This document presented information on the role of pollinators and pollinizers in fruit crops. It defined pollinators as organisms that aid in the transfer of pollen between flowers, and pollinizers as specific plants that provide compatible pollen for the fertilization of other plants. Several case studies were described that showed the positive impacts of adequate pollinator populations and proper pollinizer selection, including increased fruit set, yield, and quality in various crops such as apple, peach, almond, and kiwi. Challenges to pollinators like habitat loss, pesticides, and disease were also discussed.
This document discusses sex expression in cucurbitaceous crops. It notes that cucurbits can have various sex forms ranging from hermaphroditic to monoecious to gynoecious. The major cucurbits like cucumber, bitter gourd, muskmelon, watermelon are typically monoecious. Gynoecious lines have been developed in some crops like cucumber and muskmelon through breeding. Sex determination is controlled by genes but can be modulated by environmental factors like temperature and photoperiod. Chemicals like silver nitrate and gibberellic acid can also induce staminate flowers.
This document discusses ear cockle of wheat, caused by the nematode Anguina tritici. Key points:
- A. tritici causes galls to form on wheat ears and seeds, shortening and distorting the ears.
- Symptoms also include stunted, twisted leaves and enlarged stems. The nematode lives and reproduces within the seed galls.
- It can interact with the bacterium Clavibacter tritici to cause yellow ear rot disease. Management includes using clean seed, crop rotation, hot water seed treatment, and nematicide application.
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the role of plant quarantine in managing plant diseases in India. It discusses definitions of plant quarantine, types including domestic and national quarantine, objectives of plant quarantine in India such as preventing introduction of exotic pests and diseases. It also outlines the history and organizational structure of plant quarantine in India, procedures for import and export through plant quarantine, detection techniques used to identify pests and diseases, and measures taken to control spread of diseases.
This document discusses breeding for salinity tolerance in plants. It notes that salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects crop productivity worldwide, with saline soils estimated to cause losses of 17-40% for many crops. Breeding for salinity tolerance is an important approach to address this issue. The document outlines different strategies for breeding salinity tolerant crops, including using halophytic plants as sources of tolerance, selection of tolerant varieties, and genetic engineering approaches. It also provides examples of crop varieties that have been bred for improved salinity tolerance in rice, wheat, mustard, chickpeas and other crops important for India.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
pureline is the progeny of single homozygous self pollinated crop species and progeny test is the selection of patental lines based on the progeny performance
This document provides an outline and overview of the causes of plant diseases. It discusses both abiotic factors such as nutrient deficiencies or toxicities, pesticide exposure, environmental pollutants, and extreme weather conditions. It also examines biotic factors including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and phytoplasmas. Specific examples are given for each type of pathogen and the symptoms they cause in plants.
This document discusses sex expression in cucurbitaceous crops. It notes that cucurbits can have various sex forms ranging from hermaphroditic to monoecious to gynoecious. The major cucurbits like cucumber, bitter gourd, muskmelon, watermelon are typically monoecious. Gynoecious lines have been developed in some crops like cucumber and muskmelon through breeding. Sex determination is controlled by genes but can be modulated by environmental factors like temperature and photoperiod. Chemicals like silver nitrate and gibberellic acid can also induce staminate flowers.
This document discusses ear cockle of wheat, caused by the nematode Anguina tritici. Key points:
- A. tritici causes galls to form on wheat ears and seeds, shortening and distorting the ears.
- Symptoms also include stunted, twisted leaves and enlarged stems. The nematode lives and reproduces within the seed galls.
- It can interact with the bacterium Clavibacter tritici to cause yellow ear rot disease. Management includes using clean seed, crop rotation, hot water seed treatment, and nematicide application.
This document discusses the genetic principles of seed production. It notes that producing high quality seed requires technical skills and investment. Strict attention must be paid to maintaining genetic purity and seed qualities. Seed production should be done under standardized, well-organized conditions to minimize genetic deterioration over generations from factors like developmental variations due to different environmental conditions, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing with undesirable plants, and diseases. The document outlines these various factors in genetic deterioration and principles for maintaining genetic purity during seed production.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on the role of plant quarantine in managing plant diseases in India. It discusses definitions of plant quarantine, types including domestic and national quarantine, objectives of plant quarantine in India such as preventing introduction of exotic pests and diseases. It also outlines the history and organizational structure of plant quarantine in India, procedures for import and export through plant quarantine, detection techniques used to identify pests and diseases, and measures taken to control spread of diseases.
This document discusses breeding for salinity tolerance in plants. It notes that salinity is a major abiotic stress that affects crop productivity worldwide, with saline soils estimated to cause losses of 17-40% for many crops. Breeding for salinity tolerance is an important approach to address this issue. The document outlines different strategies for breeding salinity tolerant crops, including using halophytic plants as sources of tolerance, selection of tolerant varieties, and genetic engineering approaches. It also provides examples of crop varieties that have been bred for improved salinity tolerance in rice, wheat, mustard, chickpeas and other crops important for India.
The document discusses genetic principles of seed production and certification. It explains that varieties can deteriorate due to developmental variations, mechanical mixtures, mutations, natural crossing, minor genetic variations, diseases, and improper techniques. Seed production and certification aims to maintain genetic purity and prevent such deterioration. It involves controlling the seed source, isolation distances, rouging fields, and certification of seeds in classes from breeder to foundation to registered to certified.
pureline is the progeny of single homozygous self pollinated crop species and progeny test is the selection of patental lines based on the progeny performance
This document provides an outline and overview of the causes of plant diseases. It discusses both abiotic factors such as nutrient deficiencies or toxicities, pesticide exposure, environmental pollutants, and extreme weather conditions. It also examines biotic factors including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, and phytoplasmas. Specific examples are given for each type of pathogen and the symptoms they cause in plants.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document discusses a study on the characterization of linseed genotypes. Some key points:
- 52 linseed genotypes were evaluated for morphological and biochemical traits including days to flowering, plant height, seed yield, fatty acid composition, and oil content.
- Analysis of variance revealed genetic variability among genotypes for all traits. High heritability and genetic advance was observed for traits like seed yield and 1000 seed weight.
- Genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters based on D2 analysis, with the largest cluster containing 19 genotypes. Days to flowering was the greatest contributor to genetic divergence.
- Correlation analysis showed yield had a strong positive association with number of branches per plant. Path analysis identified branches, 1000 seed
1. Groundnut, also known as peanut, is an important oil and protein crop grown primarily in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is a self-pollinating, annual herbaceous legume.
2. Groundnut is predominantly grown in tropical and subtropical regions with rainfall between 500-1250 mm during the crop season. Ideal soil types are sandy loams with a pH between 5-5.5.
3. Groundnut seeds are usually sown in kharif season from June-July under rainfed conditions or in rabi/summer under irrigation. Proper sowing, weed, water and pest management are required to achieve optimal pod yields.
Integrated disease management in organic
farming combines the use of various measures. The
usefulness of certain measures depends on the specific
crop-pathogen combination. In many crops,
preventative measures can control diseases without
the need of plant protection products. However, for
certain disease problems, preventative measures are
not sufficient. For example, organic apple production
strongly depends on the multiple use plant protection
products
This document discusses several diseases that affect black pepper plants, including their symptoms, causal organisms, and conditions that favor disease development. It describes quick wilt disease, which affects the collar region and roots, causing wilting. Anthracnose causes leaf spots and stem infections. Slow decline is a fungal nematode complex resulting in foliar yellowing and vine death over years. Other diseases mentioned include stunt disease caused by Cucumber mosaic virus, phyllody disease from Phytoplasma, and basal rot from Sclerotium rolfsii. Management strategies include removing plant debris, intercropping with nematode antagonists, and applying biocontrol agents or fungicides.
- Floral biology is an interdisciplinary field that studies the evolutionary factors that have molded the structures, behaviors, and physiological processes involved in plant flowering. It examines aspects like flower size, structure, rewards offered to pollinators, and timing of flowering.
- Flowers produce pollen, which is dispersed by wind or animals. After germinating on the stigma, the pollen tube grows into the pistil's style and ovary. Double fertilization then occurs, where one sperm fuses with the egg to form the embryo and the other with the central cells to form endosperm.
- Flowers consist of four main whorls - calyx, corolla, androecium and gyno
This document discusses seed hardening techniques for improving crop yields in dryland conditions. It defines seed hardening as hydrating seeds to initiate pre-germination metabolism followed by dehydration to fix biochemical events and impart stress resistance. Methods discussed include water soaking, chemical treatments with salts, growth regulators, and vitamins. Recommended treatments for various crops aim to increase germination rate, seedling vigor, and ultimately crop yields. Tables show seed hardening chemicals improving chickpea yield traits and cotton growth under normal and drought conditions. The document concludes by stating seed hardening benefits seedling establishment and crop productivity in dry areas.
This document provides an overview of garlic, including its introduction, nutritional value, varieties, production, and plant protection. Some key points:
- Garlic is used as a spice and condiment throughout India and has antioxidant properties that promote heart and immune health.
- Major garlic producing countries include the USA, Egypt, China, Korea, and India. The state of Maharashtra is a major producer in India.
- Garlic has high nutritional value and is a source of carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, vitamins and minerals.
- Popular garlic varieties developed in India include Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple, and Yamuna Safed-5.
Insect pests of pulses (edited 23.8.08)Surabhi Pal
The document discusses several insect pests that affect pulses. The Gram Pod-borer (Helicoverpa armigera) is a moth pest that is stoutly built and yellowish-brown in color. It has a wide host range and can have up to 8 generations per year. The Spotted Pod Borer (Maruca testulalis) is another pest described, which is a pyralid moth that lays pale yellow eggs and feeds inside pods, damaging crops like mungbean. The Plume Moth (Exelastis atomosa) specifically attacks red gram and has greenish-brown caterpillars with short hairs and pupae that resemble larvae.
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
This document discusses sunflower botany and production. It notes that sunflower is an important oilseed crop domesticated in the US. It describes sunflower's taxonomy, morphology, flowering biology, and methods for selfing and crossing varieties. The document outlines the development of hybrid varieties in India, including popular hybrids and their parent lines. It provides details on sunflower research stations, commercially grown varieties and hybrids, and the economic importance of sunflower oil.
Diallel analysis in blackgram M.sc agri thesis vivaRahulselvaraj
This document summarizes a study on genetic analysis of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) through a diallel mating system. Seven blackgram varieties were used as parents in a diallel crossing design to generate 42 F1 hybrids. The hybrids and parents were evaluated for various agronomic traits including yield and its components. Statistical analyses like analysis of variance, combining ability analysis, and estimation of heterosis were carried out on the data. Preliminary results showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. The study aims to identify superior hybrids and parents with desirable combining ability for use in blackgram breeding programs.
This document discusses seed processing and storage. The objectives of seed processing are to improve quality by removing impurities, maintaining viability and vigor, making handling easier, and increasing value. Methods used for processing include drying, cleaning, grading, packaging, labeling, and treatment. Storage aims to preserve seeds under controlled conditions to prolong viability for long periods. Factors that affect seed longevity are seed type, quality, coat integrity, moisture content, and storage environment. Orthodox seeds can be stored long-term at low temperature and humidity while recalcitrant seeds require different storage methods.
This document provides an introduction to plant pathogens and the field of plant pathology. It defines key terms like pathogen, plant disease, and symptoms. It outlines the importance of studying plant pathogens, which can damage crops and reduce yields, impacting food supply, prices, and industries. Examples are given of historic famines caused by diseases like the Irish potato famine from Phytophthora infestans. The document introduces some of the major types of phytopathogenic organisms that will be covered, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and viroids.
The document discusses the stages of seed development from formation of reproductive organs to maturation. It describes the processes of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis which lead to the development of embryo sac and pollen grains. Pollination and fertilization occur, followed by embryogenesis and storage tissue formation as starch, fat, and proteins are deposited in the developing seed. Proper nutrition and irrigation are important for seed development and maturity is reached when seeds reach maximum dry weight and viability. Harvesting before or after physiological maturity can impact seed quality and storage potential.
