reporting discourse, even journalism” (emphasis mine)
“Mediated discourse” (Ulrych & Murphy 2008)
translation, criticism, editing... = rewriting (“mediated discourse”)
→ “processed, or rewritten, for particular audiences and thus
mediated for a purpose”→ “mediation universals”
Which communication is not constrained/mediated?
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
36. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
Current study
Research assumptions
Several agents participate in the (holistic) translation process
published translations may differ significantly from
manuscripts
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
37. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
Current study
Research assumptions
Several agents participate in the (holistic) translation process
published translations may differ significantly from
manuscripts
→ how reliable are they to study features of translated language?
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
38. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
Current study
Research assumptions
Several agents participate in the (holistic) translation process
published translations may differ significantly from
manuscripts
→ how reliable are they to study features of translated language?
Three items of study
sentence splitting (see Bisiada 2014)
grammatical metaphor (nominalisations)
passive constructions
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
39. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
ModevigTrad
ModevigTrad
Title Evidencialidad y epistemicidad en textos de géneros
discursivos evaluativos. Análisis contrastivo y
traducción (FFI2014-57313-P)
PI Montserrat González Condom
Genre Discourse genres that show a high degree of
metaphorical language and modalisation
Funded by the Spanish
Ministerio de Economía
y Competitividad
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
40. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
41. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
42. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
43. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Tripartite corpus (315,955 words)
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
44. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Tripartite corpus (315,955 words)
Source texts (English) – 104,678 words
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
45. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Tripartite corpus (315,955 words)
Source texts (English) – 104,678 words
Manuscript translations (German) – 106,829 words
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
46. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
Corpus details
Corpus architecture
Sources: Harvard Business Review, Harvard Business Manager
Genre: Business studies, approaches to management, opinion
articles
Dates: 2006–2011
Tripartite corpus (315,955 words)
Source texts (English) – 104,678 words
Manuscript translations (German) – 106,829 words
Published translations (German) – 104,448 words
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
47. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
How do HBM editors work?
Do editors consult the source text?
Yes—“...legen wir uns in der Regel den Originaltext aus der Harvard
Business Review daneben und vergleichen beides Satz für Satz.”
[‘...we usually have the source text from the HBR next to us and
compare both texts sentence by sentence.’]
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
48. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Corpus & research aims
How do HBM editors work?
Do editors consult the source text?
Yes—“...legen wir uns in der Regel den Originaltext aus der Harvard
Business Review daneben und vergleichen beides Satz für Satz.”
[‘...we usually have the source text from the HBR next to us and
compare both texts sentence by sentence.’]
What do they look for?
“...formulieren [wir] Substantivierungen und Passivkonstruktionen
um...”
[‘...we reword nominalisations and passive constructions...’]
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
49. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
German passives
Passive forms in English & German
English
form of to be
German
form of werden or sein
3 passive alternatives
impersonalisation man
modal passives lassen (‘to let’) + reflexive verb
modal infinitives sein + infinitive phrase
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
50. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
German passives
Passive alternatives
man
Diese Tür kann man nicht öffnen. – (One cannot open this door.)
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
51. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
German passives
Passive alternatives
man
Diese Tür kann man nicht öffnen. – (One cannot open this door.)
Modal passive
Der Text liest sich leicht. – (El texto se lee fácilmente.)
?The text reads easily.
The bunkhouse sleeps ten. / The surface cleans easily.
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
52. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
German passives
Passive alternatives
man
Diese Tür kann man nicht öffnen. – (One cannot open this door.)
Modal passive
Der Text liest sich leicht. – (El texto se lee fácilmente.)
?The text reads easily.
The bunkhouse sleeps ten. / The surface cleans easily.
Modal infinitive
Die Aufgabe ist bis 3 Uhr zu lösen. – (The task is to be solved by 3)
Hay que resolver la tarea antes de las 3.
?“El futuro es para ser vivido, nada está preestablecido” —Luke
Skywalker → translationese? (“The future is to be lived”)Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
53. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
German passives
Example of editor’s passivisation
During their initial training, employees are given the freedom to
make judgment calls. (Text 9)
Manuscript: Published version:
In den Einführungskursen
wird Mitarbeitern gestat-
tet, nach eigenem Gutdünken
zu entscheiden.
Schon in der Einarbeitungs-
phase dürfen Mitarbeiter
selbstständig entscheiden.
[‘In the introductory courses,
employees are permitted to
decide at their discretion.’]
[‘As early as the initial train-
ing, employees may decide
autonomously.’]
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
54. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Findings
Mean normalised frequency
ST form Translator’s action Editor’s action Instances
passive — — 250
passive activisation — 56
passive activisation re-passivisation 1
passive — activisation 47
active passivisation — 300
active passivisation re-activisation 189
active — passivisation 34
Total 990
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
55. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Hypotheses & open questions
Findings
Passive constructions
More utterances are passivised than activised
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
56. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Hypotheses & open questions
Findings
Passive constructions
More utterances are passivised than activised
translators and editors activise to a similar extent
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
57. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Hypotheses & open questions
Findings
Passive constructions
More utterances are passivised than activised
translators and editors activise to a similar extent
translators passivise much more than editors
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
58. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Hypotheses & open questions
Findings
Passive constructions
More utterances are passivised than activised
translators and editors activise to a similar extent
translators passivise much more than editors
editors re-activise to a significant extent
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
59. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Hypotheses & open questions
Findings
Passive constructions
More utterances are passivised than activised
translators and editors activise to a similar extent
translators passivise much more than editors
editors re-activise to a significant extent
⇒ translated German (in this genre) contains more passive voice
than we conventionally see
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
60. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Hypotheses & open questions
Further research
Current questions
how to treat nominal forms?
