This document discusses regional integration processes in the Caribbean. It defines key terms like regionalization, regionalism, and regional integration. Regionalization refers to increasing cross-border flows driven by non-governmental forces, while regionalism is a political process driven by governments. Regional integration involves states giving authority to regional arrangements and cooperating to reduce barriers. The document then outlines the history of regional integration efforts in the Caribbean, including early attempts at a West Indies Federation and the formation of CARICOM and other organizations in the late 20th century. It also discusses the benefits and challenges of regional integration as well as the overlapping membership of Caribbean states in multiple regional groups.
Regional integration involves neighboring states cooperating through common rules and institutions to deepen economic, political, and social cooperation. The goals of regional integration include building peace through interdependence, consolidating development models, and creating common strategies in global governance. Barriers include divergent political agendas, lack of long-term commitment, and insufficient regional infrastructure. Factors that can foster integration are the presence of a regional hegemon to provide leadership and stability, building a shared regional identity, and establishing strong regional institutions to oversee cooperation.
The document discusses and compares several strategic groupings:
- The Quad (US, India, Japan, Australia) aims to ensure a rules-based order and counter Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
- AUKUS (US, UK, Australia) was announced in 2021 and focuses on military cooperation including nuclear-powered submarines. It also aims to counter Chinese influence.
- BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) promotes cooperation between emerging economies and reforms international financial institutions.
- The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (China, Russia, Central Asian countries) is based on principles of equality and non-interference and aims to ensure security across Eurasia. Poly
Regional integration refers to nation states coming together to cooperate functionally, economically, and politically for mutual benefit. Examples include the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States and the African Economic Community. Regional integration aims to overcome challenges facing regions like unequal resource distribution and aid development. Challenges include geography, unequal resources, and different growth stages, but opportunities include common history, culture, and issues. Stages have included the West Indies Federation in the 1960s and the Caribbean Free Trade Association formed in 1965 to unite economies and represent the Caribbean internationally. The Caribbean Community formed in 1973 to further economic integration, coordinate foreign policy, and enable functional cooperation across areas like health, education, and the environment.
International cooperation and assistanceJobin Jacob
This document discusses international cooperation and assistance in the context of migration management. It defines international cooperation as cooperation between nations for reasons such as health, politics, tourism, etc. Effective migration management requires cooperation among states, stakeholders, and consideration of economic, social, political, and other factors. International cooperation can take various forms including bilateral cooperation between two countries, multilateral cooperation between countries and international organizations, and regional cooperation within geographic regions. Key aspects of developing international cooperation include addressing common challenges, finding cooperative solutions where interests overlap or conflict, and establishing balanced, equitable agreements.
Indigenous economic development in the European arcticOECDregions
Presentation on indigenous economic development, made at a policy workshop organised with DG Mare of the European Commission on 5 June 2018. Presentation by Chris McDonald, Regional and Rual Policy Division, OECD.
More information: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/indigenous-communities.htm
The document discusses the global interstate system and how it addresses issues beyond the scope of individual nation-states. It defines an interstate system as a system of competing states with no single dominant power, as described by Chase-Dunn. As the world becomes more interconnected through globalization, the role of governments is shifting and policies are influenced by international factors. Examples given are the Montreal Protocol, which aims to phase out ozone-depleting substances, and how globalization can negatively impact local communities. The document also outlines several international institutions that govern relations between countries, such as the UN, World Bank, IMF, WTO, and others. It concludes by differentiating globalism, which focuses on free flow of trade and
The document discusses South-South cooperation between Cuba and Suriname, focusing on their historical relations, characteristics of cooperation projects, challenges, and lessons learned. Key points: Cuba and Suriname established diplomatic relations in 1979 and cooperation has grown since the late 1990s, particularly in health and education. Projects are led by both governments and aim to build capacities through sharing expertise. Direct transport links and private sector engagement could further cooperation opportunities in areas like agriculture and trade. Strong leadership, demand-driven projects, and humanitarian focus on health and education have contributed to successful cooperation.
Regional integration involves neighboring states cooperating through common rules and institutions to deepen economic, political, and social cooperation. The goals of regional integration include building peace through interdependence, consolidating development models, and creating common strategies in global governance. Barriers include divergent political agendas, lack of long-term commitment, and insufficient regional infrastructure. Factors that can foster integration are the presence of a regional hegemon to provide leadership and stability, building a shared regional identity, and establishing strong regional institutions to oversee cooperation.
The document discusses and compares several strategic groupings:
- The Quad (US, India, Japan, Australia) aims to ensure a rules-based order and counter Chinese influence in the Indo-Pacific region.
- AUKUS (US, UK, Australia) was announced in 2021 and focuses on military cooperation including nuclear-powered submarines. It also aims to counter Chinese influence.
- BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) promotes cooperation between emerging economies and reforms international financial institutions.
- The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (China, Russia, Central Asian countries) is based on principles of equality and non-interference and aims to ensure security across Eurasia. Poly
Regional integration refers to nation states coming together to cooperate functionally, economically, and politically for mutual benefit. Examples include the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States and the African Economic Community. Regional integration aims to overcome challenges facing regions like unequal resource distribution and aid development. Challenges include geography, unequal resources, and different growth stages, but opportunities include common history, culture, and issues. Stages have included the West Indies Federation in the 1960s and the Caribbean Free Trade Association formed in 1965 to unite economies and represent the Caribbean internationally. The Caribbean Community formed in 1973 to further economic integration, coordinate foreign policy, and enable functional cooperation across areas like health, education, and the environment.
International cooperation and assistanceJobin Jacob
This document discusses international cooperation and assistance in the context of migration management. It defines international cooperation as cooperation between nations for reasons such as health, politics, tourism, etc. Effective migration management requires cooperation among states, stakeholders, and consideration of economic, social, political, and other factors. International cooperation can take various forms including bilateral cooperation between two countries, multilateral cooperation between countries and international organizations, and regional cooperation within geographic regions. Key aspects of developing international cooperation include addressing common challenges, finding cooperative solutions where interests overlap or conflict, and establishing balanced, equitable agreements.
Indigenous economic development in the European arcticOECDregions
Presentation on indigenous economic development, made at a policy workshop organised with DG Mare of the European Commission on 5 June 2018. Presentation by Chris McDonald, Regional and Rual Policy Division, OECD.
More information: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/indigenous-communities.htm
The document discusses the global interstate system and how it addresses issues beyond the scope of individual nation-states. It defines an interstate system as a system of competing states with no single dominant power, as described by Chase-Dunn. As the world becomes more interconnected through globalization, the role of governments is shifting and policies are influenced by international factors. Examples given are the Montreal Protocol, which aims to phase out ozone-depleting substances, and how globalization can negatively impact local communities. The document also outlines several international institutions that govern relations between countries, such as the UN, World Bank, IMF, WTO, and others. It concludes by differentiating globalism, which focuses on free flow of trade and
The document discusses South-South cooperation between Cuba and Suriname, focusing on their historical relations, characteristics of cooperation projects, challenges, and lessons learned. Key points: Cuba and Suriname established diplomatic relations in 1979 and cooperation has grown since the late 1990s, particularly in health and education. Projects are led by both governments and aim to build capacities through sharing expertise. Direct transport links and private sector engagement could further cooperation opportunities in areas like agriculture and trade. Strong leadership, demand-driven projects, and humanitarian focus on health and education have contributed to successful cooperation.
The document discusses the political economy of regionalism and its relevance for transboundary water management and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It explores how transboundary water management can be more efficiently and sustainably supplied if more strongly linked to broader regional political economies. The document defines key terms like regionalism and political economy. It discusses challenges in governing transboundary waters and how management is itself a regional public good. The re-emergence of regionalism in different forms and cases studies are also summarized.
