Session 1 yamaguchi oecd regional trade agreements and the environmentOECD Environment
The document discusses (1) the evolution and rationale of including environmental provisions in regional trade agreements, (2) challenges in implementing and measuring the effectiveness of such provisions, and (3) ensuring policy coherence across different agreement chapters. It notes an upward trend in substantive environmental provisions but limited understanding of their impacts, calling for improved monitoring, evaluation, and data collection to better understand the effects of regional trade agreements on the environment.
PPT James Maguire and Peter Hobson - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing M...OECD Environment
The document discusses cooling efficiency and energy efficiency projects in the Indonesian hospitality sector. It notes that global temperatures are rising and Indonesia is expected to experience more hot days, increasing demand for cooling. This will require increased investment and energy consumption. It then discusses how the Kigali Amendment aims to phase down hydrofluorocarbons and how SDCL is working on projects to improve cooling and energy efficiency in hotels through an innovative financing model called "Cooling as a Service". Preliminary findings from SDCL projects in Indonesian hotels show projected annual savings of US$285,000 and 3,301,000 kWh from efficiency upgrades.
This document discusses the role of international carbon markets in achieving net-zero emissions targets. It outlines some key aspects of carbon markets, including cap and trade systems and offsetting. However, it also describes several complications that undermine the environmental integrity of carbon markets. These complications include unclear emissions caps from country pledges, poor accounting, over-allocation of allowances, and issues with the permanence and additionality of offsets. The document argues that action is needed to strengthen oversight, accounting, and environmental criteria to ensure carbon markets effectively drive emissions reductions in line with the 1.5 degree warming target.
Session 1 yamaguchi oecd regional trade agreements and the environmentOECD Environment
The document discusses (1) the evolution and rationale of including environmental provisions in regional trade agreements, (2) challenges in implementing and measuring the effectiveness of such provisions, and (3) ensuring policy coherence across different agreement chapters. It notes an upward trend in substantive environmental provisions but limited understanding of their impacts, calling for improved monitoring, evaluation, and data collection to better understand the effects of regional trade agreements on the environment.
PPT James Maguire and Peter Hobson - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing M...OECD Environment
The document discusses cooling efficiency and energy efficiency projects in the Indonesian hospitality sector. It notes that global temperatures are rising and Indonesia is expected to experience more hot days, increasing demand for cooling. This will require increased investment and energy consumption. It then discusses how the Kigali Amendment aims to phase down hydrofluorocarbons and how SDCL is working on projects to improve cooling and energy efficiency in hotels through an innovative financing model called "Cooling as a Service". Preliminary findings from SDCL projects in Indonesian hotels show projected annual savings of US$285,000 and 3,301,000 kWh from efficiency upgrades.
This document discusses the role of international carbon markets in achieving net-zero emissions targets. It outlines some key aspects of carbon markets, including cap and trade systems and offsetting. However, it also describes several complications that undermine the environmental integrity of carbon markets. These complications include unclear emissions caps from country pledges, poor accounting, over-allocation of allowances, and issues with the permanence and additionality of offsets. The document argues that action is needed to strengthen oversight, accounting, and environmental criteria to ensure carbon markets effectively drive emissions reductions in line with the 1.5 degree warming target.
Climate Change Update: What Lies Beyond GHG Reporting for the Lead IndustryAll4 Inc.
This document summarizes regulatory actions related to greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting and permitting requirements for the lead industry. It discusses the EPA's GHG reporting rule, permitting thresholds, and potential future performance standards. The presentation recommends that lead facilities review their GHG reporting submissions, ensure representative carbon content data from feed materials, and consider developing direct emission factors to quantify GHG emissions.
Role of carbon pricing in achieving NDC objectives: Canada’s perspective, Lyn...OECD Environment
Canada aims to work with provinces to develop a pan-Canadian framework on carbon pricing and clean growth. Currently four largest provinces have some form of carbon pricing, while the federal government regulates key sectors and implements climate policies. Working groups were established to develop options on carbon pricing mechanisms, specific mitigation opportunities, innovation, and adaptation, to help meet Canada's emission targets. The groups will consider coverage, stringency, and international trends to design an effective and efficient national carbon pricing system that addresses industry competitiveness while building from diverse provincial systems towards a coherent national plan.
World Resources Institute hosted a launch event on 21 November 2014 for two new Greenhouse Gas Protocol Standards to inform government climate change strategies.
Building on previous GHG Protocol standards, the Policy and Action Standard helps evaluate the effectiveness of specific policies or measures in achieving greenhouse gas emissions reductions, empowering policymakers and analysts to better assess and communicate their progress. The Mitigation Goal Standard takes a bigger picture view, enabling governments to determine their emissions trajectory and whether their policy portfolio aligns with reaching their climate goals. Both standards are applicable for all levels of government.
Find out more at http://www.wri.org/events/2014/11/launch-and-training-workshop-greenhouse-gas-protocol
Introduction to the EU Emission Trading SystemLeonardo ENERGY
The EU ETS Directive is the centrepiece of the European Union’s climate policy. It has created the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), which is a unique and quite com-plex system.
The EU ETS establishes a scheme for greenhouse gas emissions allowances trading within 31 European countries. Its functioning is based on a “cap and trade” principle, which sets a cap on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by all participating installations. Within the cap, companies receive or buy emission allowances which they can trade with one another as needed.
