The menstrual cycle consists of four phases: the menstrual phase (period), follicular phase (egg development), ovulation phase (egg release), and luteal phase (uterine lining development). The cycle is regulated by hormones from the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries, including follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone.

1. THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
LESSON 2
LESSON 2 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE GROUP 2
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2. REPORTERS:
Seania Lutzsherl Reyes
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LESSON 2 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE GROUP 2
Calvin Kyle Capistrano
Lawfer Lladones
Winmel Malicsi

3. WE WILL BE DISCUSSING:
The Menstrual
Cycle
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The phases of
the Menstrual
Cycle
The hormones
associated with
the Menstrual
Cycle
LESSON 2 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE GROUP 2

4. THE
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
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LESSON 2 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE GROUP 2

5. THE
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
the sequence of events that
occur within a woman’s
body as it prepares for the
possibility of pregnancy
each month.
begins on the first day of a
period.
the average cycle is 28 days
long.
can range in length from 21
days to about 35 days.
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LESSON 2 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE GROUP 2

6. THE
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
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LESSON 2 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE GROUP 2
triggered by the rise and
fall of hormones
The pituitary gland and
the ovaries manufacture
and release certain
hormones at certain
times during the
menstrual cycle

7. TWO STRUCTURES THAT PLAY A VITAL ROLE
IN THE WOMAN’S REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
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LESSON 2 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE GROUP 2
These two organs
work together to
achieve the main
purpose of the
menstruation
cycle: to release an
egg for potential
fertilization so it
can implant into
the endometrium
OVARIES UTERUS

8. FOUR PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE:
The Menstrual phase
The Follicular phase
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LESSON 2 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE GROUP 2
The Ovulation phase
The Luteal phase

9. THE MENSTRUAL
PHASE
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LESSON 2 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE GROUP 2
CYCLE DAYS 1 TO 5

10. the monthly period or
menses
the first phase of the
menstrual cycle
the monthly discharge of
blood through the female
genitalia
usually lasts three to seven
days
duration of the period varies,
depending on each woman
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
THE MENSTRUAL PHASE

11. THE MENSTRUAL PHASE
Estrogen and progesterone
drop and your body releases
prostaglandins, another
type of hormone.
Prostaglandins trigger
muscles in your uterus to
contract to expel the uterus
lining.
Prostaglandins causes
period cramps.
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
Estrogen and progesterone
cause the lining of the
uterus or endometrium to
shed.
The endometrium is what
you bleed out when you
have your period.
The uterus sheds its lining
when pregnancy has not
occurred.

12. THE MENSTRUAL PHASE
Cramps,
The tendering of the breasts
Bloating,
Mood swings,
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
Irritability,
Head pain and;
Back pain, usually at the
lower back
OTHER MENSTRUAL SYMPTOMS ASIDE FROM
BLEEDING:

13. THE FOLLICULAR
PHASE
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
CYCLE DAYS 1 TO 13

14. the longest step in the
menstrual cycle.
starts on the first day of a
period and ends at ovulation
main goal: to prepare a
follicle to release a mature
egg or ovum.
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
THE FOLLICULAR PHASE

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a small region of the
brain
near the pituitary
gland
HYPOTHALAMUS
PITUITARY GLAND
MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
controls the activity of
most other hormone-
secreting glands.
made up of the
anterior pituitary
gland and posterior
pituitary glands.

16. regulates hormones released by the
anterior pituitary gland.
produces a hormone called “the
gonadotrophin-releasing hormone”
or GnRH.
GnRH will travel to the anterior
pituitary gland and will cause the
cells in there to produce two
important hormones: the follicle-
stimulating hormone (FSH) and
luteinizing hormone (LH).
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
HYPOTHALAMUS

17. helps control the menstrual cycle
stimulates the growth of eggs in the
ovaries, also known as follicles.
The ovaries produce around5 to 20
follicles, each containing an oocyte.
Graafian follicle is the mature follicle
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE
GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

18. a mature follicle
will be the one to release the mature
egg (ovum), while the follicles that
failed to produce an egg dies.
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
GRAAFIAN FOLLICLE

19. hormone produced by the maturing
follicle.
the mature follicle is producing
massive amounts of estrogen and the
estrogen secretion from the follicle
will peak to a VERY HIGH POINT.
this will cause the anterior pituitary
gland to release a surge of LH
(luteinizing hormone).
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
ESTROGEN

20. causes the egg to mature and breaks down the wall of the
Graafian follicle allowing the follicle to release the egg
which is now called an ovum.
helps the Graaifan follicle that released the egg turn into
the corpus luteum.
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
LEUTEINIZING HORMONE
CORPUS LUTEUM
will be responsible for releasing progesterone and
estrogen to maintain a potential pregnancy.
the development of the corpus luteum occurs in the
LUTEAL Phase.