The document discusses the political economy of regionalism and its relevance for transboundary water management and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It explores how transboundary water management could be more efficiently and sustainably supplied if more strongly linked to broader regional political economies. The research finds that collective action in transboundary water management depends on functioning national institutions and viable regional governance frameworks. Specialized regional organizations can enhance cooperation when incentive structures are clear at national and regional levels. Multi-purpose regional frameworks facilitate greater political coordination and leadership in complex regions. Efforts to promote regionalism through GEF need to align with national concerns and benefits and consider the broader regional political and economic context.
The document discusses concepts related to global divides and regionalism. It provides definitions and explanations of terms like global north/south, third world, and regionalism. Regarding regionalism, it notes that regionalism emphasizes geographical regions as units of analysis and involves intentional region-building. It also outlines some benefits of Asian regionalism, including boosting productivity by linking economies and pooling foreign exchange reserves. Characteristics of regionalism discussed include a strong local identity and desire for greater autonomy.
The document discusses regionalism and expanding opportunities for all communities. It summarizes that opportunities are unevenly distributed based on racialized systems and policies. True regionalism requires comprehensive investment in people and neighborhoods to uplift the entire region. Equitable regionalism means giving every community a voice in development and ensuring fair access to opportunity structures.
Linking Indigenous Communities with Regional DevelopmentOECDregions
Presentation on Linking Indigenous Communities with Regional Development made at the Norther Perphery and Arctic Programme Annual event on 28 September 2016 in Akureyri, Iceland. Presentation by Chris McDonald, OECD Regional Development Policy Division.
More information: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/
The document summarizes the economic and socio-political challenges facing India's North East Region and proposes policies to address them. It identifies key challenges as weak agriculture, lack of infrastructure, and insurgency. To boost agriculture, it recommends adopting indigenous rice farming practices and increasing rural credit access. For infrastructure, it proposes a new road technology using polymer and bitumen, and creating a development board. To reduce insurgency, it suggests concluding negotiations, addressing identity issues, and improving law and order. Overall, the policies aim to transition the region from a cycle of poverty to one of prosperity by realizing its potential through concerted political and development efforts.
The document discusses different perspectives on the concept of globalization. It begins by explaining mainstream economic views of globalization as increasing international trade and integration of markets. It also discusses emerging views that see globalization's impacts as reaching beyond economics to transform political, social and cultural institutions as well. Globalization is described as occurring through various dimensions including changes in firms and production processes, the rise of global governance systems, and social and environmental movements. The challenges it poses for government policymaking are noted. Overall, the summary captures that the document presents a wide-ranging overview of concepts and debates surrounding the multidimensional nature and impacts of globalization.
The document provides an overview of the East African Community (EAC) and its stages of integration. It summarizes that the EAC aims to establish a customs union, common market, monetary union, and ultimately a political federation among its partner states. This is to create a larger economic bloc with the benefits of increased trade, investment, and political stability in the region. The stages so far include establishing a customs union in 2005 and a common market in 2010, with monetary union planned for 2012. Full political federation would involve the partner states ceding some sovereignty to a central political authority.
The Global Development Institute Lecture Series is pleased to present Dr Emma Mawdsley, Reader in Human Geography and Fellow of Newnham College to discuss "The Southernisation of Development? Who has 'socialised' who in the new millennium?"
A more polycentric global development landscape has emerged over the past decade or so, rupturing the formerly dominant North-South axis of power and knowledge. This can be traced through more diversified development norms, institutions, imaginaries and actors. This paper looks at one trend within this turbulent field: namely, the ways in which ‘Northern’ donors appear to be increasingly adopting some of the narratives and practices associated with ‘Southern’ development partners. This direction of travel stands in sharp contrast to expectations in the early new millennium that the (so-called) ‘traditional’ donors would ‘socialise’ the ‘rising powers’ to become ‘responsible donors’. After outlining important caveats about using such cardinal terms, the paper explores three aspects of this ‘North’ to ‘South’ movement. These are (a) the stronger and more explicit claim to ‘win-win’ development ethics and outcomes; (b) the (re)turn from ‘poverty reduction’ to ‘economic growth’ growth as the central analytic of development; and related to both, the explicit and deepening blurring and blending of development finances and agendas with trade and investment.
1. The document discusses alternative regional integration frameworks in Latin America and the Caribbean, including ALBA, CELAC, UNASUR, and Petrocaribe.
2. ALBA emphasizes cooperation, complementarity, and extra-economic goals like human development over economic liberalization. Petrocaribe provides member countries with oil supplies at lower prices and more flexible payment terms.
3. While traditional integration schemes face challenges, these new frameworks fit models of developmental regionalism and South-South cooperation, and have provided development assistance and social programs that help alleviate economic crises. However, some question their long-term economic sustainability.
Presentation delivered by Prof Mike danson to the STUC's Decent Work, Dignified Lives Conference on 15 October. Presentation considers history of regional development institutions, imperatives for change and distinct nature of Scottish institutions.
Presentation by Shun-ichi Murata of UN ESCAP on “Rise of the South: Perspecti...United Nations ESCAP
This document summarizes a presentation given by Shun-ichi Murata on the rise of Asia and the Pacific region. It discusses the founding and purpose of the United Nations, as outlined in the UN Charter, to promote development, human rights, and international cooperation. It then outlines the establishment of ESCAP as a forum for economic cooperation in Asia. Data is presented showing the dramatic economic growth across Asia in recent decades, with countries like China, India, and Japan experiencing large increases in GDP and income. However, challenges around development gaps and inequality still remain. The document discusses trends in rising South-South trade, investment, and development assistance. It argues for policies to guide more equitable South-South cooperation and maximize its potential to
Running Head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 2
Regional Integration Efforts in Africa
Name
Institution
Introduction
This research proposal seeks to explain or elaborate the experiences of African regional integration efforts especially sub-Saharan Africa. Regional integration efforts in Africa have always been politically motivated. They have been considered as vehicles for achieving economic successes and empowering small sized nations. Such nations’ sizes hamper their ability to interact efficiently with bigger countries in terms of industrialization especially within the context of exports and imports. Regional integration is an approach that many countries adopted in the 1960s. It was conceived as means to fast-track structural transformation of emerging economies. This kind of thinking is best demonstrated in the treaty that governed ECOWAS whereby community interaction was noted as the motivating factor to accelerate, encourage and foster social and economic development of countries in order to raise living standards of their inhabitants (Lockhart, 2011). This was later enhanced to include the contexts of self-reliance and sustaining developments of various member states.
Purpose Statement
Efforts of achieving regional integration have been eminent in the post-independence era of African states. There have however been differences in the regional groupings and other concerned parties about the extent to which integration will stretch to achieve structural transformation. The spectrum that surrounds regional integration is broad. This results in different groups favoring high political integrations and others opposing them. Historically, various levels of regional and economic integration have been achieved in different settings. This was done through step by step succession of integration units. Such economies often begin with economic integration and cooperation. This refers to any activity that cuts across nation frontiers for the sole purpose of engaging in cooperation for the sake of boosting the economy of the respective states.
Regional integration closely follows the next process. It is majorly focused on increasing the territory of intra-regional trade partnerships (Cohen, 2014). Ways of achieving this include removing trade barriers in the exchange of goods and services between countries. Regional integration at its least could entail the creation of preferential trade agreements. The first step is the creation of areas where barriers between nations are removed, but member states still retain their respective trade practices, such as tariffs that hinder trade with non-member nations. Once the benefits of a free trade area have been exhausted, a customs union is put in place by member states in efforts to adopt a common integration with non-member states. Such arrangements can be adhered to with inclusion of capital, joint labor, and non-factor services among member states. An economic union can be created b.