Today, the EU ETS covers almost half of EU’s emissions and is part of the daily life of a large number of companies.
The EU ETS Directive represents the backbone of EU’s action against climate change, but it also works in combination with several other pieces of legislation in a delicate balance.
Our European system has very much evolved during the last 15 years. The existing legislation operates until 2020. It has set a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target in line with EU’s 2050 low carbon economy roadmap. The time has also come to discuss the post-2020 period and the European Commission will soon put forward a new proposal with a 2030 emissions reduction target.
Being the first one to have been setup, the European scheme is analysed and taken as exam-ple in other regions of the world where emissions trading starts being implemented.
This course aims at giving a presentation of the EU ETS Directive, the main features of the sys-tem, the balance with other pieces of EU legislation and at offering perspectives for the on-coming review of the scheme.
PPT Herlin Herlianika - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Eff...OECD Environment
Presentation by Herlin Herlianika, ASHRAE Indonesia, Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Efficient and Low Carbon Cooling Systems, 22 July 2020
ENV GLOBAL FORUM OCT 2016 - Session 4 - Sharlin Hemraj OECD Environment
The document discusses environmental fiscal reform in South Africa, including:
1. South Africa has developed policy frameworks to address environmental challenges like climate change through strategies focusing on sustainable development.
2. Environmental taxes have been implemented or proposed to correct market failures from negative externalities, including the electricity generation levy, plastic bag levy, and the proposed carbon tax.
3. Revenues from environmental taxes have increased over time but still only account for around 6% of total tax revenues on average, with the fuel levy being the largest component.
Discovering options for cooperative approaches and ITMOs under PA, Dr. Venkat...OECD Environment
1) The document discusses potential roles for the World Bank Group related to Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which allows for international cooperation on climate change mitigation.
2) The World Bank could convene support and mobilize finance for cooperative approaches, support country readiness through tools and policies, and generate knowledge about carbon markets and pricing.
3) The World Bank is already engaged in several initiatives like the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition, Partnership for Market Readiness, and upcoming Transformative Carbon Asset Facility to support the development of carbon markets and test innovative mitigation policies.
This document discusses key issues for ensuring high quality offsets under the Paris Agreement. It notes that markets should enhance climate ambition rather than focus on flexibility and cost-effectiveness. It recommends limiting offsets to activities with high likelihood of additionality and reasonable certainty of emission reductions. Offsets must address non-permanence risks over 100 years. Article 6 accounting is important to facilitate NDC achievement and track internationally transferred mitigation outcomes between countries. Robust corresponding adjustments are needed when emissions trading systems are linked to account for shifts in mitigation between jurisdictions.
European Carbon Emissions Trading Schemedenise_clock
The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is the largest carbon emissions trading scheme in the world. It began in 2005 and was implemented in two phases. Phase one was ineffective due to the carbon allowances given to firms being too high and cheap, resulting in increased emissions. Phase two, beginning in 2008, saw stricter limits on emissions and higher carbon prices, creating more incentive for firms to actually reduce emissions. The ETS aims to combat the negative externalities of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming through a cap-and-trade system.
PPT Emma Rachmawaty - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Effic...OECD Environment
This document discusses Indonesia's efforts to implement its commitments under the Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). It outlines Indonesia's HFC phase-down schedule under the Kigali Amendment and actions taken to develop standards and certify technicians to handle alternative refrigerants. It also expresses openness to strengthening implementation of climate agreements and including new HFC mitigation actions in Indonesia's next Nationally Determined Contribution.
Impacts of scenario definitions on CO2 mitigation cost in energy system modelsIEA-ETSAP
The document discusses how different definitions of CO2 constraints in energy system models can impact modeling results. It analyzes two case studies using the TIMES and E2M2 models to compare scenarios with different CO2 constraints: a CO2 cap, CO2 budget, and additional constraints like energy autarky goals or coal phaseouts. The key findings are:
1) A CO2 budget constraint, which defines a total available CO2 budget over the entire modeling period, results in lower total system costs and average mitigation costs compared to an annual CO2 cap in both models.
2) Adding a second constraint, like an energy autarky goal or coal phaseout, increases total system costs but can further
Economic and environmental benefits from international co-ordination on carbo...OECD Environment
The document discusses international coordination on carbon pricing and its economic and environmental benefits. It summarizes findings from 46 studies on the benefits of different forms of international cooperation on carbon pricing. International coordination can significantly reduce mitigation costs through measures like linking carbon markets, extending carbon coverage to other sectors and gases, and coordinating fossil fuel subsidy reform. However, benefits are distributed asymmetrically across countries. International cooperation also yields environmental benefits like reduced emissions and less carbon leakage between countries with different carbon prices.
Towards cleaner energy - a collaborative world effortsSampe Purba
This document discusses Indonesia's commitment to transitioning to cleaner energy sources. It outlines Indonesia's large potential for renewable energy like solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal, but notes that currently only a small percentage of 2.5% of this potential is being utilized. The document emphasizes that the transition must be collaborative and consider each country's circumstances, and that developed countries who polluted more have more responsibility to reduce emissions. It concludes that the transition principles of no one being left behind and mutual benefit between countries are important to guide the process.
