The Utilization of 32 Full Factorial Design (FFD) for Optimization of Lincomycin Hydrochloride (LNH) Loaded Nanogel Involving; Design of Experiments (DoE) an Advanced Approach
Objectives: The ongoing research aims to enhance the development of LNH-loaded nanogel by
utilizing DoE as the computational method to statistically validate their formulation.
Methodology: In this research Chitosan used as a natural polymer and Poly (Ethylene glycol)
[PEG] as a penetration or permeation enhancer. The different nanogel of LNH were synthesized
using the Nanoprecipitation and Dispersion method, with variations in the drug-polymer ratio
(1/0.03, 1/0.08, 1/0.12). The process parameters were carefully optimizing for enhance the
efficiency of the synthesis. To achieve this, optimization studies were conducted using 3² FFD,
employing the Design Expert Software Trial version 10.0.7. The total of 13 runs were generated to
ensure comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the procedure. The selected independent
variables included the concentration of Chitosan (R1) and Carbopol 934 (R2). The dependent
variables, on the other hand, were particle size (P1), Polydispersity Index (P2), and % Drug release
(P3), chosen in that order. By employing this optimization technique, one can acquire valuable
information in a manner that is both efficient and cost-effective. This approach facilitates a deeper
comprehension of the relationship between controllable independent variables and the performance
and quality of the Nanogels being produced
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED WATERMELO...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated using chemically activated watermelon rinds as a low-cost adsorbent to remove methylene blue dye from water. The researchers prepared activated carbon from watermelon rinds using sulfuric acid treatment. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effects of contact time, dye concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage on dye removal efficiency. The results showed maximum removal efficiencies of 95-99.6% for sulfuric acid-treated activated watermelon rind. Optimum conditions were determined to be a contact time of 180 minutes, pH of 9, and increasing adsorbent dosage with increasing dye concentration.
Dissolution Enhancement of BCS Class 4 Dssrugs Using Quality by Design Approa...inventionjournals
Solid dispersion is one of the vastly accepted and practically economical processes in bioavailability enhancement study. The present investigation deals mostly with increase in solubility and dissolution rate of BCS class 4 drugs for enhancement of oral bioavailability. For the same solid dispersion were prepared and analyzed for appropriate concentration of drug polymer ratio by phase solubility analysis. The solvent evaporation study widely accepted due to its efficient solid dispersion in lesser efforts. The study designs were prepared with specific concentration of drug and polymer ratio with the help of high throughput model i.e. Central Composite Design (by Design Expert trial copy) by specific design of experiment with full factorial design (DOE). The fixed variables were concentration of polymers and dependant variables were dissolution and permeability across bio-membrane in in-vitro model. The prepared dispersion investigated for dissolution and permeability improvement using USP Type II apparatus and modified everted gut sac model which leads to improvement of quality of whole formulation with Quality by design efficiently.
Application of COSMO-RS-DARE as a Tool for Testing Consistency of Solubility ...Maciej Przybyłek
This study examined the solubility of coumarin, a naturally occurring compound, in various alcohols using experimental and computational methods. Inconsistencies were found in literature solubility data for coumarin. The study developed a theoretical approach using COSMO-RS-DARE modeling to test solubility data consistency and identify outliers. Experimentally measured solubility data for coumarin in a series of alcohols matched the back-calculated COSMO-RS-DARE values, validating the theoretical approach. Linear regressions were also developed to correlate COSMO-RS-DARE integration parameters with molecular descriptors.
1. The document discusses optimizing the recovery of tandem core virus-like particles produced in Pichia pastoris yeast cells using improved lysis buffer conditions and a design of experiments approach. It evaluates parameters like detergent type and concentration, salt concentration, and solid content to minimize particle aggregation and maximize protein and product release.
2. A series of experiments are conducted to determine the optimal lysis buffer, analyzing responses like product release, protein release, and particle size distribution. Results show that glycerol is not needed in the buffer and Triton-X100 is a better detergent than others tested.
3. A design of experiments approach is used to compare the effects of salt, solid content, deter
Experimental and Machine-Learning-Assisted Design of Pharmaceutically Accepta...Maciej Przybyłek
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are commonly used in pharmaceutical applications as excellent solubilizers of active substances. This study investigated the tuning of ibuprofen and ketoprofen solubility utilizing DESs containing choline chloride or betaine as hydrogen bond acceptors and various polyols (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol) as hydrogen bond donors. Experimental solubility data were collected for all DES systems. A machine learning model was developed using COSMO-RS molecular descriptors to predict solubility. All studied DESs exhibited a cosolvency effect, increasing drug solubility at modest concentrations of water. The model accurately predicted solubility for ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and related analogs (flurbiprofen, felbinac, phenylacetic acid, diphenylacetic acid). A machine learning approach utilizing COSMO-RS descriptors enables the rational design and solubility prediction of DES formulations for improved pharmaceutical applications.
This study implemented two Design-Build-Test-Learn cycles to optimize production of the biofuel precursor 1-dodecanol in E. coli. The approach resulted in a 21% increase in dodecanol titer between cycles, up to 0.83 g/L. Beyond lessons for dodecanol production, the study highlighted the importance of sequencing checks on plasmids and the need for more accurate protein expression prediction tools in synthetic biology.
Formulation and Development of Modified Release Biphasic Compressed Tablet of...ijtsrd
Quick slow drug delivery system involves the use of compressed core, consisting of sustained release tablet, which is coated by compression over the whole surface with fast dispersible formulation. Propranolol hydrochloride, a non selective beta adrenergic blocker has widely used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris with frequent administration. Aim of present study was to develop press coated tablet system to achieve quick slow release of the drug are the main purposes of biphasic drug delivery system to avoid frequent administration with increasing patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy. In this study immediate layer which was prepared using croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone and sodium starch glycol ate which was compressed on core tablet prepared by using HPMC and Ethyl cellulose. Results showed that the immediate layer dissolved within four minutes and core tablet releases drug for 12 hrs in controlled manner with zero order release kinetics. Mrs. Poonam Jaykar Patil | Dr. Durgacharan A. Bhagwat | Ms. Rutuja Rajendra Shah | Dr. Jhon I. D’souza "Formulation and Development of Modified Release Biphasic Compressed Tablet of Propranolol Hydrochloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38190.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/38190/formulation-and-development-of-modified-release-biphasic-compressed-tablet-of-propranolol-hydrochloride/mrs-poonam-jaykar-patil
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE USING CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED WATERMELO...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that investigated using chemically activated watermelon rinds as a low-cost adsorbent to remove methylene blue dye from water. The researchers prepared activated carbon from watermelon rinds using sulfuric acid treatment. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted to determine the effects of contact time, dye concentration, pH, and adsorbent dosage on dye removal efficiency. The results showed maximum removal efficiencies of 95-99.6% for sulfuric acid-treated activated watermelon rind. Optimum conditions were determined to be a contact time of 180 minutes, pH of 9, and increasing adsorbent dosage with increasing dye concentration.