Regionalism and Global Politics : European Union as an example.REBIN SHERWANI
The European Union faces challenges in regionalism and international politics due to the complexities of its interactions with other regions (Scazzieri, 2023). The EU's policy model, based on economic determinism and financial market anticipation, was shaken by the crisis, highlighting its inability to counter crises effectively (Sindzingre, 2012). Additionally, the EU's response to regional issues like the African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) countries through Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) has faced obstacles due to discrepancies between goals and outcomes, as well as structural constraints in poorer regions like Sub-Saharan Africa (Orpo, 2018). Furthermore, the EU's foreign policy has been questioned by recent events like the COVID-19 pandemic and conflicts such as Russia's actions in Ukraine, emphasizing the need for a reevaluation of security and policy responses (Віткова, 2019) These challenges underscore the necessity for the EU to navigate regional complexities while preserving its model in a rapidly evolving international landscape.
Geopolitical Consequences of China’s Expansion and Economic PowerDiana Arachi
This document summarizes China's economic expansion and the Belt and Road Initiative's geopolitical impact. It notes that China has grown from a $1 trillion economy in 1986 to $15 trillion in 2020. Through BRI, China has invested heavily in infrastructure projects across 72 countries, particularly port cities, to absorb resources and engage its labor force abroad. While BRI connections could boost regional growth, there are also risks of debt traps and impacts on national sovereignty that recipient countries must carefully negotiate. Overall, the document examines both the opportunities and challenges of China's expanding economic influence through initiatives like BRI.
This document summarizes Chile's programs and policies for territorial economic development. It discusses Chile's three-tier system of regional government and high population concentration in certain regions. It then outlines Chile's shifting focus to regional development, development of public instruments to support production and innovation, and establishment of new regional institutions and planning tools to better coordinate economic development across different sectors and territories in Chile.
Paper presented by Henrii Nwanguma, Executive Secretary of LAKAJI Development Alliance (LDA) at the Institute of Directors Nigeria‘s Members Evening on the 27th of August, 2015
Indigenous rights, governance and economic developmentOECDregions
Presentation made at the 17th Session of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues held at the United Nations Headquarters, New York on 17 April 2018.
Presentation by Chris McDonald, Economist, Regional and Rural Policy OECD.
More information: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/indigenous-communities.htm
Transnational violence and crime in Latin America, specifically gang violence in Central America. Gangs like MS-13 and Barrio 18 originated in Los Angeles among Salvadoran and Honduran migrants deported in the 1990s and spread violence and illegal activities as transnational criminal organizations. Central American countries struggle with high homicide rates linked to gangs and the availability of illegal firearms. Experts cite factors like poverty, inequality, lack of social mobility, unemployment, and corruption that allow gangs and drug cartels to thrive and contest state authority in some areas, fueling ongoing violence.
The document summarizes key economic features and policies in Latin America between the 19th and 20th centuries. It describes the colonial economies based on mining and agriculture exports under Spanish rule. In the 19th century, liberalism inspired independence movements and import substitution industrialization began as a strategy to diversify economies and reduce dependence on commodity exports. The 20th century saw the rise of structuralism and dependency theories to analyze Latin America's unequal integration into the global capitalist system and state-led industrialization policies.
Contenu connexe
Similaire à Regional Integration Processes in the Caribbean.pptx
The document discusses the political economy of regionalism and its relevance for transboundary water management and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It explores how transboundary water management can be more efficiently and sustainably supplied if more strongly linked to broader regional political economies. The document defines key terms like regionalism and political economy. It discusses challenges in governing transboundary waters and how management is itself a regional public good. The re-emergence of regionalism in different forms and cases studies are also summarized.
The document discusses the political economy of regionalism and its relevance for transboundary water management and the Global Environment Facility (GEF). It explores how transboundary water management could be more efficiently and sustainably supplied if more strongly linked to broader regional political economies. The research finds that collective action in transboundary water management depends on functioning national institutions and viable regional governance frameworks. Specialized regional organizations can enhance cooperation when incentive structures are clear at national and regional levels. Multi-purpose regional frameworks facilitate greater political coordination and leadership in complex regions. Efforts to promote regionalism through GEF need to align with national concerns and benefits and consider the broader regional political and economic context.
The document discusses concepts related to global divides and regionalism. It provides definitions and explanations of terms like global north/south, third world, and regionalism. Regarding regionalism, it notes that regionalism emphasizes geographical regions as units of analysis and involves intentional region-building. It also outlines some benefits of Asian regionalism, including boosting productivity by linking economies and pooling foreign exchange reserves. Characteristics of regionalism discussed include a strong local identity and desire for greater autonomy.
The document discusses regionalism and expanding opportunities for all communities. It summarizes that opportunities are unevenly distributed based on racialized systems and policies. True regionalism requires comprehensive investment in people and neighborhoods to uplift the entire region. Equitable regionalism means giving every community a voice in development and ensuring fair access to opportunity structures.
Linking Indigenous Communities with Regional DevelopmentOECDregions
Presentation on Linking Indigenous Communities with Regional Development made at the Norther Perphery and Arctic Programme Annual event on 28 September 2016 in Akureyri, Iceland. Presentation by Chris McDonald, OECD Regional Development Policy Division.
More information: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/
The document summarizes the economic and socio-political challenges facing India's North East Region and proposes policies to address them. It identifies key challenges as weak agriculture, lack of infrastructure, and insurgency. To boost agriculture, it recommends adopting indigenous rice farming practices and increasing rural credit access. For infrastructure, it proposes a new road technology using polymer and bitumen, and creating a development board. To reduce insurgency, it suggests concluding negotiations, addressing identity issues, and improving law and order. Overall, the policies aim to transition the region from a cycle of poverty to one of prosperity by realizing its potential through concerted political and development efforts.
The document discusses different perspectives on the concept of globalization. It begins by explaining mainstream economic views of globalization as increasing international trade and integration of markets. It also discusses emerging views that see globalization's impacts as reaching beyond economics to transform political, social and cultural institutions as well. Globalization is described as occurring through various dimensions including changes in firms and production processes, the rise of global governance systems, and social and environmental movements. The challenges it poses for government policymaking are noted. Overall, the summary captures that the document presents a wide-ranging overview of concepts and debates surrounding the multidimensional nature and impacts of globalization.
The document provides an overview of the East African Community (EAC) and its stages of integration. It summarizes that the EAC aims to establish a customs union, common market, monetary union, and ultimately a political federation among its partner states. This is to create a larger economic bloc with the benefits of increased trade, investment, and political stability in the region. The stages so far include establishing a customs union in 2005 and a common market in 2010, with monetary union planned for 2012. Full political federation would involve the partner states ceding some sovereignty to a central political authority.
The Global Development Institute Lecture Series is pleased to present Dr Emma Mawdsley, Reader in Human Geography and Fellow of Newnham College to discuss "The Southernisation of Development? Who has 'socialised' who in the new millennium?"
A more polycentric global development landscape has emerged over the past decade or so, rupturing the formerly dominant North-South axis of power and knowledge. This can be traced through more diversified development norms, institutions, imaginaries and actors. This paper looks at one trend within this turbulent field: namely, the ways in which ‘Northern’ donors appear to be increasingly adopting some of the narratives and practices associated with ‘Southern’ development partners. This direction of travel stands in sharp contrast to expectations in the early new millennium that the (so-called) ‘traditional’ donors would ‘socialise’ the ‘rising powers’ to become ‘responsible donors’. After outlining important caveats about using such cardinal terms, the paper explores three aspects of this ‘North’ to ‘South’ movement. These are (a) the stronger and more explicit claim to ‘win-win’ development ethics and outcomes; (b) the (re)turn from ‘poverty reduction’ to ‘economic growth’ growth as the central analytic of development; and related to both, the explicit and deepening blurring and blending of development finances and agendas with trade and investment.