This document discusses revenue from emissions trading systems and how it is used. It provides information on allocation design options for allowances and the advantages and disadvantages of auctioning. Auctioning raises revenue for governments but does not protect high-emitting industries from carbon leakage. The document then examines how revenues from ETS auctions have been used in the EU, RGGI, California, and other programs, often to fund climate and clean energy programs. Sources of additional information on carbon pricing and ETS programs from the International Carbon Action Partnership are also listed.
China’s Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Future Trajectories and Mitigation ...IEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes the results of a modeling study on non-CO2 greenhouse gas mitigation pathways for China conducted by researchers at the China Energy Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The study found that adopting additional cost-effective non-CO2 mitigation measures could help China's total greenhouse gas emissions peak 13 years earlier. The largest non-CO2 mitigation potential exists in industrial processes, agriculture, coal mining, and methane reduction. Key conclusions are that 40% mitigation of non-CO2 gases is possible by 2050, with the largest potential in the industrial sector, methane from coal and waste, and nitrous oxide from agriculture.
Presented by Nicolai Zarganis, Head of Division, Danish Energy Authority, denmark, at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Copenhagen, Denmark on 19 April 2006.
Climate Change Update: What Lies Beyond GHG Reporting for the Lead IndustryAll4 Inc.
This document summarizes regulatory actions related to greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting and permitting requirements for the lead industry. It discusses the EPA's GHG reporting rule, permitting thresholds, and potential future performance standards. The presentation recommends that lead facilities review their GHG reporting submissions, ensure representative carbon content data from feed materials, and consider developing direct emission factors to quantify GHG emissions.
Role of carbon pricing in achieving NDC objectives: Canada’s perspective, Lyn...OECD Environment
Canada aims to work with provinces to develop a pan-Canadian framework on carbon pricing and clean growth. Currently four largest provinces have some form of carbon pricing, while the federal government regulates key sectors and implements climate policies. Working groups were established to develop options on carbon pricing mechanisms, specific mitigation opportunities, innovation, and adaptation, to help meet Canada's emission targets. The groups will consider coverage, stringency, and international trends to design an effective and efficient national carbon pricing system that addresses industry competitiveness while building from diverse provincial systems towards a coherent national plan.
World Resources Institute hosted a launch event on 21 November 2014 for two new Greenhouse Gas Protocol Standards to inform government climate change strategies.
Building on previous GHG Protocol standards, the Policy and Action Standard helps evaluate the effectiveness of specific policies or measures in achieving greenhouse gas emissions reductions, empowering policymakers and analysts to better assess and communicate their progress. The Mitigation Goal Standard takes a bigger picture view, enabling governments to determine their emissions trajectory and whether their policy portfolio aligns with reaching their climate goals. Both standards are applicable for all levels of government.
Find out more at http://www.wri.org/events/2014/11/launch-and-training-workshop-greenhouse-gas-protocol
Introduction to the EU Emission Trading SystemLeonardo ENERGY
The EU ETS Directive is the centrepiece of the European Union’s climate policy. It has created the European Union’s Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS), which is a unique and quite com-plex system.
The EU ETS establishes a scheme for greenhouse gas emissions allowances trading within 31 European countries. Its functioning is based on a “cap and trade” principle, which sets a cap on the total amount of greenhouse gases that can be emitted by all participating installations. Within the cap, companies receive or buy emission allowances which they can trade with one another as needed.
Today, the EU ETS covers almost half of EU’s emissions and is part of the daily life of a large number of companies.
The EU ETS Directive represents the backbone of EU’s action against climate change, but it also works in combination with several other pieces of legislation in a delicate balance.
Our European system has very much evolved during the last 15 years. The existing legislation operates until 2020. It has set a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target in line with EU’s 2050 low carbon economy roadmap. The time has also come to discuss the post-2020 period and the European Commission will soon put forward a new proposal with a 2030 emissions reduction target.
Being the first one to have been setup, the European scheme is analysed and taken as exam-ple in other regions of the world where emissions trading starts being implemented.
This course aims at giving a presentation of the EU ETS Directive, the main features of the sys-tem, the balance with other pieces of EU legislation and at offering perspectives for the on-coming review of the scheme.
PPT Herlin Herlianika - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Eff...OECD Environment
Presentation by Herlin Herlianika, ASHRAE Indonesia, Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Efficient and Low Carbon Cooling Systems, 22 July 2020
ENV GLOBAL FORUM OCT 2016 - Session 4 - Sharlin Hemraj OECD Environment
The document discusses environmental fiscal reform in South Africa, including:
1. South Africa has developed policy frameworks to address environmental challenges like climate change through strategies focusing on sustainable development.
2. Environmental taxes have been implemented or proposed to correct market failures from negative externalities, including the electricity generation levy, plastic bag levy, and the proposed carbon tax.
3. Revenues from environmental taxes have increased over time but still only account for around 6% of total tax revenues on average, with the fuel levy being the largest component.
Discovering options for cooperative approaches and ITMOs under PA, Dr. Venkat...OECD Environment
1) The document discusses potential roles for the World Bank Group related to Article 6 of the Paris Agreement, which allows for international cooperation on climate change mitigation.