Dissolution Enhancement of BCS Class 4 Dssrugs Using Quality by Design Approa...inventionjournals
Solid dispersion is one of the vastly accepted and practically economical processes in bioavailability enhancement study. The present investigation deals mostly with increase in solubility and dissolution rate of BCS class 4 drugs for enhancement of oral bioavailability. For the same solid dispersion were prepared and analyzed for appropriate concentration of drug polymer ratio by phase solubility analysis. The solvent evaporation study widely accepted due to its efficient solid dispersion in lesser efforts. The study designs were prepared with specific concentration of drug and polymer ratio with the help of high throughput model i.e. Central Composite Design (by Design Expert trial copy) by specific design of experiment with full factorial design (DOE). The fixed variables were concentration of polymers and dependant variables were dissolution and permeability across bio-membrane in in-vitro model. The prepared dispersion investigated for dissolution and permeability improvement using USP Type II apparatus and modified everted gut sac model which leads to improvement of quality of whole formulation with Quality by design efficiently.
Application of COSMO-RS-DARE as a Tool for Testing Consistency of Solubility ...Maciej Przybyłek
This study examined the solubility of coumarin, a naturally occurring compound, in various alcohols using experimental and computational methods. Inconsistencies were found in literature solubility data for coumarin. The study developed a theoretical approach using COSMO-RS-DARE modeling to test solubility data consistency and identify outliers. Experimentally measured solubility data for coumarin in a series of alcohols matched the back-calculated COSMO-RS-DARE values, validating the theoretical approach. Linear regressions were also developed to correlate COSMO-RS-DARE integration parameters with molecular descriptors.
1. The document discusses optimizing the recovery of tandem core virus-like particles produced in Pichia pastoris yeast cells using improved lysis buffer conditions and a design of experiments approach. It evaluates parameters like detergent type and concentration, salt concentration, and solid content to minimize particle aggregation and maximize protein and product release.
2. A series of experiments are conducted to determine the optimal lysis buffer, analyzing responses like product release, protein release, and particle size distribution. Results show that glycerol is not needed in the buffer and Triton-X100 is a better detergent than others tested.
3. A design of experiments approach is used to compare the effects of salt, solid content, deter
Experimental and Machine-Learning-Assisted Design of Pharmaceutically Accepta...Maciej Przybyłek
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are commonly used in pharmaceutical applications as excellent solubilizers of active substances. This study investigated the tuning of ibuprofen and ketoprofen solubility utilizing DESs containing choline chloride or betaine as hydrogen bond acceptors and various polyols (ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, glycerol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-butanediol) as hydrogen bond donors. Experimental solubility data were collected for all DES systems. A machine learning model was developed using COSMO-RS molecular descriptors to predict solubility. All studied DESs exhibited a cosolvency effect, increasing drug solubility at modest concentrations of water. The model accurately predicted solubility for ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and related analogs (flurbiprofen, felbinac, phenylacetic acid, diphenylacetic acid). A machine learning approach utilizing COSMO-RS descriptors enables the rational design and solubility prediction of DES formulations for improved pharmaceutical applications.
This study implemented two Design-Build-Test-Learn cycles to optimize production of the biofuel precursor 1-dodecanol in E. coli. The approach resulted in a 21% increase in dodecanol titer between cycles, up to 0.83 g/L. Beyond lessons for dodecanol production, the study highlighted the importance of sequencing checks on plasmids and the need for more accurate protein expression prediction tools in synthetic biology.
Formulation and Development of Modified Release Biphasic Compressed Tablet of...ijtsrd
Quick slow drug delivery system involves the use of compressed core, consisting of sustained release tablet, which is coated by compression over the whole surface with fast dispersible formulation. Propranolol hydrochloride, a non selective beta adrenergic blocker has widely used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris with frequent administration. Aim of present study was to develop press coated tablet system to achieve quick slow release of the drug are the main purposes of biphasic drug delivery system to avoid frequent administration with increasing patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy. In this study immediate layer which was prepared using croscarmellose sodium, crospovidone and sodium starch glycol ate which was compressed on core tablet prepared by using HPMC and Ethyl cellulose. Results showed that the immediate layer dissolved within four minutes and core tablet releases drug for 12 hrs in controlled manner with zero order release kinetics. Mrs. Poonam Jaykar Patil | Dr. Durgacharan A. Bhagwat | Ms. Rutuja Rajendra Shah | Dr. Jhon I. D’souza "Formulation and Development of Modified Release Biphasic Compressed Tablet of Propranolol Hydrochloride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38190.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/38190/formulation-and-development-of-modified-release-biphasic-compressed-tablet-of-propranolol-hydrochloride/mrs-poonam-jaykar-patil
Analytical Method Development and Validation of Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physicochemical Properties of Hydroxyethyl...albertdivis
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) are widely explored as excipients to improve the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs and to improve self-life of dosage form. This work is an attempt to modulate the physicochemical properties of these cellulose derivatives using biofield treatment.
This document summarizes a study that used the liquisolid technique to enhance the dissolution rate of the poorly water soluble drug ketoprofen. Several liquisolid tablet formulations were prepared using ketoprofen as the drug and propylene glycol or tween 80 as liquid vehicles. Microcrystalline cellulose and dicalcium phosphate were used as carriers and silica gel as the coating material. The liquisolid tablets showed improved flow properties and higher drug release compared to marketed ketoprofen tablets. X-ray diffraction and FTIR analysis indicated no drug-excipient interactions. The liquisolid technique was effective in enhancing the dissolution of the poorly soluble drug ketoprofen.
Ultra performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantificati...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Plerixafor (PLX) injections are administered to patients with cancers of lymphocytes
(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) and plasma cells (multiple myeloma). The main
objective of the current study was to develop a short reverse phase chromatographic
method for the simultaneous quantification of PLX and its impurities, in an injection
formulation, to reduce the time required for these quality tests. Furthermore, the
present work describes the role of nonalkyl branched nonquaternary ion pair reagent
in improving the peak shape and reducing column equilibration time. The separation
of PLX and its related substances is pH dependent (optimum pH = 2.50) and was
achieved on an octadecylsilyl (C18) column. The method was validated for its intended
purpose in accordance with the current regulatory guidelines for validation. The
proposed method can be applied for quality control, release, and stability analyses of
active pharmaceutical ingredient, PLX, as well as finished products, PLX injections
Analytical chemistry is the study and use of instrumental methods to identify, separate, and quantify matter. Green analytical chemistry aims to make these methods more environmentally friendly. Some greener extraction techniques discussed include accelerated solvent extraction, which uses less solvent and time than traditional techniques. Other techniques like solid phase microextraction and thin film microextraction are solvent-free. Greener instrumentation includes automation and integration of processes to reduce waste, and the use of greener solvents like ionic liquids and natural deep eutectic solvents. These techniques have industrial applications in pharmaceutical analysis and food quality testing that help to meet increasing demand while improving sustainability.