Centres of diversity – types of biodiversity – Centres of origin – Law of homologous series – centers of origin – types of centres of diversity – gene sanctuaries – genetic erosion – main reasons of genetic erosion – extinction – introgression – gene banks – types of gene banks
Drought tolerance in plants involves three main mechanisms: morphological, physiological, and genetic/molecular. Morphological mechanisms include drought escape and avoidance strategies like early reproduction or reduced water loss through waxy leaves. Physiological mechanisms regulate water use and loss, like stomatal closure and osmotic adjustment. Genetic and molecular mechanisms change gene expression, upregulating genes that produce proteins protecting cells from stress and regulating hormone signaling and transcription factors that control stress response pathways. Together these overlapping mechanisms help plants adapt and survive periods of low water availability.
The document discusses cole crops, which refer to plants in the mustard family including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and others. It provides details on:
- The botanical classification and origin of cole crops like cabbage being in the Brassica genus and originating in the Mediterranean.
- The nutritional value of cole crops like cabbage being rich in vitamins A and C as well as minerals and low in calories.
- The many uses of different parts of cole crops from leaves to flowers to seeds for food or medicine.
- Important cole crop growing regions including China, India, and various states in India.
- Characteristics of cabbage specifically such as its self
24. What we can learn from bees A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Ag...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Bees play a vital role in pollination and our food system. Approximately one third of the food we eat depends on bee pollination. Bees pollinate about one-sixth of the world's flowering plants and some 400 agricultural crops. Around 30% of food crops worldwide rely on pollinators like bees, providing over 15-30% of global food supplies and nutritional needs. The survival of bees and other pollinators is important for genetic diversity in plants and stability in ecosystems.
Plant Biodiversity Enhances Bees and Other Pollinators in Agro Ecosystems.pptxacademickushal83
In summary, exploring entomology aspects related to plant biodiversity and its impact on pollinators in agro ecosystems highlights several key points. Entomologists study pollinator diversity and foraging behavior influenced by plant diversity. They also assess habitat preferences and health, examining how access to diverse floral resources impacts pollinator populations. Moreover, entomologists investigate pesticide impacts, quantify pollinator contributions to crop pollination, and explore plant diversity's role in supporting natural pest control and climate change resilience. Entomology contributes to conservation by promoting pollinator-friendly practices and educating stakeholders. Overall, these aspects provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between plant biodiversity and pollinators, informing sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation efforts.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document discusses a study on the characterization of linseed genotypes. Some key points:
- 52 linseed genotypes were evaluated for morphological and biochemical traits including days to flowering, plant height, seed yield, fatty acid composition, and oil content.
- Analysis of variance revealed genetic variability among genotypes for all traits. High heritability and genetic advance was observed for traits like seed yield and 1000 seed weight.
- Genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters based on D2 analysis, with the largest cluster containing 19 genotypes. Days to flowering was the greatest contributor to genetic divergence.
- Correlation analysis showed yield had a strong positive association with number of branches per plant. Path analysis identified branches, 1000 seed
1. Groundnut, also known as peanut, is an important oil and protein crop grown primarily in Asia, Africa, and the Americas. It is a self-pollinating, annual herbaceous legume.
2. Groundnut is predominantly grown in tropical and subtropical regions with rainfall between 500-1250 mm during the crop season. Ideal soil types are sandy loams with a pH between 5-5.5.
3. Groundnut seeds are usually sown in kharif season from June-July under rainfed conditions or in rabi/summer under irrigation. Proper sowing, weed, water and pest management are required to achieve optimal pod yields.
Integrated disease management in organic
farming combines the use of various measures. The
usefulness of certain measures depends on the specific
crop-pathogen combination. In many crops,
preventative measures can control diseases without
the need of plant protection products. However, for
certain disease problems, preventative measures are
not sufficient. For example, organic apple production
strongly depends on the multiple use plant protection
products
This document discusses several diseases that affect black pepper plants, including their symptoms, causal organisms, and conditions that favor disease development. It describes quick wilt disease, which affects the collar region and roots, causing wilting. Anthracnose causes leaf spots and stem infections. Slow decline is a fungal nematode complex resulting in foliar yellowing and vine death over years. Other diseases mentioned include stunt disease caused by Cucumber mosaic virus, phyllody disease from Phytoplasma, and basal rot from Sclerotium rolfsii. Management strategies include removing plant debris, intercropping with nematode antagonists, and applying biocontrol agents or fungicides.
- Floral biology is an interdisciplinary field that studies the evolutionary factors that have molded the structures, behaviors, and physiological processes involved in plant flowering. It examines aspects like flower size, structure, rewards offered to pollinators, and timing of flowering.
- Flowers produce pollen, which is dispersed by wind or animals. After germinating on the stigma, the pollen tube grows into the pistil's style and ovary. Double fertilization then occurs, where one sperm fuses with the egg to form the embryo and the other with the central cells to form endosperm.
- Flowers consist of four main whorls - calyx, corolla, androecium and gyno
This document discusses seed hardening techniques for improving crop yields in dryland conditions. It defines seed hardening as hydrating seeds to initiate pre-germination metabolism followed by dehydration to fix biochemical events and impart stress resistance. Methods discussed include water soaking, chemical treatments with salts, growth regulators, and vitamins. Recommended treatments for various crops aim to increase germination rate, seedling vigor, and ultimately crop yields. Tables show seed hardening chemicals improving chickpea yield traits and cotton growth under normal and drought conditions. The document concludes by stating seed hardening benefits seedling establishment and crop productivity in dry areas.
This document provides an overview of garlic, including its introduction, nutritional value, varieties, production, and plant protection. Some key points:
- Garlic is used as a spice and condiment throughout India and has antioxidant properties that promote heart and immune health.
- Major garlic producing countries include the USA, Egypt, China, Korea, and India. The state of Maharashtra is a major producer in India.
- Garlic has high nutritional value and is a source of carbohydrates, protein, phosphorus, vitamins and minerals.
- Popular garlic varieties developed in India include Bhima Omkar, Bhima Purple, and Yamuna Safed-5.