2) The World Bank could convene support and mobilize finance for cooperative approaches, support country readiness through tools and policies, and generate knowledge about carbon markets and pricing.
3) The World Bank is already engaged in several initiatives like the Carbon Pricing Leadership Coalition, Partnership for Market Readiness, and upcoming Transformative Carbon Asset Facility to support the development of carbon markets and test innovative mitigation policies.
This document discusses key issues for ensuring high quality offsets under the Paris Agreement. It notes that markets should enhance climate ambition rather than focus on flexibility and cost-effectiveness. It recommends limiting offsets to activities with high likelihood of additionality and reasonable certainty of emission reductions. Offsets must address non-permanence risks over 100 years. Article 6 accounting is important to facilitate NDC achievement and track internationally transferred mitigation outcomes between countries. Robust corresponding adjustments are needed when emissions trading systems are linked to account for shifts in mitigation between jurisdictions.
European Carbon Emissions Trading Schemedenise_clock
The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) is the largest carbon emissions trading scheme in the world. It began in 2005 and was implemented in two phases. Phase one was ineffective due to the carbon allowances given to firms being too high and cheap, resulting in increased emissions. Phase two, beginning in 2008, saw stricter limits on emissions and higher carbon prices, creating more incentive for firms to actually reduce emissions. The ETS aims to combat the negative externalities of greenhouse gas emissions and global warming through a cap-and-trade system.
PPT Emma Rachmawaty - OECD Focus Group Discussion: Financing Models for Effic...OECD Environment
This document discusses Indonesia's efforts to implement its commitments under the Montreal Protocol and Kigali Amendment to phase down hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). It outlines Indonesia's HFC phase-down schedule under the Kigali Amendment and actions taken to develop standards and certify technicians to handle alternative refrigerants. It also expresses openness to strengthening implementation of climate agreements and including new HFC mitigation actions in Indonesia's next Nationally Determined Contribution.
Impacts of scenario definitions on CO2 mitigation cost in energy system modelsIEA-ETSAP
The document discusses how different definitions of CO2 constraints in energy system models can impact modeling results. It analyzes two case studies using the TIMES and E2M2 models to compare scenarios with different CO2 constraints: a CO2 cap, CO2 budget, and additional constraints like energy autarky goals or coal phaseouts. The key findings are:
1) A CO2 budget constraint, which defines a total available CO2 budget over the entire modeling period, results in lower total system costs and average mitigation costs compared to an annual CO2 cap in both models.
2) Adding a second constraint, like an energy autarky goal or coal phaseout, increases total system costs but can further
Economic and environmental benefits from international co-ordination on carbo...OECD Environment
The document discusses international coordination on carbon pricing and its economic and environmental benefits. It summarizes findings from 46 studies on the benefits of different forms of international cooperation on carbon pricing. International coordination can significantly reduce mitigation costs through measures like linking carbon markets, extending carbon coverage to other sectors and gases, and coordinating fossil fuel subsidy reform. However, benefits are distributed asymmetrically across countries. International cooperation also yields environmental benefits like reduced emissions and less carbon leakage between countries with different carbon prices.
Towards cleaner energy - a collaborative world effortsSampe Purba
This document discusses Indonesia's commitment to transitioning to cleaner energy sources. It outlines Indonesia's large potential for renewable energy like solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal, but notes that currently only a small percentage of 2.5% of this potential is being utilized. The document emphasizes that the transition must be collaborative and consider each country's circumstances, and that developed countries who polluted more have more responsibility to reduce emissions. It concludes that the transition principles of no one being left behind and mutual benefit between countries are important to guide the process.
This document discusses revenue from emissions trading systems and how it is used. It provides information on allocation design options for allowances and the advantages and disadvantages of auctioning. Auctioning raises revenue for governments but does not protect high-emitting industries from carbon leakage. The document then examines how revenues from ETS auctions have been used in the EU, RGGI, California, and other programs, often to fund climate and clean energy programs. Sources of additional information on carbon pricing and ETS programs from the International Carbon Action Partnership are also listed.
China’s Non-CO2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Future Trajectories and Mitigation ...IEA-ETSAP
This document summarizes the results of a modeling study on non-CO2 greenhouse gas mitigation pathways for China conducted by researchers at the China Energy Group at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The study found that adopting additional cost-effective non-CO2 mitigation measures could help China's total greenhouse gas emissions peak 13 years earlier. The largest non-CO2 mitigation potential exists in industrial processes, agriculture, coal mining, and methane reduction. Key conclusions are that 40% mitigation of non-CO2 gases is possible by 2050, with the largest potential in the industrial sector, methane from coal and waste, and nitrous oxide from agriculture.
Presented by Nicolai Zarganis, Head of Division, Danish Energy Authority, denmark, at the IEA DSM Programme workshop in Copenhagen, Denmark on 19 April 2006.
Global emission pathways towards 2°C target: Good practices for the preparat...NewClimate Institute
Niklas Höhne from NewClimate Institute presents good practices for the preparation of Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs), compatible with global emission pathways towards the 2°C target.