Analytical chemistry is the study and use of instrumental methods to identify, separate, and quantify matter. Green analytical chemistry aims to make these methods more environmentally friendly. Some greener extraction techniques discussed include accelerated solvent extraction, which uses less solvent and time than traditional techniques. Other techniques like solid phase microextraction and thin film microextraction are solvent-free. Greener instrumentation includes automation and integration of processes to reduce waste, and the use of greener solvents like ionic liquids and natural deep eutectic solvents. These techniques have industrial applications in pharmaceutical analysis and food quality testing that help to meet increasing demand while improving sustainability.
This webinar covered the industrial approach to organic chemistry and introductions to HPLC and dissolution testing. On the first day, Mr. Sandip Patel discussed automated HPLC methods and dissolution testing techniques. The second day, Dr. Janmejay Dave spoke about research and development in the pharmaceutical industry, including intermediate synthesis and the regulatory process for drug approval. Attendees learned about applying organic chemistry principles at scale in industry and analytical tools like HPLC and dissolution testing that are important for product development and quality control.
Recent Advancement and Patents of the Lipid Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticlespeertechzpublication
In recent years, robustness and surface engineering of dosage form made improvement in
pharmacokinetics with decrease in dose of drug. Specifi city with adherence of ligands has now become
the reality as surface modifi cation can easily deceive phagocytic system. Lipid molecules ensures the
release of drug at lymphatic system, entrapment of polymeric nanoparticles in lipoidal core led to the
avoidance of disadvantage of low entrapment effi ciency if use of hydrophobic drug with hydrophobic
polymer becomes essential. Various studies have been published and the best formulations with optimal
In vitro and In vivo results are highlighted in this paper. In this review most advanced researches and
accepted patents were discussed so to act as a medium for getting everything regarding lipid polymer
hybrid particles under one umbrella.
In recent years, robustness and surface engineering of dosage form made improvement in pharmacokinetics with decrease in dose of drug. Specificity with adherence of ligands has now become the reality as surface modifi cation can easily deceive phagocytic system. Lipid molecules ensures the
release of drug at lymphatic system, entrapment of polymeric nanoparticles in lipoidal core led to the
avoidance of disadvantage of low entrapment effi ciency if use of hydrophobic drug with hydrophobic polymer becomes essential. Various studies have been published and the best formulations with optimal In vitro and In vivo results are highlighted in this paper. In this review most advanced researches and accepted patents were discussed so to act as a medium for getting everything regarding lipid polymer hybrid particles under one umbrella.
The document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium and thiocolchicoside as a topical gel. It describes preparing 6 formulations of gel using different polymers and permeation enhancers. The formulations were characterized for physical properties, pH, drug content, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability and stability. In vitro drug permeation and skin irritation studies were also performed to select the best formulation. Preformulation studies including solubility, melting point, UV, FTIR and DSC were done on the drugs and excipients to ensure compatibility. The results of various evaluation tests are presented and the best gel formulation is selected based on desired properties.
This document provides an overview of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) including their advantages and disadvantages, principles of drug release, methods of preparation, analytical characterization, applications, and routes of administration. SLNs are submicron colloidal carriers composed of physiological lipids dispersed in water or aqueous surfactant solutions. They can be prepared using various methods such as high pressure homogenization, ultrasonication, solvent evaporation, microemulsion, and spray drying. Key advantages of SLNs include improved bioavailability, biocompatibility, stability, and ability to control drug release. Common characterization techniques include measuring particle size, zeta potential, molecular weight, and density. SLNs have applications in drug delivery for cancer, vaccines, brain
Nanoparticles consists of organic and inorganic materials. Nanocrystals are aggregates of atoms that combine into a “cluster” and are pure drug crystals with sizes in the nanometer range stabilized or surrounded by a thin coating of surfactant. Todays nanocrystal formulation preparation method characterised as “bottom up” “top down” and “bottom up” spray drying methods. The majority of nanocrystal medicinal products are presently approved for oral ingestion and treatment of disorders other than cancer. Smurti Magar | Prof. Santosh Waghmare | Dr. Hemant Kamble "Nanocrystals-As Drug Delivery System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49563.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/49563/nanocrystalsas-drug-delivery-system/smurti-magar
Piroxicam Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Drug Delivery SystemYogeshIJTSRD
This document describes a study that developed and evaluated a piroxicam (PXM) nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) gel for topical delivery. PXM-loaded NLCs were prepared using the high-pressure homogenization method and characterized for particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The optimized NLC formulation was incorporated into a gel and evaluated for properties such as viscosity, drug content, and in vitro diffusion. Ex vivo skin irritation studies showed the gel caused no irritation. In vivo tests in rats demonstrated the NLC gel effectively reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, the NLC gel was found to be a promising delivery
Intermolecular Interactions as a Measure of Dapsone Solubility in Neat Solven...Maciej Przybyłek
Dapsone is an effective antibacterial drug used to treat a variety of conditions. However, the aqueous solubility of this drug is limited, as is its permeability. This study expands the available solubility data pool for dapsone by measuring its solubility in several pure organic solvents: N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (CAS: 872-50-4), dimethyl sulfoxide (CAS: 67-68-5), 4-formylmorpholine (CAS: 4394-85-8), tetraethylene pentamine (CAS: 112-57-2), and diethylene glycol bis(3-aminopropyl) ether (CAS: 4246-51-9). Furthermore, the study proposes the use of intermolecular interactions as molecular descriptors to predict the solubility of dapsone in neat solvents and binary mixtures using machine learning models. An ensemble of regressors was used, including support vector machines, random forests, gradient boosting, and neural networks. Affinities of dapsone to solvent molecules were calculated using COSMO-RS and used as input for model training. Due to the polymorphic nature of dapsone, fusion data are not available, which prohibits the direct use of COSMO-RS for solubility calculations. Therefore, a consonance solvent approach was tested, which allows an indirect estimation of the fusion properties. Unfortunately, the resulting accuracy is unsatisfactory. In contrast, the developed regressors showed high predictive potential. This work documents that intermolecular interactions characterized by solute–solvent contacts can be considered valuable molecular descriptors for solubility modeling and that the wealth of encoded information is sufficient for solubility predictions for new systems, including those for which experimental measurements of thermodynamic properties are unavailable.