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
61. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Hypotheses & open questions
Further research
Current questions
how to treat nominal forms?
difference between present and past tense?
→ present utterances are more likely to be passivised
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
62. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Hypotheses & open questions
Further research
Current questions
how to treat nominal forms?
difference between present and past tense?
→ present utterances are more likely to be passivised
semantic restriction of Agents acting as subjects to “animate
and conscious participants” in German (Kunz 2010: 166;
Teich 2003: 97)
→ does this encourage passive use?
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
63. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Hypotheses & open questions
Thank you for your attention!
Contact
mario.bisiada@upf.edu
@MBisiada
Download slides
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
64. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Hypotheses & open questions
References I
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en traducción editorial a partir de un estudio de caso”. Meta.
Baker, M. (1993). “Corpus Linguistics and Translation Studies. Implications and Applications”. In Text and Technology. In
Honour of John Sinclair. Ed. by M. Baker, G. Francis & E. Tognini-Bonelli. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, pp. 233–250. doi:
10.1075/z.64.15bak.
Bisaillon, J. (2007). “Professional Editing Strategies Used by Six Editors”. Written Communication 24.4, pp. 295–322. doi:
10.1177/0741088307305977.
Bisiada, M. (2014). “‘Lösen Sie Schachtelsätze möglichst auf’. The Impact of Editorial Guidelines on Sentence Splitting in
German Business Article Translations”. Applied Linguistics Advance online access. doi: 10.1093/applin/amu035.
— (Forthcoming). “Universals of Editing and Translation”. In Empirically Modelling Translation and Interpreting. Ed. by
I. S. Hansen-Schirra, S. Hofmann & B. Meyer. Berlin: Language Science Press.
Chesterman, A. (2004). “Hypotheses about Translation Universals”. In Claims, Changes and Challenges in Translation Studies.
Selected Contributions from the EST Congress, Copenhagen 2001. Ed. by G. Hansen, K. Malmkjær & D. Gile. Amsterdam:
John Benjamins, pp. 1–13. doi: 10.1075/btl.50.02che.
Hartmann, R. R. K. (1981). “Contrastive Textology and Translation”. In Kontrastive Linguistik und Übersetzungswissenschaft.
Ed. by W. Kühlwein, G. Thome & W. Wilss. München: Fink, pp. 200–208.
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
65. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Hypotheses & open questions
References II
Hayes, J. R., L. Flower, K. A. Schriver, J. F. Stratman & L. Carey (1987). “Cognitive Processes in Revision”. In Reading, Writing,
and Language Processing. Vol. 2: Advances in Applied Psycholinguistics. Ed. by S. Rosenberg. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, pp. 176–240.
Jakobsen, A. L. (1999). “Logging Target Text Production with Translog”. In Probing the Process in Translation. Methods and
Results. Ed. by G. Hansen. Copenhagen: Samfundslitteratur, pp. 9–20.
Kenny, D. (2009). “Corpora”. In Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies. Ed. by M. Baker & G. Saldanha. 2nd ed.
London: Routledge, pp. 59–62.
Kunz, K. A. (2010). Variation in English and German Nominal Coreference. A Study of Political Essays. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang.
Munday, J. (2013). “The Role of Archival and Manuscript Research in the Investigation of Translator Decision-Making”.
Target 25.1, pp. 125–139. doi: 10.1075/target.25.1.10mun.
Robert, I. S. (2014). “Investigating the Problem-Solving Strategies of Revisers through Triangulation”. Translating and
Interpreting Studies 9.1, pp. 88–108. doi: 10.1075/tis.9.1.05rob.
Roberts, J. C., R. H. Fletcher & S. W. Fletcher (1994). “Effects of Peer Review and Editing on the Readability of Articles
Published in Annals of Internal Medicine”. Journal of the American Medical Association 272.2, pp. 119–121. doi:
10.1001/jama.1994.03520020045012.
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de
66. Editing and translation Corpus details & objects of study Findings & discussion
Hypotheses & open questions
References III
Sinner, C. (2012). “Fictional Orality in Romance Novels. Between Linguistic Reality and Editorial Requirements”. In The
Translation of Fictive Dialogue. Ed. by J. Brumme & A. Espunya. Amsterdam: Rodopi, pp. 119–136.
Teich, E. (2003). Cross-Linguistic Variation in System and Text. Berlin: de Gruyter.
Toury, G. (1995). Descriptive Translation Studies and Beyond. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Ulrych, M. & A. Murphy (2008). “Descriptive Translation Studies and the Use of Corpora: Investigating Mediation
Universals”. In Corpora for University Language Teachers. Ed. by C. T. Torsello, K. Ackerley & E. Castello. Frankfurt/M.:
Peter Lang, pp. 141–166.
Utka, A. (2004). “Phases of Translation Corpus. Compilation and Analysis”. International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 9.2,
pp. 195–224. doi: 10.1075/ijcl.9.2.03utk.
Mario Bisiada Departament de Traducció i Ciències del Llenguatge Universitat Pompeu Fabra
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation @MBisiada | mariobisiada.de