84th ICREA colloquium 'Carbon pricing and energy use pathways for staying wit...ICREA
'Parallel tracks towards a post-Paris treaty on carbon pricing'
Stopping climate change has turned out to be an immense challenge. Although denial of the problem seems to weaken somewhat, a serious hurdle to a solution is that many scientists and politicians are insufficiently focused on ultimate effectiveness of policies. We quantify the magnitude of the decarbonization challenge and discuss general solution strategies and policy instruments. We then look into the carbon emissions involved in a renewable energy transition, assess the effects of recessions on carbon emissions and discuss the trade-offs between economic growth and reducing carbon emissions. We zoom in on carbon pricing, listing classic and heterodox arguments in favor of it, dealing with effectiveness, efficiency, equity, national and international feasibility, and systemic effects. Complementary instruments and the reasons for their use are mentioned as well. On the basis of this, implications for the policy trajectory after the Paris international climate agreement are formulated.
Analysis to Support Post-2020 GHG Emission Targets. Examines several pathways for the United States to use existing policies and authority to accelerate technology trends underway to make deep emissions cuts while taking advantage of economic opportunities from improved efficiencies and affordable, low-carbon solutions. Find out more at http://ow.ly/Nu2IM
Wedging the gap: the role of non-CO2 greenhouse gases in ambitious emission r...NewClimate Institute
Niklas Höhne from NewClimate Institute (newclimate.org) presents the role of non-CO2 greenhouse gases in ambitious emissions reductions for climate change mitigation.
International Coordination on Carbon Pricing, Daniel Nachtigall – OECDOECD Environment
The document discusses opportunities for improving international coordination on carbon pricing schemes. Coordination can bring economic, environmental, and political benefits by enabling higher climate ambition. Various levels of coordination are presented, from facilitating new carbon pricing schemes to linking emission trading systems or establishing a carbon market club. Deeper coordination faces barriers but overcoming them could increase price coherence and cost-effectiveness of mitigation efforts.
Transofmation of the economic system: green reform and green growthMauro Bassotti
This document discusses the challenges of transforming the global economic system to address climate change through green fiscal reform and growth. It notes misalignments in current tax structures that do not incentivize low-carbon transformation. While concerns exist around equity, competitiveness and growth, the document finds that well-designed environmental policies with revenue recycling need not harm, and may even benefit, economic outcomes if implemented in a coordinated manner across countries. Stringent climate policies that price carbon and support clean innovation are still needed to meet emissions targets.
The document outlines a scenario where a local partnership called FutureCBC faces increasing pressure to significantly reduce carbon emissions over the next few years. It notes that climate change is a high political priority due to rising global temperatures. The partnership has a statutory duty to lower emissions by 9% annually. It will need to make decisions around replacing energy inefficient buildings, reducing traffic congestion, and building affordable homes while meeting these carbon targets. The partnership risks financial penalties if it fails to adequately plan and respond to this carbon reduction challenge.
The document outlines a scenario where a local partnership called FutureCBC faces increasing pressure to significantly reduce carbon emissions over the next few years. It notes that climate change is a high political priority due to rising global temperatures. The partnership has a statutory duty to lower emissions by 9% annually. It will need to make decisions around replacing energy inefficient buildings, reducing traffic congestion, and building affordable homes while meeting these carbon targets. The partnership risks financial penalties if it fails to adequately plan and respond to this carbon reduction challenge.
Aki Kachi presented on "Current trends in green recovery measures" at the "Landscape of climate finance: From supporting recovery globally to recent advances in the CEE region" Workshop. The event was organized within the framework of the EUKI-supported project “Landscape of Climate Finance: Promoting debate on climate finance flows in Central Europe”, jointly implemented by I4CE, NewClimate Institute and WiseEuropa.
Thomas Sterner deltog i arbetet med IPCC:s tredje delrapport i den femte rapporten om klimatförändringarna. Fores anordnade tillsammans med Mistra Swecia och Mistra Indigo ett seminarium där bland annat Thomas Sterner deltog och presenterade de viktigaste slutsatserna från den tredje delrapporten.
Video från seminariet finns här: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mGYGU07Bdec&list=UUswRg-zqyKXceYXwtZXNeiA
- The document presents a study on the macroeconomic and environmental effects of carbon tax policies in Ethiopia.
- The study uses a computable general equilibrium model to simulate the impact of three carbon tax scenarios on key economic indicators, emissions, government revenues/expenditures, and household welfare.
- The results show that GDP, consumption, and exports decline under the carbon tax scenarios, while government revenues and expenditures increase. Household and labor incomes are negatively impacted while emissions are reduced. Higher carbon tax rates lead to greater changes from the baseline.
This document discusses low carbon growth strategies in Asia Pacific countries and the Asia Pacific Network's (APN) approach. It notes that countries like Korea have adopted green growth as a national strategy to pursue economic growth while reducing emissions. The document provides examples of Korea's national strategy, which includes targets for reducing emissions and increasing renewable energy. It also discusses how green growth can help economies become more resilient by reducing resource consumption. Overall, the document examines how Asia Pacific countries are pursuing low carbon green growth strategies.
The document discusses balancing objectives in climate policy related to land conservation, biofuels, and climate mitigation. It notes that climate policy affects energy production, use, and land use, and outlines key policies like cap-and-trade. It discusses issues around offsets policy, biofuels, and land conservation programs, and the need for flexibility given uncertainties. The document emphasizes balancing multiple objectives through communication and process in the policy discussion.