Experimental and Theoretical Insights into the Intermolecular Interactions in...Maciej Przybyłek
Solubility is not only a crucial physicochemical property for laboratory practice but also provides valuable insight into the mechanism of saturated system organization, as a measure of the interplay between various intermolecular interactions. The importance of these data cannot be overstated, particularly when dealing with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), such as dapsone. It is a commonly used anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. However, its low solubility hampers its efficient applications. In this project, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used as solubilizing agents for dapsone as an alternative to traditional solvents. DESs were composed of choline chloride and one of six polyols. Additionally, water–DES mixtures were studied as a type of ternary solvents. The solubility of dapsone in these systems was determined spectrophotometrically. This study also analyzed the intermolecular interactions, not only in the studied eutectic systems, but also in a wide range of systems found in the literature, determined using the COSMO-RS framework. The intermolecular interactions were quantified as affinity values, which correspond to the Gibbs free energy of pair formation of dapsone molecules with constituents of regular solvents and choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents. The patterns of solute–solute, solute–solvent, and solvent–solvent interactions that affect solubility were recognized using Orange data mining software (version 3.36.2). Finally, the computed affinity values were used to provide useful descriptors for machine learning purposes. The impact of intermolecular interactions on dapsone solubility in neat solvents, binary organic solvent mixtures, and deep eutectic solvents was analyzed and highlighted, underscoring the crucial role of dapsone self-association and providing valuable insights into complex solubility phenomena. Also the importance of solvent–solvent diversity was highlighted as a factor determining dapsone solubility. The Non-Linear Support Vector Regression (NuSVR) model, in conjunction with unique molecular descriptors, revealed exceptional predictive accuracy. Overall, this study underscores the potency of computed molecular characteristics and machine learning models in unraveling complex molecular interactions, thereby advancing our understanding of solubility phenomena within the scientific community.
SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite: A recoverable nano-catalyst for eco-friendly synth...Iranian Chemical Society
Various aldoximes and ketoximes synthesis of corresponding aldehydes and ketones in the presence of SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite as recoverable nano catalyst and NH2OH·HCl. The SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system was carried out between 10 to 15 min in oil bath (70-80 °C) under solvent-free condition in excellent yields in addition this protocol can be used for industrial scales. This method offers some advantages in term of clean reaction conditions, easy work-up procedure, short reaction time, applied to convert α-diketones to α-diketoximes (as longer than other carbonyl compounds), α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to corresponding oximes and suppression of any side product. So we think that NH2OH•HCl/SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system could be considered a new and useful addition to the present methodologies in this area. Structure of products and nano composite elucidation was carried out by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
A New Low Cost Biosorbent for a Cationic Dye TreatmentIJEAB
The aim of our study consists to investigate the adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by a new biosorbent prepared from Papaya seed. Adsorption behavior of the cationic dye was analyzed by variation of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature. Adsorption isotherms were studied according to the Langmuir and Freundlich Model, and adsorption kinetics according to pseudo first and second order. Results show that the maximum adsorption is obtained at ambient temperature with the yield of 98.82% and was reached in first 20min (pH = 10, adsorbent dose of 100 mg in 50 mL). The Langmuir isotherm shows a correlation coefficient of 99.4% higher than 95.4%obtained for Freundlich model and the adsorption kinetic model follow a pseudo-second order with a maximum adsorption capacity of 52.28 mg/g.
A Focus amp Review on the Advancement of Green Chemistry.pdfLinda Garcia
The document summarizes recent advancements in green chemistry. It discusses key principles of green chemistry including reducing waste and use of renewable starting materials. Specific examples of green chemistry methods are provided, such as using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent or supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent. The document also reviews recent applications of green chemistry in organic synthesis, including catalyst systems and atom efficient reactions. In summary, the document provides an overview of green chemistry principles and highlights recent progress in the field.
This document describes a study that developed and characterized hydrophilic polymeric nanoparticles made from the galactomannan polysaccharide Delonix (DLX) for potential ocular drug delivery applications. Fluorescent nanoparticles were prepared using a modified nanoprecipitation technique without toxic crosslinking agents. The optimized nanoparticles were less than 240 nm in size, had a polydispersity index less than 0.2, and a zeta potential of less than -30 mV. In vitro tests showed the nanoparticles were stable in simulated tear fluid and resisted degradation by lysozyme. Cell studies also indicated the nanoparticles were not toxic to retinal or corneal cells at concentrations up to 1483.3 μg/mL. Additionally, retinal cells were found
This document discusses solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), which are a promising drug delivery system. SLNs consist of nanoparticles made of physiological lipids that can incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The document outlines several preparation methods for SLNs, including high pressure homogenization and ultrasonication. It also discusses the advantages of SLNs, such as their small size, high drug loading capacity, and avoidance of organic solvents, as well as some limitations. Overall, the document presents an overview of SLNs for use as a versatile drug delivery system.
Niosome An Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles.pptxPrachi Pandey
Niosomes are nanosized vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol that form when these compounds are dispersed in an aqueous medium. These lipid-based structures are similar to liposomes but differ in their composition, as niosomes use nonionic surfactants instead of phospholipids. The unique characteristic of niosomes lies in their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs within their bilayer membrane. This feature makes them promising candidates for drug delivery systems, as they can protect the encapsulated drug from degradation, prolong its release, and enhance its bioavailability. Additionally, niosomes offer advantages such as biocompatibility, stability, and ease of preparation, making them a versatile platform for targeted drug delivery and other biomedical applications.
Niosomes (Formulation and evaluation).pptxPrachi Pandey
Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system that encapsulates the medication in a vesicular system made up of non ionic surfactants.
The vesicle is made up of a bilayer of non-ionic surfactants, thus the name niosomes.
Niosomes are extremely small and microscopic (on a nanometric scale).
Despite having a similar structure to liposomes, they have several advantages over them.
Niosomes are biocompatible, nonimmunogenic, and biodegradable in nature and exhibit flexibility in their structured characterization
Based on the vesicle size, niosomes can be divided into three groups.
Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV, size=0.025-0.05 μm),
Multilamellar vesicles (MLV, size=>0.05 μm), and
Large unilamellar vesicles (LUV, size=>0.10 μm).
In the formulation of niosomes, the selection of surfactants is based on hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value. HLB values between 4 and 8 recommended for the facile formation of niosomes and surfactants with an HLB value of more than 8 are required to optimize cholesterol concentration.
However, it has been widely observed that HLB value between 4 and 8 is highly recommended for better encapsulation efficiency, of niosomes. For example, long stearyl and short lauryl chain length increase and decrease the entrapment efficiency of niosomes, respectively.
Long hydrophilic chains result in increased encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs, and long hydrophobic chains result in improved encapsulation of lipophilic drugs.
Long Hydrophilic Chains and Increased Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Drugs:
Surfactants with longer hydrophilic chains create larger aqueous compartments within the niosome bilayer. This provides more space for water-soluble drugs to reside, leading to higher encapsulation efficiency.
Example: Span 60 (HLB 4.7) has a longer hydrophilic chain compared to Span 20 (HLB 8.6). Studies have shown that using Span 60 in niosomes resulted in significantly higher encapsulation efficiency of the hydrophilic drug gentamicin, compared to formulations using Span 20.