1. The document discusses alternative regional integration frameworks in Latin America and the Caribbean, including ALBA, CELAC, UNASUR, and Petrocaribe.
2. ALBA emphasizes cooperation, complementarity, and extra-economic goals like human development over economic liberalization. Petrocaribe provides member countries with oil supplies at lower prices and more flexible payment terms.
3. While traditional integration schemes face challenges, these new frameworks fit models of developmental regionalism and South-South cooperation, and have provided development assistance and social programs that help alleviate economic crises. However, some question their long-term economic sustainability.
Presentation delivered by Prof Mike danson to the STUC's Decent Work, Dignified Lives Conference on 15 October. Presentation considers history of regional development institutions, imperatives for change and distinct nature of Scottish institutions.
Presentation by Shun-ichi Murata of UN ESCAP on “Rise of the South: Perspecti...United Nations ESCAP
This document summarizes a presentation given by Shun-ichi Murata on the rise of Asia and the Pacific region. It discusses the founding and purpose of the United Nations, as outlined in the UN Charter, to promote development, human rights, and international cooperation. It then outlines the establishment of ESCAP as a forum for economic cooperation in Asia. Data is presented showing the dramatic economic growth across Asia in recent decades, with countries like China, India, and Japan experiencing large increases in GDP and income. However, challenges around development gaps and inequality still remain. The document discusses trends in rising South-South trade, investment, and development assistance. It argues for policies to guide more equitable South-South cooperation and maximize its potential to
Running Head: RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 2
Regional Integration Efforts in Africa
Name
Institution
Introduction
This research proposal seeks to explain or elaborate the experiences of African regional integration efforts especially sub-Saharan Africa. Regional integration efforts in Africa have always been politically motivated. They have been considered as vehicles for achieving economic successes and empowering small sized nations. Such nations’ sizes hamper their ability to interact efficiently with bigger countries in terms of industrialization especially within the context of exports and imports. Regional integration is an approach that many countries adopted in the 1960s. It was conceived as means to fast-track structural transformation of emerging economies. This kind of thinking is best demonstrated in the treaty that governed ECOWAS whereby community interaction was noted as the motivating factor to accelerate, encourage and foster social and economic development of countries in order to raise living standards of their inhabitants (Lockhart, 2011). This was later enhanced to include the contexts of self-reliance and sustaining developments of various member states.
Purpose Statement
Efforts of achieving regional integration have been eminent in the post-independence era of African states. There have however been differences in the regional groupings and other concerned parties about the extent to which integration will stretch to achieve structural transformation. The spectrum that surrounds regional integration is broad. This results in different groups favoring high political integrations and others opposing them. Historically, various levels of regional and economic integration have been achieved in different settings. This was done through step by step succession of integration units. Such economies often begin with economic integration and cooperation. This refers to any activity that cuts across nation frontiers for the sole purpose of engaging in cooperation for the sake of boosting the economy of the respective states.
Regional integration closely follows the next process. It is majorly focused on increasing the territory of intra-regional trade partnerships (Cohen, 2014). Ways of achieving this include removing trade barriers in the exchange of goods and services between countries. Regional integration at its least could entail the creation of preferential trade agreements. The first step is the creation of areas where barriers between nations are removed, but member states still retain their respective trade practices, such as tariffs that hinder trade with non-member nations. Once the benefits of a free trade area have been exhausted, a customs union is put in place by member states in efforts to adopt a common integration with non-member states. Such arrangements can be adhered to with inclusion of capital, joint labor, and non-factor services among member states. An economic union can be created b.
Regionalism and Global Politics : European Union as an example.REBIN SHERWANI
The European Union faces challenges in regionalism and international politics due to the complexities of its interactions with other regions (Scazzieri, 2023). The EU's policy model, based on economic determinism and financial market anticipation, was shaken by the crisis, highlighting its inability to counter crises effectively (Sindzingre, 2012). Additionally, the EU's response to regional issues like the African-Caribbean-Pacific (ACP) countries through Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) has faced obstacles due to discrepancies between goals and outcomes, as well as structural constraints in poorer regions like Sub-Saharan Africa (Orpo, 2018). Furthermore, the EU's foreign policy has been questioned by recent events like the COVID-19 pandemic and conflicts such as Russia's actions in Ukraine, emphasizing the need for a reevaluation of security and policy responses (Віткова, 2019) These challenges underscore the necessity for the EU to navigate regional complexities while preserving its model in a rapidly evolving international landscape.
Geopolitical Consequences of China’s Expansion and Economic PowerDiana Arachi
This document summarizes China's economic expansion and the Belt and Road Initiative's geopolitical impact. It notes that China has grown from a $1 trillion economy in 1986 to $15 trillion in 2020. Through BRI, China has invested heavily in infrastructure projects across 72 countries, particularly port cities, to absorb resources and engage its labor force abroad. While BRI connections could boost regional growth, there are also risks of debt traps and impacts on national sovereignty that recipient countries must carefully negotiate. Overall, the document examines both the opportunities and challenges of China's expanding economic influence through initiatives like BRI.
This document summarizes Chile's programs and policies for territorial economic development. It discusses Chile's three-tier system of regional government and high population concentration in certain regions. It then outlines Chile's shifting focus to regional development, development of public instruments to support production and innovation, and establishment of new regional institutions and planning tools to better coordinate economic development across different sectors and territories in Chile.
Paper presented by Henrii Nwanguma, Executive Secretary of LAKAJI Development Alliance (LDA) at the Institute of Directors Nigeria‘s Members Evening on the 27th of August, 2015
Indigenous rights, governance and economic developmentOECDregions
Presentation made at the 17th Session of the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues held at the United Nations Headquarters, New York on 17 April 2018.
Presentation by Chris McDonald, Economist, Regional and Rural Policy OECD.
More information: http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/indigenous-communities.htm
Similaire à Regional Integration Processes in the Caribbean.pptx (20)
Transnational violence and crime in Latin America, specifically gang violence in Central America. Gangs like MS-13 and Barrio 18 originated in Los Angeles among Salvadoran and Honduran migrants deported in the 1990s and spread violence and illegal activities as transnational criminal organizations. Central American countries struggle with high homicide rates linked to gangs and the availability of illegal firearms. Experts cite factors like poverty, inequality, lack of social mobility, unemployment, and corruption that allow gangs and drug cartels to thrive and contest state authority in some areas, fueling ongoing violence.
The document summarizes key economic features and policies in Latin America between the 19th and 20th centuries. It describes the colonial economies based on mining and agriculture exports under Spanish rule. In the 19th century, liberalism inspired independence movements and import substitution industrialization began as a strategy to diversify economies and reduce dependence on commodity exports. The 20th century saw the rise of structuralism and dependency theories to analyze Latin America's unequal integration into the global capitalist system and state-led industrialization policies.
The document discusses different perspectives on defining the Caribbean region. It examines definitions based on geography, colonial history, social structures, cultural aspects, and economics. The Caribbean was colonized by European powers and relied on plantation economies focused on monocrops like sugar. This led to a racialized social hierarchy and creole cultures that blended African, European and indigenous influences. While there are shared cultural aspects across the Caribbean, it is pluralistic with multiple identities. There is no single definition that can fully capture the diversity and complexities of the Caribbean experience.
The presentation addresses the fundamental features of Cuban foreign policy and diplomacy and assesses the incorporation of women's issues in Cuba's multilateral agenda and in the exercise of Cuban diplomacy.