Insect pests of pulses (edited 23.8.08)Surabhi Pal
The document discusses several insect pests that affect pulses. The Gram Pod-borer (Helicoverpa armigera) is a moth pest that is stoutly built and yellowish-brown in color. It has a wide host range and can have up to 8 generations per year. The Spotted Pod Borer (Maruca testulalis) is another pest described, which is a pyralid moth that lays pale yellow eggs and feeds inside pods, damaging crops like mungbean. The Plume Moth (Exelastis atomosa) specifically attacks red gram and has greenish-brown caterpillars with short hairs and pupae that resemble larvae.
Seed inspectors are appointed by state governments to enforce seed quality control laws. They have various qualifications and duties including integrity, knowledge of seed standards, sampling procedures, and enforcement powers. Inspectors are responsible for drawing representative samples, sending them for analysis, investigating potential offenses, and taking actions like stop sale orders or seizures if standards are not met. They aim to educate industry and ensure compliance with laws to protect seed quality and the industry.
This document discusses sunflower botany and production. It notes that sunflower is an important oilseed crop domesticated in the US. It describes sunflower's taxonomy, morphology, flowering biology, and methods for selfing and crossing varieties. The document outlines the development of hybrid varieties in India, including popular hybrids and their parent lines. It provides details on sunflower research stations, commercially grown varieties and hybrids, and the economic importance of sunflower oil.
Diallel analysis in blackgram M.sc agri thesis vivaRahulselvaraj
This document summarizes a study on genetic analysis of blackgram (Vigna mungo L. Hepper) through a diallel mating system. Seven blackgram varieties were used as parents in a diallel crossing design to generate 42 F1 hybrids. The hybrids and parents were evaluated for various agronomic traits including yield and its components. Statistical analyses like analysis of variance, combining ability analysis, and estimation of heterosis were carried out on the data. Preliminary results showed significant differences among the genotypes for all traits. The study aims to identify superior hybrids and parents with desirable combining ability for use in blackgram breeding programs.
This document discusses seed processing and storage. The objectives of seed processing are to improve quality by removing impurities, maintaining viability and vigor, making handling easier, and increasing value. Methods used for processing include drying, cleaning, grading, packaging, labeling, and treatment. Storage aims to preserve seeds under controlled conditions to prolong viability for long periods. Factors that affect seed longevity are seed type, quality, coat integrity, moisture content, and storage environment. Orthodox seeds can be stored long-term at low temperature and humidity while recalcitrant seeds require different storage methods.
This document provides an introduction to plant pathogens and the field of plant pathology. It defines key terms like pathogen, plant disease, and symptoms. It outlines the importance of studying plant pathogens, which can damage crops and reduce yields, impacting food supply, prices, and industries. Examples are given of historic famines caused by diseases like the Irish potato famine from Phytophthora infestans. The document introduces some of the major types of phytopathogenic organisms that will be covered, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and viroids.
The document discusses the stages of seed development from formation of reproductive organs to maturation. It describes the processes of megasporogenesis and megagametogenesis, microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis which lead to the development of embryo sac and pollen grains. Pollination and fertilization occur, followed by embryogenesis and storage tissue formation as starch, fat, and proteins are deposited in the developing seed. Proper nutrition and irrigation are important for seed development and maturity is reached when seeds reach maximum dry weight and viability. Harvesting before or after physiological maturity can impact seed quality and storage potential.
Centres of diversity – types of biodiversity – Centres of origin – Law of homologous series – centers of origin – types of centres of diversity – gene sanctuaries – genetic erosion – main reasons of genetic erosion – extinction – introgression – gene banks – types of gene banks
Drought tolerance in plants involves three main mechanisms: morphological, physiological, and genetic/molecular. Morphological mechanisms include drought escape and avoidance strategies like early reproduction or reduced water loss through waxy leaves. Physiological mechanisms regulate water use and loss, like stomatal closure and osmotic adjustment. Genetic and molecular mechanisms change gene expression, upregulating genes that produce proteins protecting cells from stress and regulating hormone signaling and transcription factors that control stress response pathways. Together these overlapping mechanisms help plants adapt and survive periods of low water availability.
The document discusses cole crops, which refer to plants in the mustard family including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, and others. It provides details on:
- The botanical classification and origin of cole crops like cabbage being in the Brassica genus and originating in the Mediterranean.
- The nutritional value of cole crops like cabbage being rich in vitamins A and C as well as minerals and low in calories.
- The many uses of different parts of cole crops from leaves to flowers to seeds for food or medicine.
- Important cole crop growing regions including China, India, and various states in India.
- Characteristics of cabbage specifically such as its self
24. What we can learn from bees A Lecture By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former DG Ag...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Bees play a vital role in pollination and our food system. Approximately one third of the food we eat depends on bee pollination. Bees pollinate about one-sixth of the world's flowering plants and some 400 agricultural crops. Around 30% of food crops worldwide rely on pollinators like bees, providing over 15-30% of global food supplies and nutritional needs. The survival of bees and other pollinators is important for genetic diversity in plants and stability in ecosystems.
Plant Biodiversity Enhances Bees and Other Pollinators in Agro Ecosystems.pptxacademickushal83
In summary, exploring entomology aspects related to plant biodiversity and its impact on pollinators in agro ecosystems highlights several key points. Entomologists study pollinator diversity and foraging behavior influenced by plant diversity. They also assess habitat preferences and health, examining how access to diverse floral resources impacts pollinator populations. Moreover, entomologists investigate pesticide impacts, quantify pollinator contributions to crop pollination, and explore plant diversity's role in supporting natural pest control and climate change resilience. Entomology contributes to conservation by promoting pollinator-friendly practices and educating stakeholders. Overall, these aspects provide a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between plant biodiversity and pollinators, informing sustainable agriculture and biodiversity conservation efforts.
The document discusses pollinators and their role in plant reproduction and biodiversity. It notes that most flowering plants rely on animals for cross-pollination, with the main pollinators being insects, birds, bats, and some reptiles and amphibians. Bees are identified as the most important group of pollinators, pollinating over 73% of leading food crops worldwide. The document provides information on different types of pollinator insects including bees, flies, butterflies, moths, wasps, and beetles. It emphasizes the crucial role pollinators play in sustainable agriculture and food security.