Long Hydrophobic Chains and Improved Encapsulation of Lipophilic Drugs:
Long hydrophobic chains increase the affinity of the niosome bilayer for lipid-soluble drugs. These drugs can partition and entrap themselves within the bilayer structure, leading to improved encapsulation.
Example: Tween 80 (HLB 15) has a longer hydrophobic chain compared to Tween 20 (HLB 16.7). Niosomes prepared with Tween 80 demonstrated superior encapsulation of the lipophilic drug curcumin compared to those made with Tween 20.
Pegylation is a process where polyethylene glycol (PEG), a biocompatible and hydrophilic polymer, is attached to the surface of niosomes. This modification offers several advantages for drug delivery:
Benefits of Pegylation:
Increased Stability: PEG creates a steric barrier, preventing proteins and other molecules in the blood from adhering to the niosome surface. This reduces aggregation and opsonization (recognition by immune cells).
Contenu connexe
Similaire à The Utilization of 32 Full Factorial Design (FFD) for Optimization of Lincomycin Hydrochloride (LNH) Loaded Nanogel Involving; Design of Experiments (DoE) an Advanced Approach
Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physicochemical Properties of Hydroxyethyl...albertdivis
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) are widely explored as excipients to improve the solubility of poorly water soluble drugs and to improve self-life of dosage form. This work is an attempt to modulate the physicochemical properties of these cellulose derivatives using biofield treatment.
This document summarizes a study that used the liquisolid technique to enhance the dissolution rate of the poorly water soluble drug ketoprofen. Several liquisolid tablet formulations were prepared using ketoprofen as the drug and propylene glycol or tween 80 as liquid vehicles. Microcrystalline cellulose and dicalcium phosphate were used as carriers and silica gel as the coating material. The liquisolid tablets showed improved flow properties and higher drug release compared to marketed ketoprofen tablets. X-ray diffraction and FTIR analysis indicated no drug-excipient interactions. The liquisolid technique was effective in enhancing the dissolution of the poorly soluble drug ketoprofen.
Ultra performance liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous quantificati...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Plerixafor (PLX) injections are administered to patients with cancers of lymphocytes
(non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma) and plasma cells (multiple myeloma). The main
objective of the current study was to develop a short reverse phase chromatographic
method for the simultaneous quantification of PLX and its impurities, in an injection
formulation, to reduce the time required for these quality tests. Furthermore, the
present work describes the role of nonalkyl branched nonquaternary ion pair reagent
in improving the peak shape and reducing column equilibration time. The separation
of PLX and its related substances is pH dependent (optimum pH = 2.50) and was
achieved on an octadecylsilyl (C18) column. The method was validated for its intended
purpose in accordance with the current regulatory guidelines for validation. The
proposed method can be applied for quality control, release, and stability analyses of
active pharmaceutical ingredient, PLX, as well as finished products, PLX injections
Analytical chemistry is the study and use of instrumental methods to identify, separate, and quantify matter. Green analytical chemistry aims to make these methods more environmentally friendly. Some greener extraction techniques discussed include accelerated solvent extraction, which uses less solvent and time than traditional techniques. Other techniques like solid phase microextraction and thin film microextraction are solvent-free. Greener instrumentation includes automation and integration of processes to reduce waste, and the use of greener solvents like ionic liquids and natural deep eutectic solvents. These techniques have industrial applications in pharmaceutical analysis and food quality testing that help to meet increasing demand while improving sustainability.
Analytical chemistry is the study and use of instrumental methods to identify, separate, and quantify matter. Green analytical chemistry aims to make these methods more environmentally friendly. Some greener extraction techniques discussed include accelerated solvent extraction, which uses less solvent and time than traditional techniques. Other techniques like solid phase microextraction and thin film microextraction are solvent-free. Greener instrumentation includes automation and integration of processes to reduce waste, and the use of greener solvents like ionic liquids and natural deep eutectic solvents. These techniques have industrial applications in pharmaceutical analysis and food quality testing that help to meet increasing demand while improving sustainability.
This webinar covered the industrial approach to organic chemistry and introductions to HPLC and dissolution testing. On the first day, Mr. Sandip Patel discussed automated HPLC methods and dissolution testing techniques. The second day, Dr. Janmejay Dave spoke about research and development in the pharmaceutical industry, including intermediate synthesis and the regulatory process for drug approval. Attendees learned about applying organic chemistry principles at scale in industry and analytical tools like HPLC and dissolution testing that are important for product development and quality control.
Recent Advancement and Patents of the Lipid Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticlespeertechzpublication
In recent years, robustness and surface engineering of dosage form made improvement in
pharmacokinetics with decrease in dose of drug. Specifi city with adherence of ligands has now become
the reality as surface modifi cation can easily deceive phagocytic system. Lipid molecules ensures the
release of drug at lymphatic system, entrapment of polymeric nanoparticles in lipoidal core led to the
avoidance of disadvantage of low entrapment effi ciency if use of hydrophobic drug with hydrophobic
polymer becomes essential. Various studies have been published and the best formulations with optimal
In vitro and In vivo results are highlighted in this paper. In this review most advanced researches and
accepted patents were discussed so to act as a medium for getting everything regarding lipid polymer
hybrid particles under one umbrella.
In recent years, robustness and surface engineering of dosage form made improvement in pharmacokinetics with decrease in dose of drug. Specificity with adherence of ligands has now become the reality as surface modifi cation can easily deceive phagocytic system. Lipid molecules ensures the
release of drug at lymphatic system, entrapment of polymeric nanoparticles in lipoidal core led to the
avoidance of disadvantage of low entrapment effi ciency if use of hydrophobic drug with hydrophobic polymer becomes essential. Various studies have been published and the best formulations with optimal In vitro and In vivo results are highlighted in this paper. In this review most advanced researches and accepted patents were discussed so to act as a medium for getting everything regarding lipid polymer hybrid particles under one umbrella.
The document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium and thiocolchicoside as a topical gel. It describes preparing 6 formulations of gel using different polymers and permeation enhancers. The formulations were characterized for physical properties, pH, drug content, viscosity, spreadability, extrudability and stability. In vitro drug permeation and skin irritation studies were also performed to select the best formulation. Preformulation studies including solubility, melting point, UV, FTIR and DSC were done on the drugs and excipients to ensure compatibility. The results of various evaluation tests are presented and the best gel formulation is selected based on desired properties.