Los pequeños Estados insulares del Caribe ante el reto de la transición energ...University of West Indies
The presentation deals with the energy transition facing the Caribbean, which is mostly made up of territories that depend on imported resources for energy generation, transport, industry and cooking, will have an impact on the region's societies and especially on vulnerable groups. The energy situation in Caribbean SIDS, mostly CARICOM members, is addressed.
This presentation aims to analyse the role of the Caribbean in the bi-regional relationship between Europe and the Latin American and Caribbean region by examining the formal mechanisms that articulate relations between the Caribbean and Europe, and the results of the III EU-CELAC Summit.
The presentation examines the role of Caribbean SIDS, particularly the CARICOM member States, in CELAC as the regional mechanism that includes all Latin American and Caribbean countries.
La presentación hace un breve recorrido histórico de la llegada de los chinos al Caribe de las West Indies, con énfasis en el caso de la isla de Trinidad a mediados del siglo XIX para luego caracterizar la presencia china en el Caribe bajo las dinámicas geopolíticas y geoeconómicas de inicios del siglo XXI.
La presencia de China en Trinidad y Tobago ha aumentado desde el establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas en 1974. China ha proporcionado préstamos y cooperación en áreas como infraestructura, salud y educación. Trinidad y Tobago ha recibido más de $2 mil millones en inversiones chinas desde 2001. Mientras la comunidad china en el país es pequeña, algunos critican proyectos chinos por incumplimientos y deuda. En general, las relaciones bilaterales se han fortalecido a través de acuerdos comerciales y visitas de
El documento resume la presencia china en Trinidad y Tobago entre 1805 y 1950. Los chinos llegaron primero como trabajadores contratados para la industria azucarera, pero luego muchos se establecieron de forma permanente. Contribuyeron a la economía a través de pequeños negocios y agricultura. Algunos chinos también hicieron contribuciones significativas a la política, las fuerzas armadas, la cultura y las artes de Trinidad y Tobago. La comunidad china continuó creciendo a través de redes familiares y migrantes vol
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El documento discute los retos del Caribe insular ante la pandemia de COVID-19. Examina el impacto económico, social y político de la pandemia en la región, así como los esfuerzos de coordinación regional. Identifica lecciones aprendidas y oportunidades para convertir la crisis en una oportunidad, incluyendo la diversificación económica, la integración regional y el fortalecimiento de las instituciones nacionales e internacionales.
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Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
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A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
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Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
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বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH 8 CẢ NĂM - GLOBAL SUCCESS - NĂM HỌC 2023-2024 (CÓ FI...
Regional Integration Processes in the Caribbean.pptx
1. Topic 5
Regional Integration Processes in the Caribbean
Dr. Jacqueline LAGUARDIA MARTINEZ
INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
3. Regionalization Regionalism
• “The increase in the cross-border flow of capital,
goods, and people within a specific geographical
area. It develops from the bottom up through
societally driven processes coming from
markets, private trade, and investment flows,
none of which is strictly controlled by
governments. The core players are non-
governmental” (Hoshiro).
• “Process of closer transnational cooperation
among neighbor states caused by non-political
forces” (Alfred Gerstl, Dominik Zotti & Anna
Scholik).
• “Regionalization is understood as the tendency
or process of a region formation at the official
level and by means of official mechanisms”
(Shadrina, 2006).
• Regionalization is the process of configuration
of large regional spaces, which mobilize
economic, social, political, military and cultural
forces. It has been understood as opposed or
complementary to globalization.
• “Regionalism is defined as a political will to create a formal
arrangement among states on a geographically restricted basis.
Since its main participants are governments, it can be expressed
as an artificial, top-down process” (Hoshiro).
• “It is the proneness of the governments and peoples of states to
establish voluntary associations and to pool together resources in
order to create common functional and institutional
arrangements” (Kacowicz, 1998).
• “It is a normative concept referred to share values, norms,
identity, and aspirations” (Kim, 2004).
• “Mental and/or physical orientation towards forming a regional
identity, which, in turn, leads to further regionalization” (Hurrell
et al., 1995).
• “The expression of a common sense of identity and purpose
combined with the creation and implementation of institutions
that express a particular identity and shape collective action
within a geographical region” (Camilleri, 2003).
• “Regionalism is a political discourse which’s finality is federalism”
(Andrei, 2016).
• “The attempt to deliberately steer the process of regionalization
politically” (Gerstl, Zotti & Scholik).
4. Regionalism in IR
(Panke and Stapel, 2016)
• 1950s-1960s (after WWII): Why and
under which conditions states create
regional organizations.
• 1960s-1970s: Dynamics driving the
development and evolution of
regional organizations.
• The study of the interaction between
state and regional levels, focusing on
how regional policies are made and
how a regional organization impacts
its member states.
Regional Organizations
(Panke and Stapel, 2016)
• “Institutions (with a set of primary
and secondary rules, headquarters
or a secretariat) in which states
cooperate on a regular basis on
more than one narrow issue area
and in which membership is based
on criteria related to the
geographical location of the
applicant state.”
• “Regional Organization
membership is not exclusive; thus
states can join several Regional
Organizations.”
5. REGIONAL INTEGRATION ≥ COOPERATION
• Regional integration is the process whereby political actors in distinct national settings
are persuaded to shift their loyalties, expectations and political activities toward a new
center, whose institutions possess jurisdictions over national states (Haas, 1958).
• Regional integration involves states giving some authority and sovereignty to a
regional arrangement (Lingberg, 1963). Integration should be considered by examining
its various components: economic, social, and political integration, and how these
interact with and are interdependent on one another (Nye, 1968).
• Regional integration is a process whereby countries in a geographic region cooperate
with one another to reduce or eliminate barriers to the international flow of products,
people, or capital.
• Regional integration is a vehicle for regionalism and regionalization.
• There is formal and informal integration.
9. Benefits
• Creation and diversion of trade
• Creation of regional value
chains
• Possibilities to maximize
national capabilities
(economies of scale)
• Job creation
• Higher levels of consumption
• Unified regional voice and
more negotiation power
• South-South Cooperation
• Insufficient infrastructure
• Lack of transportation alternatives
• Competition in instead of
complementarity
• Not enough policies for the less
developed countries
• Not enough participation of non-
state actors
• Insufficient financial
institutions/mechanisms (no real
possibilities for a common currency)
Obstacles
10. Source: Connecting the Dots: A Road Map for Better Integration in Latin America and the
Caribbean, Special Report on Integration and Trade by the IDB, 2018
Network of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs)
11. Landscape of Regional Groupings with Caribbean membership
(Byron, 2022)
Greater Caribbean States and
territories as members
Central American states
with/without the Dominican
Republic
Caribbean and Latin American
membership
CARICOM (1973) SICA (1960) CELAC (2010)
OECS (1981) CAFTA/DR (2004) UNASUR (2008)
CARIFORUM (1991) ALBA (2004)
ACS (1995)
PETROCARIBE (2005)
13. Opportunities and Challenges of Multiple Groupings and
Memberships (Byron, 2022)
• Reasons for increased range of regional projects: Region’s diversity and
geopolitical characteristics; new global challenges and regional development
imperatives; need for new platforms and structures of cooperation in a widening
neighbourhood.
• Advantages in scope and variety of cooperation: Access to additional resources,
increased regional/global voice and visibility, leverage, deeper hemispheric
integration.
• Challenges: Limited communication, competition rather than cooperation;
diminished resources distributed among larger number of regional projects,
limited results. Most of the more recent regional projects have not consolidated
their institutions.
14. Regionalism in the Caribbean (Byron, 2022)
• Caribbean developmental regionalism focuses on regional governance,
economic growth strategies, access to development resources, the provision of
public goods, improving social well-being and to some extent, multidimensional
security.