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed ProducersSeeds
This document provides information about managing pollinators for organic seed producers. It discusses the importance of pollinators for most seed crops and strategies for reducing undesirable cross-pollination between crops. Common pollinators of seed crops in North America, like honey bees, bumble bees, and various solitary bee species, are described. The document also covers pollinator foraging distances and provides guidance on maintaining isolation distances between different crop varieties to limit unwanted genetic mixing.
Pollinator Management for Organic Seed Producers
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For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110 ~
Insect pollinators, their management and role in crop productionRAU, Pusa
This document discusses insect pollinators and their role in crop production. It notes that pollinators like bees, birds, and bats affect 35% of world crop production by increasing the output of 87 leading food crops. Food security and prices rely strongly on animal pollinators. In India, over 55 million hectares of cropped area depends on bee pollination, including many fruits, vegetables, oilseeds, legumes, and pulses. The document emphasizes that pollination management can significantly increase crop yields, with some crops seeing over 1000% increases from bee pollination compared to self-pollination. It outlines the pollination needs of various Indian crops. Maintaining pollinator populations is important for sustainable
This document discusses various aspects of weed management, including definitions, classifications, and effects of weeds. It defines weeds as plants that grow where they are not wanted. Weeds can reduce crop yields by competing for water, light, nutrients, and space. They are classified based on morphology, life cycle, habitat, origin, association, and other characteristics. Weeds propagate through sexual reproduction via seeds, asexual reproduction, and vegetative reproduction using structures like rhizomes and stolons. The document provides examples to illustrate different types of weeds and their propagation methods. It also mentions some economic uses of certain weed species.
This document provides an overview of weeds and weed management. It defines weeds as plants that grow where they are not wanted. Weeds can reduce crop yields through competition for water, nutrients, light and space. They propagate through seeds, vegetative reproduction and asexual means. Management involves prevention, eradication and control using cultural, physical, biological and chemical methods. The document also classifies weeds based on morphology, life cycle, habitat and other characteristics, and discusses their ecology and impact on agriculture.
This document discusses strategies for conserving native pollinators in organic farming systems. It finds that while organic agriculture reduces pesticide use which benefits pollinators, some common organic practices like tillage can be detrimental to ground-nesting bees. The document provides recommendations for organic farmers to support pollinators, such as reducing tillage, providing flowering crops and habitat, and using integrated pest management over pesticide applications when crops are in bloom. Overall, the document aims to help organic farmers balance production practices with conservation of native pollinators.
This document discusses strategies for conserving native pollinators in organic farming systems. It finds that while organic agriculture reduces pesticide use which benefits pollinators, some common organic practices like tillage can be detrimental to native bees that nest in the ground. The document provides recommendations for organic farmers to support pollinators, such as reducing tillage, using mulches that allow bee access, growing diverse flowering crops and habitat to support native bee populations on which farms rely.
This document provides an overview of weeds, including their characteristics, impacts, classification, propagation, and management. It discusses how weeds efficiently reproduce and spread, compete strongly for resources, and occupy disturbed sites. While weeds reduce agriculture and livestock productivity, they can provide some ecological benefits. The document outlines various weed classification systems and common propagation methods. It then describes several mechanical, cultural, biological, and chemical weed control techniques and integrated weed management.
Pollination is the transfer of pollen between the male and female parts of flowers, or between flowers, allowing plants to reproduce. Almost 90% of flowering plants rely on animal pollinators like bees, butterflies, bats and hummingbirds rather than wind. These animals visit flowers for nectar and inadvertently transport pollen, fertilizing the flowers. Approximately 1,000 food crops worldwide depend on pollinators to produce fruits and vegetables. However, pollinator populations are declining due to habitat loss, pesticides, and other threats. The Pollinator Partnership works to conserve pollinators through education and habitat restoration.
Cross pollination involves the transfer of pollen grains from the anther of one flower to the stigma of another flower. There are several mechanisms that promote cross pollination over self-pollination, including dichogamy, heterostyly, and hercogamy. The main agents of cross pollination are wind, water, insects, birds and bats. Cross pollination provides advantages like more viable and numerous seeds, but also disadvantages like increased pollen wastage. Heterosis, or hybrid vigor, results from cross pollination and can be explained by either the dominance or overdominance hypotheses. Cross pollination and heterosis have been exploited in the breeding of many ornamental plants.
This document discusses several major insect pests that damage fruits in Pakistan. It begins by providing background on insects and then discusses six key pests in detail: 1) fruit flies, which lay eggs inside fruits and whose larvae feed on the flesh, causing economic losses; 2) the lemon butterfly, whose caterpillar larvae feed on citrus leaves; 3) aphids, which suck sap from plants and reduce yields; 4) red scales, an armored scale insect that sucks sap and can cause tree death; 5) mango hoppers, which feed on mango flowers, leaves, and fruits, stunting growth; and 6) the banana weevil, whose grub larvae bore into banana plants and rhizomes,
Honey bees are crucial pollinators for many fruits and vegetables. They pollinate about 30% of the food consumed in the US. However, honey bee populations have declined by 30-50% over the last 20 years due to various factors like pesticides, malnutrition, mites, and viruses. If honey bee populations continue to decline, it could significantly impact food prices and availability. There are steps people can take to help honey bees, such as planting bee-friendly gardens and donating to research on solving colony collapse disorder.
1) Pollinators play an essential role in seed production of many crops as they transfer pollen between flowers, enabling cross-pollination and sexual reproduction.
2) Effective pollinators for seed production must efficiently remove and deposit pollen, have foraging behaviors that result in visits to multiple individual plants of the same species, and show flower constancy to minimize cross-pollination between varieties.
3) Bees are often effective pollinators for seed production due to their flower constancy, patch fidelity, and ability to carry out many flower visits in a day, resulting in reliable pollen transfer within a crop variety.
1) Pollinators play an essential role in seed production of many crops as they transfer pollen between flowers, enabling cross-pollination and sexual reproduction.
2) Effective pollinators for seed production must efficiently remove and deposit pollen, exhibit flower constancy by primarily visiting flowers of the same species, and have foraging behaviors suited to the flower traits and needs of the crop.