The document analyzes the potential for reducing carbon emissions in the Leeds City Region through investments in low carbon measures. It finds that compared to 1990 levels, carbon emissions could be reduced by:
- 12.9% through cost effective investments that would pay for themselves within 4 years
- 18.0% through cost neutral investments that could be funded from savings of cost effective measures and pay for themselves within 7 years
- 18.8% by exploiting all realistic potential of low carbon measures and paying for themselves within 7 years
These reductions would cut projected increases in the Leeds City Region's annual energy bill of £1.86 billion by 2022 by 64-92% through savings from the low carbon investments. The
This document provides an overview of module 4 on climate change mitigation. It begins by explaining key concepts such as mitigation, low carbon development and greenhouse gases. It then discusses the need for global mitigation to limit warming to 2°C and outlines strategic frameworks like LEDS and NAMAs to support mitigation. Sections are dedicated to sectors with high mitigation potential including energy, transport, buildings, industry, agriculture, forestry and waste. Case studies from countries illustrate successful mitigation options and initiatives.
This document discusses the challenges of transitioning to alternative energy sources and reducing fossil fuel emissions. It makes three key points:
1) Fossil fuel usage continues to rise significantly despite progress in alternative energy, and alternative energy is not growing fast enough to keep up with increasing energy demand.
2) There are physical limits to how quickly new energy technologies can be deployed at scale. Governments need long-term, stable policy frameworks to encourage changes to energy systems over time.
3) A carbon price policy can drive the implementation of emissions reductions projects over time, while complementary policies are needed to support new technologies like carbon capture and storage through research, demonstration projects, and preparation for deployment. However, additional policies
Similaire à The Role of Carbon Pricing in the Sustainable Recovery from COVID-19, Daniel Nachtigall - OECD (20)
European integration of Ukraine in the “water quality” sectorOECD Environment
Presented at the 11th roundtable on financing water in Brussels, Belgium on 30-31 May, 2024.
Ministerial Speech by Ruslan Strilets, Minister, Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources, Ukraine
Presented at the 11th roundtable on financing water in Brussels, Belgium on 30-31 May, 2024.
Intervention by Günter Liebel, Former Secretary General, Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Regions and Water Management, Austria
The Enabling Environment for Investment in Water Security.pdfOECD Environment
Presented at the 11th roundtable on financing water in Brussels, Belgium on 30-31 May, 2024.
Intervention by Guy Halpern, Policy Analyst, Environment Directorate, OECD
AFD’s activity in EU’s Eastern Partnership Countries in a nutshell.pdfOECD Environment
Presented at the 11th roundtable on financing water in Brussels, Belgium on 30-31 May, 2024.
Intervention by Tanguy Vincent, Task Team Leader Agriculture, Rural Development, Biodiversity, Agence Française de Développement (AFD)
Presented at the 11th roundtable on financing water in Brussels, Belgium on 30-31 May, 2024.
Intervention by Dina Pons, Managing Partner, Incofin Investment Management
Financing of River Basin Management Plans in Ukraine.pdfOECD Environment
Presented at the 11th roundtable on financing water in Brussels, Belgium on 30-31 May, 2024.
Intervention by Mykhaylo Yanchuk, Head of the State Water Agency, Ukraine
Presented at the 11th roundtable on financing water in Brussels, Belgium on 30-31 May, 2024.
Intervention by Sophie Tremolet, Water Team Lead, Environment Directorate, OECD
Insights on Nature-Based Solutions from the European Commission.pdfOECD Environment
Presented at the 11th roundtable on financing water in Brussels, Belgium on 30-31 May, 2024.
Intervention by Karin Zaunberger, Policy Officer, European Commission, Directorate General for Environment (DG ENV)
PPTs - TAIEX TSI MNB-OECD-EC Launch Event: Technical implementation of the Su...OECD Environment
Presentations from the TAIEX TSI MNB-OECD-EC Launch Event: Technical implementation of the Supervisory Framework for Assessing Nature-related Financial Risks to the Hungarian financial sector, 7 June 2024.
OECD Green Talks LIVE | Diving deeper: the evolving landscape for assessing w...OECD Environment
Water is critical for meeting commitments of the Paris Agreement and achieving the Sustainable Development Goals. Our economies rely on water, with recent estimates putting the economic value of water and freshwater ecosystems at USD 58 trillion - equivalent to 60% of global GDP. At the same time, water related risks are increasing in frequency and scale in the context of climate change.
How are investments shaping our economies and societies exposure to water risk? What role can the financial system play in supporting water security? And how can increased understanding of how finance both impacts and depends on water resources spur action towards greater water security?
This OECD Green Talks LIVE on Tuesday 14 May 2024 from 15:00 to 16:00 CEST discussed the evolving landscape for assessing water risks to the financial system.
OECD Policy Analyst Lylah Davies presented key findings and recommendations from recent OECD work on assessing the financial materiality of water-related risks, including the recently published paper “Watered down? Investigating the financial materiality of water-related risks” and was joined by experts to discuss relevant initiatives underway.