This document provides an overview of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) including their advantages and disadvantages, principles of drug release, methods of preparation, analytical characterization, applications, and routes of administration. SLNs are submicron colloidal carriers composed of physiological lipids dispersed in water or aqueous surfactant solutions. They can be prepared using various methods such as high pressure homogenization, ultrasonication, solvent evaporation, microemulsion, and spray drying. Key advantages of SLNs include improved bioavailability, biocompatibility, stability, and ability to control drug release. Common characterization techniques include measuring particle size, zeta potential, molecular weight, and density. SLNs have applications in drug delivery for cancer, vaccines, brain
Nanoparticles consists of organic and inorganic materials. Nanocrystals are aggregates of atoms that combine into a “cluster” and are pure drug crystals with sizes in the nanometer range stabilized or surrounded by a thin coating of surfactant. Todays nanocrystal formulation preparation method characterised as “bottom up” “top down” and “bottom up” spray drying methods. The majority of nanocrystal medicinal products are presently approved for oral ingestion and treatment of disorders other than cancer. Smurti Magar | Prof. Santosh Waghmare | Dr. Hemant Kamble "Nanocrystals-As Drug Delivery System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49563.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/other/49563/nanocrystalsas-drug-delivery-system/smurti-magar
Piroxicam Nanostructured Lipid Carrier Drug Delivery SystemYogeshIJTSRD
This document describes a study that developed and evaluated a piroxicam (PXM) nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) gel for topical delivery. PXM-loaded NLCs were prepared using the high-pressure homogenization method and characterized for particle size, drug entrapment efficiency, and in vitro drug release. The optimized NLC formulation was incorporated into a gel and evaluated for properties such as viscosity, drug content, and in vitro diffusion. Ex vivo skin irritation studies showed the gel caused no irritation. In vivo tests in rats demonstrated the NLC gel effectively reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema, indicating anti-inflammatory effects. Overall, the NLC gel was found to be a promising delivery
Intermolecular Interactions as a Measure of Dapsone Solubility in Neat Solven...Maciej Przybyłek
Dapsone is an effective antibacterial drug used to treat a variety of conditions. However, the aqueous solubility of this drug is limited, as is its permeability. This study expands the available solubility data pool for dapsone by measuring its solubility in several pure organic solvents: N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (CAS: 872-50-4), dimethyl sulfoxide (CAS: 67-68-5), 4-formylmorpholine (CAS: 4394-85-8), tetraethylene pentamine (CAS: 112-57-2), and diethylene glycol bis(3-aminopropyl) ether (CAS: 4246-51-9). Furthermore, the study proposes the use of intermolecular interactions as molecular descriptors to predict the solubility of dapsone in neat solvents and binary mixtures using machine learning models. An ensemble of regressors was used, including support vector machines, random forests, gradient boosting, and neural networks. Affinities of dapsone to solvent molecules were calculated using COSMO-RS and used as input for model training. Due to the polymorphic nature of dapsone, fusion data are not available, which prohibits the direct use of COSMO-RS for solubility calculations. Therefore, a consonance solvent approach was tested, which allows an indirect estimation of the fusion properties. Unfortunately, the resulting accuracy is unsatisfactory. In contrast, the developed regressors showed high predictive potential. This work documents that intermolecular interactions characterized by solute–solvent contacts can be considered valuable molecular descriptors for solubility modeling and that the wealth of encoded information is sufficient for solubility predictions for new systems, including those for which experimental measurements of thermodynamic properties are unavailable.
Experimental and Theoretical Insights into the Intermolecular Interactions in...Maciej Przybyłek
Solubility is not only a crucial physicochemical property for laboratory practice but also provides valuable insight into the mechanism of saturated system organization, as a measure of the interplay between various intermolecular interactions. The importance of these data cannot be overstated, particularly when dealing with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), such as dapsone. It is a commonly used anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial agent. However, its low solubility hampers its efficient applications. In this project, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were used as solubilizing agents for dapsone as an alternative to traditional solvents. DESs were composed of choline chloride and one of six polyols. Additionally, water–DES mixtures were studied as a type of ternary solvents. The solubility of dapsone in these systems was determined spectrophotometrically. This study also analyzed the intermolecular interactions, not only in the studied eutectic systems, but also in a wide range of systems found in the literature, determined using the COSMO-RS framework. The intermolecular interactions were quantified as affinity values, which correspond to the Gibbs free energy of pair formation of dapsone molecules with constituents of regular solvents and choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents. The patterns of solute–solute, solute–solvent, and solvent–solvent interactions that affect solubility were recognized using Orange data mining software (version 3.36.2). Finally, the computed affinity values were used to provide useful descriptors for machine learning purposes. The impact of intermolecular interactions on dapsone solubility in neat solvents, binary organic solvent mixtures, and deep eutectic solvents was analyzed and highlighted, underscoring the crucial role of dapsone self-association and providing valuable insights into complex solubility phenomena. Also the importance of solvent–solvent diversity was highlighted as a factor determining dapsone solubility. The Non-Linear Support Vector Regression (NuSVR) model, in conjunction with unique molecular descriptors, revealed exceptional predictive accuracy. Overall, this study underscores the potency of computed molecular characteristics and machine learning models in unraveling complex molecular interactions, thereby advancing our understanding of solubility phenomena within the scientific community.
SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite: A recoverable nano-catalyst for eco-friendly synth...Iranian Chemical Society
Various aldoximes and ketoximes synthesis of corresponding aldehydes and ketones in the presence of SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite as recoverable nano catalyst and NH2OH·HCl. The SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system was carried out between 10 to 15 min in oil bath (70-80 °C) under solvent-free condition in excellent yields in addition this protocol can be used for industrial scales. This method offers some advantages in term of clean reaction conditions, easy work-up procedure, short reaction time, applied to convert α-diketones to α-diketoximes (as longer than other carbonyl compounds), α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones to corresponding oximes and suppression of any side product. So we think that NH2OH•HCl/SiO2@FeSO4 nano composite system could be considered a new and useful addition to the present methodologies in this area. Structure of products and nano composite elucidation was carried out by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
A New Low Cost Biosorbent for a Cationic Dye TreatmentIJEAB
The aim of our study consists to investigate the adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution by a new biosorbent prepared from Papaya seed. Adsorption behavior of the cationic dye was analyzed by variation of solution pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, and temperature. Adsorption isotherms were studied according to the Langmuir and Freundlich Model, and adsorption kinetics according to pseudo first and second order. Results show that the maximum adsorption is obtained at ambient temperature with the yield of 98.82% and was reached in first 20min (pH = 10, adsorbent dose of 100 mg in 50 mL). The Langmuir isotherm shows a correlation coefficient of 99.4% higher than 95.4%obtained for Freundlich model and the adsorption kinetic model follow a pseudo-second order with a maximum adsorption capacity of 52.28 mg/g.
A Focus amp Review on the Advancement of Green Chemistry.pdfLinda Garcia
The document summarizes recent advancements in green chemistry. It discusses key principles of green chemistry including reducing waste and use of renewable starting materials. Specific examples of green chemistry methods are provided, such as using hydrogen peroxide as an oxidizing agent or supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent. The document also reviews recent applications of green chemistry in organic synthesis, including catalyst systems and atom efficient reactions. In summary, the document provides an overview of green chemistry principles and highlights recent progress in the field.