3) Understanding the floral biology, pollinator species present, and foraging behaviors can help identify the most efficient pollinators to utilize for seed production of different vegetable, spice, pulse and oilseed crops.
Economic zoology deals with applying zoological knowledge to benefit humanity, such as cultivating animals for food and controlling pests. It covers topics like beneficial and harmful insects, crop pests, apiculture, sericulture, lac culture, aquaculture, venomous animals, and livestock/vector-borne diseases. Insects provide an estimated $57 billion in ecological services annually to justify greater conservation investments. Beneficial insects include pollinators that transfer crop pollen, valued at $3 billion in the US alone, and predators that control pests. Parasitic wasps, flies, and other insects also help limit pest populations. Productive insects include silkworms, honey bees, and lac
Similaire à ROLE OF POLLENIZERS AND POLLINATORS.pptx (20)
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
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How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
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This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Reimagining Your Library Space: How to Increase the Vibes in Your Library No ...Diana Rendina
Librarians are leading the way in creating future-ready citizens – now we need to update our spaces to match. In this session, attendees will get inspiration for transforming their library spaces. You’ll learn how to survey students and patrons, create a focus group, and use design thinking to brainstorm ideas for your space. We’ll discuss budget friendly ways to change your space as well as how to find funding. No matter where you’re at, you’ll find ideas for reimagining your space in this session.
3. In fruit crops, pollination is a vital reproductive process that involves the transfer of
pollen from the male reproductive organs (anthers) of a flowering plant to the female
reproductive organs (stigma) of the same or compatible plant species.
This transfer leads to the fertilization of ovules and the formation of viable seeds
within the fruit.
Pollination can occur through various mechanisms, such as wind, water, or the
activities of pollinators like insects, birds, bats, or other animals, which assist in
transferring pollen between flowers.
Successful pollination in fruit crops is essential for healthy fruit development, as it
ensures the initiation and proper growth of fruits, resulting in desirable yield, genetic
diversity, and improved crop quality.
POLLINATION
6. Cross pollination is favoured by certain conditions
Dicliny: plant bears unisexual flowers that possess only one type of sex organ
(male or female) example: mulberry and papaya.
Dichogamy: It refers to maturation of sex organs at different periods of time.
It is further of two types. Protandrous (anther matures before stigma) and
protogynous ( stigma matures before anther). Example: pecanut, avocado.
Heterogamy: In these conditions, the plant bears flowers morphologically different
that is long style and short stamen or short style and long stamen. Example: sapota
litchi.
Herkogamy: In certain flowers, a morphological barrier develops which makes
self-pollination impossible. Example: some grasses like alfa alfa.( not common in
fruit crops)
7. DEFINITION OF POLLINATORS
POLLINATORS :
Pollinators are essential organisms that aid
in the transfer of pollen from the anthers
to the stigma of flowers, resulting in
fertilization and seed production. This
phenomenon is a fundamental process in
the reproduction of flowering plants.
Various organisms act as pollinators,
including insects, birds, bats, and even
some mammals and reptiles.
8. DEFINITION OF POLLiNIZERs
Pollinizers refer to the specific plants that
provide the pollen necessary for the
fertilization of other plants. They are the
sources of pollen that are transferred by
pollinators to the female reproductive organs
of different plant species.
Pollinizers are often chosen strategically in
agricultural practices to ensure cross
pollination, which leads to improved fruit set
and seed production in crops.
In orchards, for example, certain fruit tree
varieties are selected as pollinizers to provide
compatible pollen for the fertilization of the
desired fruit-bearing varieties.
9. Insects, particularly bees, are the primary
pollinators of most agricultural crops and wild
plants.
Pollinators represent a key ecosystem service
vital to maintaining both wild plant communities
and agricultural productivity.
Pollination increases food security and
IMPORTANCE OF POLLINATORS
10. 2/3 of the world’s 3000 species of agricultural crops
require insects for pollination.
About 70% of the world’s plants require a pollinator to
produce fruits and seeds of which 35% are crop species.
100 crop species provide 90% of food supplies and
71% are bee pollinated.
And thus, insect pollinators form a critical
part of sustainable agriculture.
11. IMPORTANCE OF POLLINIZERS
Pollinizers are crucial for facilitating cross pollination in plants that
require pollen from a different individual for successful fertilization
They help in the genetic exchange between different individuals
or varieties, promoting plant adaptation and variation.
They enhance fruit yield, set and quality in the crops that rely on
cross pollination.
Pollinizers contribute to genetic diversity and promote a healthy population
of plants ……
12. By attracting and supporting pollinators. pollinizers
contribute to the conservation of these important
organisms.
Proper management and selection of pollinizers can
optimize pollination services and increase crop
productivity.
They play a significant role in the pollination of
economically important crops, ensuring food security
and agricultural productivity.
13. Pollinator Diversity of INDIA
Besides honeybees, others including, Stingless bees, bumble bees, alkali bees, scolids,
andrenids, megachilids, etc. contribute significantly to the pollination of crops.
India is a center of rich diversity for honeybees. Out of 8 Apis spp, 6 are indigenous to India, while A. mellifera is
introduced from the USA.
Sweat bee Bumble bee Digger bee Polyester bee Carpenter bee Mason bee
A. andreniformis A. mellifera A. florea A. cerana A. dorsata A. boroisa
14. POLLINATOR DECLINE : A CAUSE TO WORRY
Pollinators are a key component of global biodiversity, providing vital ecosystem services to crops
and wild plants.
There is clear evidence of recent declines in both wild and domesticated pollinators, and
parallel declines in the plants that rely upon them.
Potential drivers of pollinator loss, include habitat loss and fragmentation,
agrochemicals, pathogens, alien species, and climate change.
Pollinator declines can result in loss of pollination services which have important negative
ecological and economic impacts that could significantly affect the maintenance of wild
plant diversity, wider ecosystem stability, crop production, food security and human welfare.
16. Planting plan for pollinisers :
O O O O O O
O O O O O O
O X O O X O
O O O O O O
O O O O O O
O X O O X O
O O O O O O
O X O X O X
O O O O O O
O X O X O X
O O O O O O
O X O X O X
11% Pollinizer plan
(O- Main variety, X- pollinizer variety).