Detlef Van Vuuren- Integrated modelling for interrelated crises.pdfOECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Thomas Hertel- Integrated Policies for the Triple Planetary Crisis.pdfOECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Jon Sampedro - Assessing synergies and trade offs for health and sustainable ...OECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Astrid Bos - Identifying trade offs & searching for synergies.pdfOECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Ruth Delzeit - Modelling environmental and socio-economic impacts of cropland...OECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Wilfried Winiwarter - Implementing nitrogen pollution control pathways in the...OECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Laurent Drouet - Physical and Economic Risks of Climate Change.pdfOECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
HyeJin Kim and Simon Smart - The biodiversity nexus across multiple drivers: ...OECD Environment
This OECD technical workshop will bring together leading experts on economic, biophysical, and integrated assessment modelling of the interactions between climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. The workshop will take stock of ongoing modelling efforts to develop quantitative pathways to study the drivers and impacts of the triple planetary crisis, and the policies to address it. The aim is to identify robust modelling approaches to inform the work for the upcoming OECD Environmental Outlook.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The Role of Carbon Pricing in the Sustainable Recovery from COVID-19, Daniel Nachtigall - OECD
1. Daniel Nachtigall
Economist
Environment, Transitions, and Resilience Division
Environment Directorate
THE ROLE OF CARBON PRICING IN
THE SUSTAINABLE RECOVERY FROM
COVID-19
Sixth Strategic Dialogue
Carbon Market Platform
29 & 30 June 2021
2. 2
Outline
Carbon pricing in the economic recovery: State of play
Rationale for and challenges to carbon pricing related to COVID-19
Carbon pricing design options to mitigate challenges
Key takeaways
3. 3
Outline
Carbon pricing in the economic recovery: State of play
Rationale for and challenges to carbon pricing related to COVID-19
Carbon pricing design options to mitigate challenges
Key takeaways
4. 4
Carbon pricing in the economic recovery
State of Play
Purpose: Tracking policy changes in carbon pricing since the start of COVID-19
How? Which countries? When?
Which instruments? What?
47 OECD & G20 Countries
Desk research & country interviews January 2020 – March 2021
ETS, energy, carbon and
aviation taxes, reforms to FFS
Expected impact on GHG
emissions
What not?
Number of policy changes
5. 5
Carbon pricing in the economic recovery
State of Play
Permanent measure
with climate-positive
effect
Temporary measure
with climate-positive
effect
Temporary measure
with climate-negative
effect
Permanent measure
with climate-negative
effect
No
Change
C A T E G O R I S A T I O N
6. 6
Carbon pricing in the economic recovery
State of Play
Permanent measure
with climate-positive
effect
Temporary measure
with climate-positive
effect
Temporary measure
with climate-negative
effect
Permanent measure
with climate-negative
effect
No
Change
C A T E G O R I S A T I O N
7. 7
Patterns of climate-positive and negative changes
Share of temporary and permanent policy
changes by expected climate effect
Climate
positive
38 changes
Permanent
Planned
pre-COVID
Broad
scope
Climate
negative
55 changes
Time-
limited
Planned
during
COVID
Narrow
scope
Permanent
Permanent
Temporary
Temporary
8. 8
Observed trends on carbon pricing during COVID-19
COVID-19 did not derail planned implementation or increase of CP
• COVID-19 caused some minor administrative difficulties due to lockdowns
• ETS proved durable to the economic impacts
Few countries announced new or strengthened CP to date
• COVID-19 created some additional challenges (but also rationale) for CP
Few countries have explicitly integrated CP into recovery packages
9. 9
Outline
Carbon pricing in the economic recovery: State of play
Rationale for and challenges to carbon pricing related to COVID-19
Carbon pricing design options to mitigate challenges
Key takeaways
10. Challenges to carbon pricing
10
Rationale for and challenges to carbon pricing related
to COVID-19
Recession Unemployment Inequality
and poverty
Economic hardship
for businesses
Rationale for carbon pricing
Net-Zero Targets Public support for green
recovery
Need for generating
revenues
11. 11
Outline
Carbon pricing in the economic recovery: State of play
Rationale for and challenges to carbon pricing related to COVID-19
Carbon pricing design options to mitigate challenges
Key takeaways
12. 12
Dimensions and design options for carbon pricing
Timing
Exemptions
Revenue recycling
Instruments related to CP
Environmental
effectiveness
Equity and protecting
vulnerable groups
Economic effects
Political acceptability
Dimensions Design options
13. 13
Outline
Carbon pricing in the economic recovery: State of play
Rationale for and challenges to carbon pricing related to COVID-19
Carbon pricing design options to mitigate challenges
Key takeaways
14. 14
Key takeaways
State of play and observed trends during COVID-19
• Climate-positive changes were mostly permanent, planned before COVID-19, broader in
scope
• Climate-negative changes were mostly introduced as time-limited measures, due to
COVID-19, narrower in scope
• Few countries explicitly integrated carbon pricing in recovery packages to date
• Few countries announced new or strengthened carbon pricing schemes to date
Challenges, rationale and design options to carbon pricing
• COVID-19 brought new challenges to and rationale for carbon pricing
• Actual impacts of carbon pricing tend to be less severe than perceived impacts
• Design of carbon pricing (e.g. revenue recycling) can mitigate some of the challenges
15. Thank you for your attention
Contact:
Daniel.Nachtigall@OECD.org
Jane.Ellis@OECD.org
Sofie.Errendal@OECD.org
15
Contact details
Notes de l'éditeur
Daniel Nachtigall
Presenting a short version of our 2021 input to the CMP -> title
Long presentation made available last week hope you had the chance to have a look at this.