This document describes a study that developed and characterized hydrophilic polymeric nanoparticles made from the galactomannan polysaccharide Delonix (DLX) for potential ocular drug delivery applications. Fluorescent nanoparticles were prepared using a modified nanoprecipitation technique without toxic crosslinking agents. The optimized nanoparticles were less than 240 nm in size, had a polydispersity index less than 0.2, and a zeta potential of less than -30 mV. In vitro tests showed the nanoparticles were stable in simulated tear fluid and resisted degradation by lysozyme. Cell studies also indicated the nanoparticles were not toxic to retinal or corneal cells at concentrations up to 1483.3 μg/mL. Additionally, retinal cells were found
This document discusses solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), which are a promising drug delivery system. SLNs consist of nanoparticles made of physiological lipids that can incorporate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. The document outlines several preparation methods for SLNs, including high pressure homogenization and ultrasonication. It also discusses the advantages of SLNs, such as their small size, high drug loading capacity, and avoidance of organic solvents, as well as some limitations. Overall, the document presents an overview of SLNs for use as a versatile drug delivery system.
Similaire à The Utilization of 32 Full Factorial Design (FFD) for Optimization of Lincomycin Hydrochloride (LNH) Loaded Nanogel Involving; Design of Experiments (DoE) an Advanced Approach (20)
Niosome An Non-Ionic Surfactant Vesicles.pptxPrachi Pandey
Niosomes are nanosized vesicles composed of nonionic surfactants and cholesterol that form when these compounds are dispersed in an aqueous medium. These lipid-based structures are similar to liposomes but differ in their composition, as niosomes use nonionic surfactants instead of phospholipids. The unique characteristic of niosomes lies in their ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs within their bilayer membrane. This feature makes them promising candidates for drug delivery systems, as they can protect the encapsulated drug from degradation, prolong its release, and enhance its bioavailability. Additionally, niosomes offer advantages such as biocompatibility, stability, and ease of preparation, making them a versatile platform for targeted drug delivery and other biomedical applications.
Niosomes (Formulation and evaluation).pptxPrachi Pandey
Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system that encapsulates the medication in a vesicular system made up of non ionic surfactants.
The vesicle is made up of a bilayer of non-ionic surfactants, thus the name niosomes.
Niosomes are extremely small and microscopic (on a nanometric scale).
Despite having a similar structure to liposomes, they have several advantages over them.
Niosomes are biocompatible, nonimmunogenic, and biodegradable in nature and exhibit flexibility in their structured characterization
Based on the vesicle size, niosomes can be divided into three groups.
Small unilamellar vesicles (SUV, size=0.025-0.05 μm),
Multilamellar vesicles (MLV, size=>0.05 μm), and
Large unilamellar vesicles (LUV, size=>0.10 μm).
In the formulation of niosomes, the selection of surfactants is based on hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) value. HLB values between 4 and 8 recommended for the facile formation of niosomes and surfactants with an HLB value of more than 8 are required to optimize cholesterol concentration.
However, it has been widely observed that HLB value between 4 and 8 is highly recommended for better encapsulation efficiency, of niosomes. For example, long stearyl and short lauryl chain length increase and decrease the entrapment efficiency of niosomes, respectively.
Long hydrophilic chains result in increased encapsulation of hydrophilic drugs, and long hydrophobic chains result in improved encapsulation of lipophilic drugs.
Long Hydrophilic Chains and Increased Encapsulation of Hydrophilic Drugs:
Surfactants with longer hydrophilic chains create larger aqueous compartments within the niosome bilayer. This provides more space for water-soluble drugs to reside, leading to higher encapsulation efficiency.
Example: Span 60 (HLB 4.7) has a longer hydrophilic chain compared to Span 20 (HLB 8.6). Studies have shown that using Span 60 in niosomes resulted in significantly higher encapsulation efficiency of the hydrophilic drug gentamicin, compared to formulations using Span 20.
Long Hydrophobic Chains and Improved Encapsulation of Lipophilic Drugs:
Long hydrophobic chains increase the affinity of the niosome bilayer for lipid-soluble drugs. These drugs can partition and entrap themselves within the bilayer structure, leading to improved encapsulation.
Example: Tween 80 (HLB 15) has a longer hydrophobic chain compared to Tween 20 (HLB 16.7). Niosomes prepared with Tween 80 demonstrated superior encapsulation of the lipophilic drug curcumin compared to those made with Tween 20.
Pegylation is a process where polyethylene glycol (PEG), a biocompatible and hydrophilic polymer, is attached to the surface of niosomes. This modification offers several advantages for drug delivery:
Benefits of Pegylation:
Increased Stability: PEG creates a steric barrier, preventing proteins and other molecules in the blood from adhering to the niosome surface. This reduces aggregation and opsonization (recognition by immune cells).
Non-ionic surfactant vesicles, commonly referred to as niosomes, have garnered significant attention within the pharmaceutical industry due to their remarkable capacity to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of these vesicles to enhance the bioavailability of drugs, making them a promising strategy for delivering various therapeutic agents such as gene materials, protein therapeutics, and chemical pharmaceuticals. This approach offers minimal toxicity and desirable targeting effectiveness. Niosomes are substantially more stable during the preparation and storage procedure than liposomes. The desired pharmacokinetics property can be attained through the optimization of constituents or surface modifications. This novel method of distribution is also facile to establish and expand, while maintaining cost-effective manufacturing expenses. This review article elucidates the fundamentals of niosomes as non-ionic surfactant vesicles, including their structure and components, as well as various formulation methods. Additionally, the article explores the diverse applications of niosomal in the analgesics.
The Application of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) In the Computational Op...Prachi Pandey
Introduction: This study explores the use of Response Surface Methodology (RSM), a statistical optimization technique, to optimize the SR properties of prochlorperazine maleate (PCM) matrix tablets. PCM is a phenothiazine derivative used for treating schizophrenia, nausea, and vomiting. Sustained-release formulations offer extended drug delivery, potentially improving patient compliance and reducing side effects. RSM helps identify optimal combinations of critical formulation factors influencing drug release, such as polymer type and concentration, filler type, and drug/polymer ratio. The study likely involves designing experiments based on chosen RSM designs (e.g., Box-Behnken) with varying factor levels. Formulate SR tablets with different factor combinations. Evaluating the drug release profiles of each tablet formulation. Analyzing data using RSM software to build mathematical models relating factors to drug release and identifying optimal factor combinations that maximize desired release characteristics.
Objective: The ongoing research purpose to improve the advancement of a sustained release tablet containing Phenothiazine derivative PCM loaded matrix. This is achieved by utilizing DoE as a computational method to statistically validate the formulation.