• Both CARICOM and OECS fit the developmental regionalism profile. Often
described also as examples of “defensive regionalism” or “small state dependent
regionalism”.
• Their origins lie in decolonization processes and the accompanying search for
appropriate governance structures and viability as very small states. When OECS
was established, 3 of its 7 founding members were not yet independent. All
three major regional groupings in the Caribbean, CARICOM, the ACS, the OECS
are open to the participation of non-independent territories in their regional
cooperation arrangements.
15. Features of Developmental Regionalism
(Adejumobi and Zebulun Kreiter, 2020)
1. A strong institutional architecture and capacity to drive the regional integration agenda;
2. A clear articulation of goals, objectives, essence, nature and direction of the regional
integration project, and the benefits of regional integration as mechanism for facilitating
regional development;
3. Ensuring peace and security as a composite and foundation of a regional integration
agenda;
4. Evolving complementary and symmetrical benefits for all member states involved in the
regional development project;
5. Articulation of regional public goods and development priorities necessary for facilitating
economic transformation in the region including on infrastructure, trade, agriculture and
food security, private sector development and industrialization;
6. Evolving a bond of common regional citizenship and identity necessary for regional human
capital mobilization; and
7. A regional development financing mechanism that is inward looking and self-sustaining.
16. • In the British Caribbean, initiatives to promote the union of the British
dependencies came from the UK following a logic of achieving a more
efficient colonial administration.
• The first mention of a West Indian Federation is found in 1860.
• In 1882 a proposal presented to the British Prime Minister William
Ewart Gladstone included the creation of British West Indies to deter
the annexation ambitions of the United States in the Caribbean.
First attempts of regional integration
in the English-speaking Caribbean
17. Integration in the English-speaking Caribbean after WWII
• 1942: Creation of the Anglo-American Caribbean Commission to coordinate U.S. and British
policies in the region during the war
• 1946: The Commission was renamed the Caribbean Commission and included France and
the Netherlands to establish a common regional policy
• 1950: British Caribbean Currency Board
• 1958 – 1962: West Indies Federation
• 1965: Eastern Caribbean Currency Authority
• 1967: West Indies Associated States (WISA)
• 1967: Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court
• 1968: Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)
• 1968: East Caribbean Common Market (ECCM)
• 1969: Caribbean Development Bank
Political independences in the
English-speaking Caribbean
began in the 1960s with Jamaica
and Trinidad and Tobago in 1962,
followed by Guyana and
Barbados in 1966.
19. https://energy.caricom.org/member-states-2/
• Established in 1973 by Barbados,
Guyana, Jamaica, and Trinidad and
Tobago.
• 15 Members (14 independent states)
• 5 Associate Members
• It is a Community of Sovereign States
(no supranational authority).
• Pillars of the regional integration
project
I. Common market for goods
(economic integration)
II. Foreign policy coordination
III. Functional cooperation
IV. Security
20. • Treaty of Chaguaramas in 1973.
• To promote economic integration and foreign policy coordination.
• CARICOM was designed after the European model of regional integration.
• The initial idea was to create a Common External Tariff -to promote economic
growth and industrialization as part of the import substitution strategy (ISI)- and a
Common Market to promote intra-regional trade and investment projects for
industrialization to take advantage of economies of scale and use scarce resources
more efficiently.
• Mission Statement: To provide dynamic leadership and service, in partnership with
Community institutions and Groups, toward the attainment of a viable,
internationally competitive and sustainable Community, with improved quality of
life for all.
The Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
21. Why regional integration in the independent
English-speaking Caribbean?
• The geographical proximity of small island territories.
• History of commercial and demographic exchanges (regional migrations).
• History of colonization and slavery (Caribbean identity[ies]).
• To increase market size, generate competitiveness, expand options for goods and services,
promote full employment and maximize resources.
• To address transnational threats such as extreme weather events; climate change;
trafficking in people, arms, drugs, protected species and heritage resources; communicable
diseases.
• To strengthen collective diplomacy in order to increase bargaining power, create more
influential platforms for action and strengthen sovereignty.
22. CARICOM
Member
States and
Associate
Members
22
Territorio Date of entry Membership System of government
Antigua and Barbuda 4 /7/ 1974 Member Constitutional monarchy
Bahamas 4 / 7/ 1983 Member Constitutional monarchy
Barbados 1 / 8/ 1973 Member Republic
Belize 1 / 5/ 1974 Member Constitutional monarchy
Dominica 1 / 5/ 1974 Member Constitutional monarchy
Grenada 1 / 5/ 1974 Member Constitutional monarchy
Guyana 1 / 8/ 1973 Member Republic
Haiti 2 / 7/ 2002 Member Republic
Jamaica 1 / 8/ 1973 Member Constitutional monarchy
Montserrat 1 / 5/ 1974 Member British Overseas Territory
St Kitts and Nevis 26 / 7/ 1974 Member Constitutional monarchy
St Lucia 1 / 5/ 1974 Member Constitutional monarchy
St Vincent and the Grenadines 1 /5/ 1974 Member Constitutional monarchy
Suriname 4 / 7/ 1995 Member Republic
Trinidad and Tobago 1 / 8/ 1973 Member Republic
Anguilla 4 / 7/ 1999 Associate Member British Overseas Territory
Bermuda 2 / 7/ 2003 Associate Member British Overseas Territory
Cayman Islands 15 / 5/ 2002 Associate Member British Overseas Territory
British Virgin Islands 2 / 7/ 1991 Associate Member British Overseas Territory
Turks and Caicos Islands 2 / 7/ 1991 Associate Member British Overseas Territory
23. Mapa subido por Alison DeGraff Ollivierre, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275036119_Participatory_Mapping_Caribbean_Small_Island_Developing_States
Small Island Developing States (SIDS)
• Small and open
economies
• Narrow export base
• Reliance on trade
preferences
• Environmental
vulnerability
24. The Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
• Most members are formerly British Colonies (except Suriname and Haiti).
• Relation with the Dutch, French and British Territories in the Caribbean (some are
Associate Members or Partners in regional arrangements).
• Most share a common history, political systems, language, culture and path to
independence .
• CARICOM was designed after the European model of regional integration.
• The initial idea was to create a Common External Tariff -to promote economic growth and
industrialization as part of the import substitution strategy (ISI)- and a Common Market to
promote intra-regional trade and investment projects for industrialization with the
participation of several islands to take advantage of economies of scale and use scarce
resources more efficiently.
• Mission Statement: To provide dynamic leadership and service, in partnership with
Community institutions and Groups, toward the attainment of a viable, internationally
competitive and sustainable Community, with improved quality of life for all.
25. Less Developed Countries (LDCs)
1. Antigua and Barbuda
2. Belize
3. Dominica
4. Grenada
5. Haiti
6. Montserrat
7. St Kitts and Nevis
8. St Lucia
9. St Vincent and the Grenadines
More Developed Countries (MDCs)
1. Bahamas
2. Barbados
3. Guyana
4. Jamaica
5. Suriname
6. Trinidad and Tobago
26. • 1989: West Indian Commission and the report “Time for Action”
• 1994: Creation of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
• 2001: Re-structuring (Revised Treaty of Chaguaramas)
• 2006: Inauguration of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME). It is
composed of CARICOM members except the Bahamas, Haiti and Montserrat. It
consists of four main regimes: free movement of capital; free movement of goods;
free movement of workers; and free movement of services regimes.
CARICOM had changed in accordance with the geopolitical times and economic
transformations, accentuated by the globalization of neoliberal capitalism since the 1990s.
From the promotion of import substitution, it shifted to the promotion of exports and
investments, along with the expansion of economic relations and cooperation.