Every third tree in the third row is a pollinizer
25% Pollinizer plan
(O- Main variety, X- pollinizer variety).
Every alternate tree in the alternate row is a
pollinizer
Fundamentals of Horticulture by Parshant Bakshi,
Kiran Kour, Amit Jasrotia
17. O O O O O O
O X O O X O
O O O O O O
O X O O X O
O O O O O O
O X O O X O
O O O O O O
O X O O X O
O X O O X O
O X O O X O
O X O O X O
O X O O X O
O X O O X O
15% Pollinizer plan
(O- Main variety, X- pollinizer variety).
Every alternate tree in the third row is a pollinizer.
33% Pollinizer plan
(O- Main variety, X- pollinizer variety).
Every alternate tree in the alternate row is a pollinizer
Fundamentals of Horticulture by Parshant Bakshi,
Kiran Kour Amit Jasrotia
18. Pollinisers varieties
1.Apple (Malus domestica):
Granny Smith: Pollinises
varieties such as Golden
Delicious, Spartan, and Gala.
Golden Delicious: Pollinises
varieties such as Red Delicious,
Granny Smith, and Royal Gala.
Fuji: Pollinises varieties such as
Granny Smith Gala and Red fuji.
19. 2.Pear (Pyrus communis):
Bartlett: Pollinises varieties such
as Kieffer, Moonglow and
Comice.
Anjou: Pollinises varieties such as
Bartlett, Seckel, and Comice.
Bosc: Pollinises varieties such as
Bartlett, Flemish beauty and
Comice.
20. 3.Avocado (Persea americana):
Hass: Pollinises varieties such as
Fuerte, Bacon, and Zutano
Fuerte: Pollinises varieties such as
Hass, Bacon, and Zutano
Bacon: Pollinises varieties such as
Hass, Fuerte, and Zutano
21. 4. Blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum):
Bluecrop: Pollinises varieties such as Jersey, Elliott, and Chandler.
Jersey: Pollinises varieties such as Bluecrop, Elliott, and Chandler.
Elliott: Pollinises varieties such as Bluecrop, Jersey, and Chandler.
5. Peach (Prunus persica):
Red haven: Pollinises varieties such as Elberta, Loring, and Cresthaven.
Elberta: Pollinises varieties such as Red haven, Loring, and Cresthaven.
Cresthaven: Pollinises varieties such as Red haven, Elberta, and Loring.
6. Kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa):
Hayward: Pollinises varieties such as Tomuri and Matua.
Tomuri: Pollinises varieties such as Hayward and Matua.
Matua: Pollinises varieties such as Hayward and Tomuri.
7. Cherry (Prunus avium):
Bing: Pollinises varieties such as Rainier, Lapins, and Stella
Rainier: Pollinises varieties such as Bing, Lapins, and Stella.
Stella: Self fertile cherry variety but can also be used as a polliniser for other sweet cherry cultivars
22. Challenges facing pollinators and pollinisers
Habitat Loss: Pollinators rely on specific habitats for nesting, foraging, and reproduction. However, widespread habitat
destruction, fragmentation, and urbanization have resulted in the loss of critical habitats, limiting the availability of suitable
resources for pollinators.
Pesticide Use: The widespread use of pesticides, including insecticides and herbicides, in agricultural and urban environments
has had detrimental effects on pollinators. Exposure to these chemicals can disrupt their nervous systems, impair their navigation
and foraging abilities, and even cause mortality.
Climate Change: Rapid changes in climate patterns, such as shifts in temperature, rainfall, and seasonal cycles, can disrupt the
synchrony between flowering plants and their pollinators. This can lead to a mismatch in timing, where pollinators may not be
present when flowers are ready for pollination, resulting in reduced reproductive success for both plants and pollinators
Disease and Parasites: Pollinators are susceptible to various diseases and parasites, including viruses, fungi, mites, and
parasites like Varroa mites affecting honeybees. These pathogens can weaken and decimate pollinator populations, making them
more vulnerable to other stressors.
Invasive Species: The introduction and spread of non-native invasive plant species can outcompete native plants, reducing the
availability of suitable food sources for pollinators. This can lead to nutritional deficiencies and habitat degradation for
pollinators, contributing to population declines.
25. Location Pollinizer
proportion
2000 2001
With bee
colony
Without bee
colonies
With bee
colony
Without bee
colonies
Seobagh
Insufficient
Sufficient
25.09
42.11
11.53
25.09
15.83
31.92
8.07
17.93
Larankelo
Insufficient
Sufficient
30.31
33.50
13.53
21.53
25.09
42.11
11.53
25.09
Table 1. Percent fruit set (%) in apple orchards with and without bee colonies having sufficient (>15%) and insufficient
(<15%) pollinizer proportion.
Sharma et. al (2003)
26. Table 3. Increase in apple yield (tonnes/hectare) due to the placement of honeybee colonies in orchards having
sufficient and insufficient pollinizers at Larankelo.
Year with sufficient pollinisers with insufficient pollinisers
With bee
colonies
Without bee
colonies
Per cent
increase
With bee
colonies
Without bee
colonies
Per cent
increase
2000 50.00 24.00 108.30 23.00 14.95 53.80
2001 26.78 19.20 39.50 11.94 9.60 24.40
Sharma et. al (2003)
30. Table 5 . Fruit set and almond production in the two farms: bb1 and bb2, where B. terrestris was introduced,
and c1 and c2 for the three study years (2015–2017)
Year Plot Fruit set (%) Proportional
increase
Production
(kg/ha)
2015
bb1 25.0 27.6 2,291
c1 19.6 1,337
2016
bb1 24.8 57.0 2,073
c1 15.8 1,064
2017
bb1 27.9 40.2 594
c1 19.9 478
bb2 40.0 33.3 1958
c2 30.1 1430
Marques et. al (2019)
32. Table 6. Effect of bumble bee on percent fruit set, fruit weight
and fruit size of kiwi.