Joint with Jane Ellis and Sofie Errendal
Presented the paper in the Working group of the CMP in meeting in April.
You received the short discussion paper. Just to let you know In parallel we are preparing a longer working paper
that has more details and
finalised towards the end of the year
Circulate this paper for your comments
This paper and also the presentation does is the following.
First, provide a state of play of carbon pricing: Tracks policy changes in carbon pricing since the start of COVID-19
Second, Identifies additional challenges to and rationale for carbon pricing related to COVID-19
Discuss policy design options to overcome challenges
Purpose: Tracking policy changes in carbon pricing since the start of COVID-19
How?
Desk research
Country interviews with selected countries
Coverage
47 OECD and G20 countries
Between 01-2020 03-2021
Which instruments
ETS
Energy, carbon and aviation taxes
Reforms of FFS
What
Number of policy changes in carbon pricing that were
Implemented or announced in the time period
We distinguish permanent and temporary or time-limited
We include policy changes regardless of whether they are planned before or during COVID-19
What not
Expected impacts on GHG emissions because no data
5 different categories:
dark green and red: Permanent measure with positive/negative climate effect
Light green and red: Temporary measure with positive/negative climate effect
White: no change
Looking at explicit carbon taxes, ETS and energy taxes
First, let me again emphasise that we are looking at changes since the start of the pandemic, not the status quo
For example, Finland or Sweden have a carbon tax for a long time, but neither the tax rate nor the coverage has changed since the start of COVID-19 -> that’s why white.
Number indicates the number of changes in one country
Look at the colour code, Exclusively green and designed to be permanent
Majority of them planned before COVID-19, but implemented between 01 2020 and 03 2021
Fossil fuel subsidies and aviation taxes mostly climate-negative
Aviation taxes: mostly related to mitigate impacts of COVID-19 on general aviation industry
FFS either to protect industry from low international energy prices or vulnerable household groups from high energy bills due to lockdowns
Mostly time-limited (next slide)
Climate-positive policy changes are
38 changes
Permanent
More than 90% of climate-positive policy changes are designed to be permanent
80% of climate negative policy changes are designed to be time-limited
Planned before Covid-19 (but implemented during Covid-19)
Climate negative are mostly governments responses to the pandemic
Broader in scope (coverage and price level)
For example: Chinese ETS started operating in 2021 covers 40% of China’s GHG emissions
not derail planned implementation or increase of CP
Minor administrative difficulties
ETS resilient -> price drops initially, but most of them quickly recovered to pre-crises levels even exceeded the levels in some ETS
If we look at new announcement, only few new announcements of CP during Covid-19
Still to early to judge as many countries are still in the midst of the pandemic and recovery
As we learned from interviews with country representatives, Challenges (will come back in a bit)
Only few countries integrate CP in economic recovery packages
Also here, a bit too early, so it remains to be seen what is coming in the next months as countries are still developing their national recovery plans
One example is Denmark
Rationale
Drastic increase of net-zero targets, substantial public support for green recovery, need for generating revenues to finance recovery packages or enhance debt sustainability
Carbon pricing can help countries progress towards their climate goals, respond to public support for climate mitigation, and help generate revenue.
Challenges
Covid-19 caused global recession with decreased economic activity and increased unemployment.
Covid also increased inequality and poverty and worsened the financial situation of businesses
All of this makes it more challenging to implement carbon pricing because carbon pricing is perceived to exacerbate these effects.
However, if we look into the academic literature we see that by and large actual impacts of carbon pricing on economic and social outcomes tend to be less severe than perceived impacts
Much of the effects also depend on the exact design of carbon pricing
What are the important dimensions for policy makers to look at related to CP in the recovery
just read; all of this influences political acceptability
synergies and trade-offs between them depending on carbon pricing design
Design options -> without going too much into detail just to give a flavour of the questions we are answering
Timing
Now or later -> implementing in the midst of the pandemic might not be politically feasible
Implementing later would also provide incentives, but how to commit
Exemptions
Would reduce negative effect on vulnerable population groups or struggling businesses.
But would also decrease the effectiveness of the policy in the long-term
If at all used, time-bound, well-targeted and phased out successively
Revenue recycling
Different options, but none of the options ticks all boxes
Decrease distortionary taxes -> spur economic development, but ranks low in terms of equity and political acceptability
Lump-sum rebate or targeted rebates to vulnerable households -> performs well in terms of equity and political acceptability, but is not as efficient in terms of economic growth
There seems to be a clear equity-economic efficiency trade-off
Instruments related to carbon pricing -> politically less challenging
We discuss a number of other instruments
Carbon contract for differences
the guarantee of a pre-determined carbon price for investments in abatement capital
Germany included this instrument for some industrial sectors in the national recovery and resilience plan
The carbon pricing policy landscape changed substantially between 01/2020-03/2021
Just read
…challenges and reduce barriers to implementing it
Thanks a lot for your attention.
I’m looking forward to the discussion
I’ll put the proposed questions for discussion in the chat