27. Intergovernmentalism
• Regional integration is possible when it coincides with the national interest and
‘by taking along the nation with its baggage of memories and problems’
(Hoffman, 1966). Regionalism is to strengthen the State and facilitate nation-
building.
• The structural characteristics of the region and the international insertion that
progressively deteriorates the terms of trade must be corrected through
industrialization and the creation of a unified regional market. Latin America
and the Caribbean belong to the periphery (Third World, Global South).
• Regional integration is key to formation of the expanded market (ECLAC)
Structuralist economics (Desarrollismo latinoamericano)
29. Quasi Cabinet - Portfolio Allocation - CARICOM
Its creation was decided at the Seventh Special Meeting (1999)
CARICOM countries Area
Antigua and Barbuda Services
Bahamas Tourism
Barbados Single Market and Economy (including Monetary Union)
Belize Justice and Governance
Dominica Labour
Grenada Science and Technology
Guyana Agriculture, Agricultural Diversification and Food Security
Jamaica External Trade Negotiations
St Kitts and Nevis Human Resource Development, Health and HIV/AIDS
Saint Lucia Sustainable Development
St Vincent and the Grenadines Transport
Suriname Community Development and Cultural Cooperation
Trinidad and Tobago Energy and Security
30. Functional Cooperation in CARICOM
• The 1973 Treaty of Chaguaramas refers to the role of functional cooperation.
• In 2007, the Declaration on Functional Cooperation was adopted at the 38th Meeting of
Heads of State and Government, which recognized the need to make functional
cooperation a priority.
• Functional cooperation enables member states to assume minimal economic and
political costs as it seeks to avoid duplication of administrative and service delivery
mechanisms. In turn, the political costs associated with cooperative actions are low
because these actions do not represent threats to national sovereignty.
• The four main dimensions of functional cooperation in CARICOM refer to: (i) policy and
program exchange, (ii) information dissemination, (iii) human resource development
and monitoring, (iv) and evaluation.
31. Cooperation in Climate Action
• 1989: First CARICOM Ministerial Conference on the Environment. Fourteen
priority environmental issues and problems were identified together with the
necessity of developing legislative frameworks for environmental management.
• 2002: The Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) is established.
The CCCCC functions as an official repository for climate change data, develops
guidelines and provides guidelines for climate change policy.
• 2007: Establishment of the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility (CCRIF)
together with the World Bank.
• Climate Change Task Force
• Regional Coordinating Committee on Climate Change
33. • Grande Anse Declaration of 1989.
• In 1992 CARICOM agreed to move towards the establishment of the CSME.
• In 2001, CARICOM formally adopted the CSME concept in the Revised Treaty of
Chaguaramas.
• 2006: Inauguration of the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME).
• It is composed by CARICOM members except Bahamas, Haiti and Monserrat.
• The CSME is designed to represent a single economic space within which people,
goods, services and capital can move freelyIt consists of four main regimes: free
movement of capital; free movement of goods; free movement of workers; and free
movement of services regimes.
• The CSME is the platform to deal with the challenges of globalization.
• It will require the harmonization and coordination of social, economic, and trade
policies among the member states.
CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME )
34. CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME)
• The CSME was officially
inaugurated in 2006. Its
implementation is on hold since
2015.
• The implementation of the
provisions of the CSME has been a
gradual and incomplete process,
with about 57% of the measures
required for its establishment
having been completed.
• About 90% of exports of goods
from CARICOM are destined for
countries outside the regional
scheme. 34
Intra-CARICOM trade
(% of GDP)
35. Poorly developed economic relations
• Most economic and trade relations with traditional partners (colonial legacy).
• Similar economies in terms of productive structure, export portfolio, demand for investment
flows, scarcity of foreign exchange, high levels of indebtedness and limited access to
international financial and credit markets (blacklisting).
• High cost and insufficient infrastructure for intraregional transportation.
http://caricomstats.org/Files/Meetings/HLF3/Brochures/Trade.pdf
39. Doubts towards CSME
• Perception that asymmetries within the community favor larger economies.
• In 2011 CARICOM acknowledged that it would not be able to complete the CSME in 2015
as planned.
• In 2017, the CARICOM Review Commission formed by the Jamaican government, also
known as the Golding Commission, published its report on the evaluation of the island's
participation in CARICOM and CARIFORUM. The report recognizes the value of Caribbean
regional integration but laments the limited progress on many of the commitments made
by CARICOM Member States and proposes several actions to overcome the
implementation deficit that plagues the CSME and CARICOM. Based on the contents of the
report, Jamaica announced that it may withdraw from the CSME if progress is not made in
its implementation, although it will maintain its membership within CARICOM.
• In referendums held in 2018 Antigua and Barbuda, and Grenada, citizens voted not to join
the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) and remain associated with the Privy Council of the
United Kingdom as the final appellate court.
40. CARICOM: Obstacles to advance
• Wide range and complexity of differences (asymmetries) economic, geographic-territorial, social and
productive structure between Members
• Asymmetrical distribution of benefits
• Poor communications infrastructure
• Absence of coordination in fiscal, sectorial policies (lack of trained human resources)
• Insufficient participation of the non-state actors
• Heavy influence of extra-regional actors
• Limited movement of the work force and people
• Insufficient financing and credit mechanisms
• Increasing levels of crime
• Reluctance to a supranational authority
• Dominant perception of "competition" over "complementation"
• No sanctions if Members do no follow the agreed actions
• Lack of a long-term roadmap (lack of political will)
• Duplication of efforts and institutions with limited authority and capacities
42. Achievements and Insufficiencies
• Functional cooperation: It has allowed CARICOM
Member States to exchange resources, services and
carrying out joint activities to reduce costs and
generate common learning and benefits in areas
such as meteorology and environment, hurricane
insurance, social security, health, disaster risk
management, dealing with the effects of climate
change, education, technical assistance and
professional training, technological and scientific
research.
• Coordination of foreign policy positions: CARICOM
Member States represent 14 votes constituting
7.25% in the UN, 27% of the Commonwealth of
Nations, 40% in the OAS and 14% in the Pan
American Health Organization.
• Intergovernmental nature and absence of a
regional authority responsible of implementing
decisions. The exception is the Caribbean Court
of Justice (CCJ) which function as the tribunal
with original, compulsory and exclusive
jurisdiction with respect to the interpretation
and application of the Revised Treaty of
Chaguaramas. Only Barbados, Belize and
Guyana recognize the CCJ as the final appellate
instance.
• Disparities in income levels and development,
which fuels uncertainty and distrust.
• PRC vs. Taiwan. Belize, Haiti, St. Lucia, St. Kitts
and Nevis, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines
maintain diplomatic relations with Taiwan.
43. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-74573-2_3
• Established in 1981 with the signing of
the Treaty of Basseterre.
• 7 Members (6 independent States):
Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica,
Grenada, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and
Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines.
• 4 Associate Members: Anguilla, The
British Virgin Islands, Martinique and
Guadeloupe
• It is an intergovernmental organization.
Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uKtCE-8yac
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRcyR0UXQ54
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jh3-dD3TIr4
44. OECS Objectives
• To promote cooperation.
• To promote unity and
solidarity in defense of
sovereignty and
territorial integrity.
• To assist member states
in fulfilling their
obligations to the
international
community.
• To move towards
harmonization of foreign
policy and establish joint
representation abroad.
https://www.oecs.org/who-we-are/our-structure
OECS Structure
45. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/view/IMF071/12381-9781616352653/12381-9781616352653/ch03.xml?language=en&redirect=true
• 1983: Establishment of the Eastern
Caribbean Central Bank
• 2000: Establishment of the Eastern
Caribbean Telecommunications Authority
• 2010: Revised Treaty of Basseterre, ratified
one year later.