Treatment Percent fruit set Fruit weight (g) Fruit length
(mm)
Fruit breadth
(mm)
T1 cage with bumble
bee colony
72.31 65.30 57.90 39.66
T2 cage with A.
mellifera colony
74.81 52.15 47.13 33.72
T3 cage with two
bumble bee colony
79.45 68.14 59.56 40.58
T4 control 47.05 24.35 42.08 29.62
T5 Hand pollination 83.20 72.05 63.17 43.37
T6 Open pollination 81.72 42.78 48.73 37.68
CD 7.74 7.30 4.08 3.04
Nayak et. al (2019)
38. Effect of pollen source on fruit set and fruit retention in Carmen and Abate Fetel pears
Maternal parents
pollen source
Fruit set (%) Fruit retention(%)
Carmen Abate fatel Mean Carmen Abate fatel Mean
William Bartlett 81.33 64.33 72.83 50.79 41.64 46.21
Fertility 78.67 69.33 74.00 47.54 45.31 46.42
Clapp’s Favourite 66.67 60.00 63.33 35.90 33.43 34.66
Chinese Sandy Pear 65.33 56.33 60.83 34.72 30.31 32.51
Max Red Bartlett 80.00 65.33 72.67 48.24 43.99 46.11
Kings Pear 57.33 54.67 56.00 30.31 29.30 29.80
Beurred’Amanalis 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Self-pollination 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Open Pollination 74.66 62.67 68.66 41.02 36.11 38.56
Mean 56.00 48.03 32.06 28.9
Mumtaz et. al 2022
39. Effect of pollen source on fruit drop and days to fruit maturity in Carmen and Abate Fetel pears
Maternal parents
pollen source
Fruit drop (%) Days to fruit maturity (%)
Carmen Abate fatel Mean Carmen Abate fatel Mean
William Bartlett 49.20 58.36 53.78 110.66 143.55 127.10
Fertility 52.45 54.69 53.57 107.21 141.00 124.10
Clapp’s Favourite 64.09 66.57 65.33 106.66 140.33 123.49
Chinese Sandy Pear 65.28 69.68 67.48 107.66 141.33 124.49
Max Red Bartlett 51.75 56.01 53.88 110.66 143.10 126.88
Kings Pear 69.68 70.70 70.19 108.44 142.66 125.55
Beurred’Amanalis 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Self-pollination 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Open Pollination 58.97 63.89 61.43 105.21 145.00 125.10
Mean 45.71 48.87 108.07 142.42
Mumtaz et. al 2022
41. Table 12. Effect of adding bumblebee (BB) hives to honeybee (HB) colonies [+BB treatment]
on the number of seeds per fruit and fruit size. The experiment was conducted in 2014, with
two cultivars in each of three orchards
Orchard site Cultivar Seed no.
+BB -BB
Fruit size(mm)
+BB -BB
Baram Gala
Golden delicious
6.3
9.1
6.2
8.4
68
70
68
69
Elroim Gala
Pink lady
7.2
8.2
4.0
7.6
72
74
69
71
Ortal Gala
Red delicious
7.9
8.1
6.1
6.3
73
74
69
72
Sapir et. al (2017)
42. Table 13. Effect of adding bumblebee (BB) hives to honeybee (HB) colonies [+BB treatment]
on the number of seeds per fruit in ‘Gala’ according to the pollinizer. The experiment was
conducted in 2014 at Ortal Orchard.
Bee treatment Pollinizer Compatibility Seeds no. / fruit
+BB Red delicious
Golden delicious
Full
Semi
7.5
7.0
-BB Red delicious
Granny smith
Full
semi
6.1
5.9
Sapir et. al (2017)
46. Table 15. Fruit set and fruit weight in the pollination experiments. For fruit
weight, data followed by the same letter are not significantly different.
Treatment Fruit set Fruit weight (g)
N % N Mean
Open
Natural pollination 42 93 34 78.6
Bagged
wind pollination
hand pollination
Apis pollination
Bombus pollination
34
21
43
35
44
90
91
100
15
19
37
34
35.8
72.3
59.4
79.7
Minarro et. al (2014)
48. Table 16. Impact of diverse pollinizers on flowering, physical and
yield parameters of Ambri apple
Pollinizers Bloom
Duration
Flower
intensity
Fruit
Set ( %)
Fruit
Drop
(%)
Fruit size(cm) Fruit
weight
Yield /
tree
No. of
seeds/ fruit
Fruit
shape
Length Breadth
Golden
Spur
16.00 150.25 25.3 4.5 69.4 64.2 128.5 30.72 5.8 Long
Conical
Red gold 14.50 123.12 22.25 3.7 65.23 62.5 125.3 26.34 6.4 Long
Conical
G.Del
Reinders
15.20 110.2 19.2 4.3 66.7 61.23 128..43 25.98 6.8 Long
Conical
Manchurian 17.50 145.56 24.20 3.25 62.24 64.78 112.78 20.34 6.5 Round
Golden
Hornet
16.50 157.20 17.6 4.65 60.20 61.57 110.56 24.54 7.0 Round
Floribunda 20.50 172.32 21.25 3.78 58.45 60.27 115.21 21.42 6.9 Round
Snowdrift 16.00 134.56 17.23 4.00 60.54 61.42 109.32 19.25 6.0 Round
Maharaji 17.5 96.76 23.52 3.02 68.67 66.83 123.56 27.76 6.3 Oblong
CD>0.05 1.03 3.21 1.98 0.96 1.43 1.5 3.78 2.78 0.75
Bhat et. al 2020
49. CONCLUSION
Similarly, the pollinizers help in providing adequate amount of pollen grains required for the main crop. So, it is
necessary in some fruit to plant the pollenizer variety in order to get good yield.
It concludes that the pollinators and pollinisers play a very crucial role in our ecosystem, without
them ecological imbalance would occur which would impact all kind of living beings on earth.
Honeybees and Bumblebees play a vital role as pollinators for numerous fruit crops, exhibiting
their exceptional ability to pollinate flowers even in windy and low temperature conditions.
The remarkable impact of these bees on crop yields is attributed to their efficient and ample transfer of pollen grains.
Unfortunately, over the past few decades, there has been a significant decline in the population of bumblebees and
other pollinators worldwide. This decline can be attributed to the use of harmful agrochemicals, the destruction of
natural habitats, and the effects of climate change.