21. causes the endometrium to grow
and thicken to prepare the uterus for
pregnancy.
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
ESTROGEN
PROGESTERONE
regulates the condition of the inner
lining of the uterus (endometrium).

22. THE OVULATION
PHASE
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
CYCLE DAY 14

23. phase where a woman's
fertility rate is at its peak.
the release of a mature egg
from the surface of the ovary.
usually occurs mid-cycle,
around two weeks or so
before menstruation starts.
egg travels down the fallopian
tube towards the uterus with
the help of cilia to be fertilized
by sperm.
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
THE OVULATION PHASE

24. microtubule-based hair-like
organelles.
helps move the egg and
sperm through the fallopian
tubes.
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
CILIA

25. right before ovulation, the
egg inside the follicle
detaches itself
follicle starts to release
chemicals that encourage the
nearby fallopian tube to move
closer
the follicle swells until it
bursts open, ejecting the egg
and fluid into the abdominal
cavity.
Ovulation happens at around
day 14. It lasts about 24 hours
The egg will die if it isn't
fertilized within that time.
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE

26. the most fertile days are the
three days leading up to and
including ovulation.
having sexual intercourse
during this time gives you the
best chance of getting
pregnant.
sperm can live inside your
body for up to five days,
waiting around for a mature
egg to pass by.
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE

27. THE OVULATION PHASE
A slight rise in basal body
temperature.
clear, slippery discharge
that has the texture of
raw egg whites.
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
SYMPTOMS OF OVULATION:
Mittelschmerz, or pain on
one side depending on
which ovary releases the
egg. The pain can be dull,
achy, or sharp.

28. THE OVULATION PHASE
Cervical mucus changes.
Heightened senses.
Breast soreness or
tenderness.
Mild pelvic or lower
abdominal pain.
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MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
CHANGES YOU MAY EXPERIENCE DURING OVULATION:
Light spotting or
discharge.
Libido changes.
Changes in the cervix.
Nausea and headaches.

29. THE LUTEAL
PHASE
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CYCLE DAY 15-28
MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE

30. the last phase of the menstrual
cycle.
it typically goes for 14 days.
the time when the lining of your
uterus normally gets thicker to.
prepare for a possible pregnancy
the Graafian follicle turns into the
corpus luteum.
Corpus luteum is essentially a mass
of cells that makes the hormones
progesterone and estrogen.
Progesterone prepares the
endometrium for implantation of
the embryo if the ovum is fertilized.
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THE LUTEAL PHASE
MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE

31. stays in place for about 14 days
disintegrates and turns into
the Corpus Albicans if
fertilization does not occur
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CORPUS LUTEUM
MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
estrogen and progesterone
will decrease when the corpus
luteum dies
then, the whole cycle will
repeat itself.

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CORPUS LUTEUM
MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE
if fertilization occurs the fetus will start to
produce Human chorionic gonadotropin (HcG)
HcG is what a pregnancy test picks up
HcG will prevent the corpus luteum from dying

33. THE LUTEAL PHASE
Cramps
Fatigue
Mood changes
Headaches
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SYMPTOMS OF PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS):
Bloating
Bowel movement
changes
Difficulty sleeping
MENSTRUAL
PHASE
FOLLICULAR
PHASE
OVULATION
PHASE
LUTEAL
PHASE

34. THINGS THAT CAN
ALTER YOUR
MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
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THINGS THAT CAN ALTER YOUR MENSTRUAL CYCLE