• The Revised Treaty established a single
financial and economic space in which goods,
people and capital move freely.
• It allows for the harmonization of monetary
and governmental policies related to taxes
and revenues.
• A common approach is maintained in trade,
health, education and the environment, as
well as the development of critical sectors
such as agriculture, tourism and energy.
• 2011: The Eastern Caribbean Economic and
Currency Union (OECS/ECCU) enters into
force.
46. Members (25)
• CARICOM (except Montserrat)
• Central America
• Group of Three
• Non-Grouped (Cuba, Panama
and Dominican Republic).
Associate Members (12)
Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao, French
Guiana, Guadeloupe, French
Guiana, British Virgin Islands,
Martinique, Saba, St. Barthelemy,
St. Maarten, St. Martin, St.
Martin, St. Eustatius, Sint
Maarten.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ebR6tFyUcFU
Association of Caribbean States
47. • 1989: “Time for Action” report.
• 1994: Creation of the Association of Caribbean States (ACS) assuming the
definition of Greater Caribbean.
• The ACS was created to complement CARICOM integration.
• Economic cooperation was at the core of the ACS proposal, together with
other cooperation interests in various areas.
• Consultation, cooperation and concerted action in five key areas:
preservation and conservation of the Caribbean Sea; sustainable tourism;
trade and external economic relations; natural disasters; and transportation.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SDFveNwk-RU
Association of Caribbean States
48. Summits Year City and Country
Inaugural
Summit
1995 Port of Spain, Trinidad
and Tobago
II Summit 1999 Santo Domingo,
República Dominicana
III Summit 2001 Isla de Margarita,
Venezuela
IV Summit 2005 Ciudad de Panamá,
Panamá
V Summit 2013 Pétion-Ville, Haïti
VI Summit 2014 Mérida, México
VII Summit 2016 La Habana, Cuba
VIII Summit 2019 Managua, Nicaragua
IX Summit 2023 Antigua, Guatemala
ACS achievements
• 1999: Agreement for Regional
Cooperation on Natural Disasters.
• 2001: Agreement for the
Establishment of the Sustainable
Tourism Zone of the Caribbean
(STZC).
• 2012: Air Transport Agreement.
• 2016: The United Nations General
Assembly approved the Resolution
71/224 “Towards the sustainable
development of the Caribbean Sea
for present and future generations”.
49. Non-independent territory CARPHA OPS CEPAL ACS CARICOM OECS
Anguila Member Member Associate Associate Associate
Aruba Member Associate Associate Associate
Bermudas Member Member Associate Associate
Bonaire Member Member Associate
Curaçao Member Associate Associate Associate
Guadalupe Member Associate Associate
French Guyana Member Associate Associate
Cayman Islands Member Member Associate Associate
Turks and Caicos Member Member Associate Associate
British Virgins Islands Member Member Associate Associate Associate Associate
US Virgins Islands Member Associate
Martinique Member Associate Associate Associate
Monserrat Member Member Associate Member Member
Puerto Rico Associate Associate
Saba Member Member Associate
Saint Barthélemy Member Associate
Sint Eustatius Member Member Associate
Saint-Martin(Fr.) Member Associate Associate
Sint Maarten(PB) Member Associate Associate
50. Post 2005 Regionalism in LAC
• 2005: The FTAA is rejected at the Summits of the Americas in Mar del Plata.
• Left governments in Latin American and Caribbean: Commonalities were detected in
reassertion of the state’s role in strategic guidance of the economy through public investment,
redistribution, and renationalization; in experimentation with collective management and
ownership; in promotion of participatory democracy; and in advancement beyond the
conventional commercial bounds of LAC regional institutions despite reaffirmation of
sovereignty at the global level (Asa K. Cusack, 2019).
• A more state-led, socially focused, inward-looking “endogenous” form of development.
• States are key agents but more involvement from non-state actors.
• Emphasis in cooperation, solidarity, sovereignty, peace, democracy, human rights, sustainable
development.
• Region-level cooperation targeting increased autonomy.
• Emphasis on sectoral policies.
• Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America-Peoples' Trade Treaty (ALBA-TCP)
• Latin American and Caribbean Community of States (CELAC)
51. ALBA
Founded on December 14, 2004, in
Havana by Cuba and Venezuela.
“ALBA is a regional governance project
that emerged in opposition to US-
backed attempts to institutionalise free
trade across the entire hemisphere via
the Free Trade Area of the Americas
(FTAA).
With the FTAA defeated in 2005, ALBA
morphed into an attempt to reinforce
member-states’ pro-social, autonomist,
state-led development strategies
through the cooperative pooling of
regional strengths.” (Asa K. Cusack,
2019, p. 4).
Former member
• Ecuador (2009 - 2018)
52. ALBA’s initiatives
• Social programs in health and education (social “missions”)
• Soft loan scheme for energy dependent states of the Caribbean basin
(Petrocaribe)
• Trade framework for facilitating cooperative commercial agreements (the
People’s Trade Agreement or TCP in Spanish)
• State multinational companies (grandnational enterprises)
• Virtual currency permitting intraregional trade (SUCRE)
• Development bank (the ALBA Bank)
• Region-level Social Movements
53. Challenges to regional integration in the Caribbean
1. Vulnerable economies, poorly diversified and highly indebted, poorly
interconnected and highly dependent on exogenous events.
2. Classification as middle-income countries and high HDI rankings.
3. Considerable number of non-independent territories.
4. Tendency towards trade protectionism and tightening bilateral ties.
5. Elderly population and migration of young and skilled labor.
Where are the incentives? Where are the resources? Where are the people?
54. Boosting Caribbean regionalism: what to do?
• To think regionalism from a sustainable development dimension.
• To include a long-term strategic vision rather than short-term individual advantages.
• To develop institutional and regulatory frameworks together with political structures
and information systems capable of ensuring both decision making and
implementation.
• To rethink the concepts of independence and sovereignty.
• To promote initiatives to foster cooperation in health, education, communications,
energy, multi-destination tourism, climate change adaptation, culture and sports.
• To strengthen South-South cooperation beyond the technical cooperation component
and, in the case of China, building of infrastructures.
• To deepen the knowledge of the region, which is very diverse in its political order,
economies and societies.
55. To move on …
1. To evaluate if the CSME is the best way to go in the current regional situation.
2. To develop stronger political structures both for decision-making and
implementation.
3. To develop working institutional and normative frameworks.
4. To include the construction of a shared regional identity in the construction of a
political project of integration.
5. To include a long-term strategic vision instead of short-term individual advantages.
6. To rethink the concepts of independence and sovereignty.
56. CSME Free movement of people
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IZ3k2lfu-bI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xzhqGhWS6_c
Notes de l'éditeur
Old regionalism: federalism, functionalism, neofunctionalism, intergovernmentalism (Söderbaum, 2016)
Functionalism was primarily a strategy (or a normative method) to build peace, constructed around the proposition that the provision of common needs and functions can unite people
across state borders.
Neofunctionalists challenged the functionalists and claimed a greater concern for the centres of power.
Comparative Regionalism (Söderbaum, 2016): new concepts and labels, such as ‘post-hegemonic regionalism’ (Riggirozzi and Tussie 2012; Telò 2014), ‘post-neoliberal regionalism’ (Riggirozzi 2012), ‘heterodox regionalism’ (Vivares 2013), ‘porous regional orders’ (Katzenstein 2005), ‘regional worlds’ (Acharya 2012, 2014), ‘converging regions’ (Lenze and Schriwer 2014), and ‘networking regions’ (Baldersheim et al. 2011).
The concept seeks to assure that regional agreements will in practice be building blocks for further global liberalization rather than stumbling blocks that deter such progress.