35. the use of various devices,
drugs, agents, sexual practices,
or surgical procedures to
prevent conception or
pregnancy.
Types of birth control can
include pills, intrauterine
devices or (IUD), vasectomy,
birth control implants and
condoms.
Periods can be longer, shorter,
heavier, or lighter, depending
on the method of birth control.
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BIRTH CONTROL
THINGS THAT CAN ALTER YOUR MENSTRUAL CYCLE

36. occurs when a sperm fertilizes
an egg after it's released from
the ovary during ovulation.
It usually lasts about 40 weeks,
or just over 9
Missed periods are one of the
most obvious signs that you
are pregnant.
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PREGNANCY
THINGS THAT CAN ALTER YOUR MENSTRUAL CYCLE

37. a hormonal disorder common
among women of reproductive
age.
Women with PCOS may have
infrequent or prolonged
menstrual periods or excess
androgen levels.
The ovaries may develop
numerous follicles and fail to
regularly release eggs.
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POLYCYCTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS)
THINGS THAT CAN ALTER YOUR MENSTRUAL CYCLE

38. noncancerous growths of the
uterus that often appear
during childbearing years.
also called myomas.
aren't associated with an
increased risk of uterine cancer
and almost never develop into
cancer
heavier or irregular periods
and spotting between periods
Elevated levels prostaglandins
may also contribute to heavy
bleeding.
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UTERINE FIBROIDS
THINGS THAT CAN ALTER YOUR MENSTRUAL CYCLE

39. are any of a range of
psychological disorders
characterized by disturbed
eating habits.
can cause you to stop having
regular periods
The absence of your period is
medically known as
amenorrhea.
Some types of eating disorders
are Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia
nervosa, Binge eating,
Restrictive eating disorders
and, Orthorexia.
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EATING DISORDERS
THINGS THAT CAN ALTER YOUR MENSTRUAL CYCLE

40. EXAMPLES OF MENSTRUAL PROBLEMS
Periods that occur less than 21 days or more than 35 days
apart
Missing three or more periods in a row
Menstrual flow that is much heavier or lighter than usual
Periods that last longer than seven days
Periods that are accompanied by pain, cramping, nausea
or vomiting
Bleeding or spotting that happens between periods, after
menopause
Irregular periods
Skipped periods
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If you have these or other problems with your menstrual cycle,
it is advised that you talk to your healthcare provider.
EXAMPLES OF MENSTRUAL PROBLEMS

41. TIPS FOR PAINFUL PERIOD CRAMPS
Over-the-counter pain medicine
Exercise
Putting a heating pad on your belly or lower back.
Taking a hot bath
Drinking ginger tea (highly recommended) (if you feel like
you’re about to get your period, you could start drinking
ginger tea by then for it to be more effective)
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EXAMPLES OF MENSTRUAL PROBLEMS

42. The menstrual cycle is a term used to describe the sequence
of events that occur within a woman’s body as it prepares for
the possibility of pregnancy each month.
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SUMMARY
Its four phases are:
The menstrual phase - this is what we call the monthly period
The follicular phase - prepares a follicle to release a mature egg
or ovum.
The ovulation phase - the release of a mature egg from the
surface of the ovary. It is when a woman's fertility rate is at its
peak.
The luteal phase - the time where the lining of your uterus
normally gets thicker to prepare for a possible pregnancy.

43. THE FOUR MAJOR HORMONES INVOLVED IN THE
MENSTRUAL CYCLE ARE:
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SUMMARY
Follicle-stimulating hormone - helps control the menstrual
cycle and stimulates the growth of follicles
Luteinizing hormone - causes the egg to mature and be
released for ovulation to happen
Estrogen - causes the endometrium to grow and thicken
to prepare the uterus for pregnancy.
Progesterone - regulates the condition of the
endometrium

44. SOME THINGS THAT CAN ALTER YOUR
MENSTRUAL CYCLE ARE:
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SUMMARY
Birth Control
Pregnancy
Polycystic ovary syndrome or PCOS
Uterine Fibroids
Eating disorders

45. THANK YOU
FOR YOUR ATTENTION!
Members:
Seania Lutzsherl M. Reyes
Calvin Kyle Capistrano
Winmel B. Malicsi
Lawfer Lladones
The Menstrual Cycle
Lesson 2
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LESSON 2 THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE GROUP 2
HAVE A CUPCAKE :DD