Determination of Partition coefficient of Known and Unknown drug.pdfPrachi Pandey
Partition coefficient, often denoted as P or P_oct, is a measure of how a solute distributes between two immiscible (unmixable) solvents. It is commonly used in chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology to understand the distribution of a compound between different phases, such as between a hydrophobic organic solvent and water. In experimental settings, the partition coefficient is determined by measuring the concentrations of the solute in each phase. The values obtained provide insights into the solute's behavior and can guide decisions in various scientific and industrial processes.
Pharmaceutical Suspension Dosage Form (PPT)Prachi Pandey
A pharmaceutical suspension is a heterogeneous system in which finely divided solid particles are dispersed in a liquid medium. Unlike solutions, where solutes are completely dissolved, suspensions involve particles that are only partially soluble or insoluble in the liquid. These suspensions are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to deliver medications that may be poorly soluble or unstable in their pure form. The solid particles, often in the form of powders or crystals, are dispersed throughout the liquid phase, creating a stable mixture through the use of suspending agents or stabilizers. These agents prevent the settling of particles, ensuring uniform distribution and ease of redispersion upon shaking before administration. Pharmaceutical suspensions offer advantages in terms of flexibility in dosing and formulation, enabling the delivery of therapeutic agents in various forms such as oral liquids, injectables, or topical preparations, enhancing patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy. The formulation and stability of pharmaceutical suspensions require careful consideration of factors such as particle size, density, and the choice of stabilizers to maintain a consistent and reliable product.
Suppositories and pessaries are both types of medication delivery systems that are designed to be inserted into body orifices for therapeutic purposes. While they serve similar functions, they are used in different parts of the body.
Suppositories:
Usage: Suppositories are typically designed for rectal or vaginal administration.
Composition: They are solid, bullet-shaped or cone-shaped dosage forms that contain medication in a base that melts or dissolves at body temperature.
Rectal Suppositories: Commonly used for medications that need to bypass the digestive system or when a patient cannot take medications orally. They are inserted into the rectum.
Vaginal Suppositories: Often used for localized treatment of gynecological conditions, such as yeast infections or hormonal therapy. They are inserted into the vagina.
Pessaries:
Usage: Pessaries are specifically designed for vaginal administration.
Composition: They are solid, oval-shaped or ring-shaped devices made of various materials such as silicone, rubber, or plastic.
Indications: Pessaries are mainly used to support the uterus, bladder, or rectum in cases of pelvic organ prolapse. However, they can also be used for the controlled release of medication into the vagina for the treatment of local conditions.
Maintenance: Pessaries need to be fitted by a healthcare professional and should be cleaned and reinserted regularly.
Partition coefficients are a fascinating and important concept in many fields, from chemistry and environmental science to medicine and pharmacology. They tell us about how a substance will distribute itself between two immiscible phases, like how a drug might move between your blood and tissues, or how a pollutant might spread through soil and water.
A partition coefficient, denoted as P or log P, describes the ratio of the concentration of a compound in one phase (usually organic) to its concentration in another phase (often water) at equilibrium.
Higher values of P indicate a greater preference for the organic phase, meaning the compound is more lipophilic (fat-loving).
Lower values of P suggest a higher affinity for the aqueous phase, implying the compound is more hydrophilic (water-loving).
Research Methodology_UNIT_V_Declaration of Helsinki M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)Prachi Pandey
Declaration of Helsinki: History, introduction, basic principles for all medical research, and additional principles for medical research combined with medical care.
Research Methodology_UNIT_I_General Research Methodology M. Pharm (IIIrd Sem.)Prachi Pandey
General Research Methodology: Research, objective, requirements, practical
difficulties, review of literature, study design, types of studies, strategies to eliminate
errors/bias, controls, randomization, crossover design, placebo, blinding techniques.
THE CURRENT STATUS IN MUCOSALDRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM (MDDS)AND FUTURE PROSPECTUS...Prachi Pandey
This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of mucosal drug delivery systems (MDDS) and explore their future prospects in drug delivery. MDDS have gained significant attention in recent years due to their potential to enhance drug absorption, improve therapeutic efficacy, and minimize systemic side effects. This review critically evaluates the existing literature on MDDS, including various mucosal routes such as oral, nasal, ocular, pulmonary, and vaginal delivery. Additionally, it discusses the challenges associated with MDDS, such as formulation development, stability, and regulatory considerations. Furthermore, this review highlights emerging technologies and innovative strategies that hold promise for the future of MDDS. Overall, this systematic review provides valuable insights into the current landscape of MDDS and offers recommendations for future research and development in this field.
Research Methodology (M. Pharm, IIIrd Sem.)_UNIT_IV_CPCSEA Guidelines for Lab...Prachi Pandey
CPCSEA guidelines for laboratory animal facility: Goals, veterinary care, quarantine,
surveillance, diagnosis, treatment and control of disease, personal
hygiene, location of animal facilities to laboratories, anesthesia, euthanasia, physical facilities, environment, animal husbandry, record keeping, SOPs, personnel and
training, transport of lab animals.
This document discusses product management, material management, inventory management, and control in the pharmaceutical industry. It defines key terms like CGMP, material management, inventory classification, and inventory control techniques. The objectives of inventory management are to avoid stockouts and shortages while minimizing costs. Techniques like ABC analysis, VED analysis, EOQ, perpetual inventory, and buffer stock are described for effective inventory control. The roles and responsibilities of pharmacists in drug procurement are also outlined.
The application for Registration and import can be made to the Licensing Authority under the Act i.e. to the Drugs Controller General at CDSCO. Drug and Cosmetic Act 1945: It Contains provisions for classification of drugs under given schedules. Guidelines for the storage,sale,display and prescription of each schedule.
Microspheres are small spherical particles, with diameter 1 µm to 1000 µm.
They are spherical free flowing particles consisting of proteins or synthetic polymers which are biodegradable in nature.
PROTEINS: Proteins are the large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds.
Protein > 50 amino acids
PEPTIDES: These are short polymers formed from the linking, in a defined order of amino acids.
Peptide < 50 amino acids
Three-dimensional (3-D) printing is elevating various growth in production viewpoint both at nanoscale and macro-scales. 3-D printing is being scouted for numerous bio-pharmaceutical administration and creation of nano-medicines employing supplementary production methods and shows assurance in capability in satisfying the demands for a patient-based customized approach. The previous outcome features the accessibility of novel natural bio-materials and finely designed polymeric substances, which can be created as unique 3-D printed nano-materials for numerous bio-pharmaceutical administrations as nano-medicines. Nano-medicine is described as the utilization of nanoscience in fabricating nano-materials for various pharmaceutical utilization, comprising identification, cure, scan, stopping, and management of diseases. Nano-medicine has also displayed a huge effect in the creation and evolve an accurate drug. In contrary the "one-size-fits-all" benchmark for the traditional drug is a personalized, structured, or accurate drug considering the variation in numerous characteristics, comprising genetics and pharmacokinetics of various victims, which have exhibited better outcomes over traditional cures. This article highlights the approaches advancements in the design and development of customized-made nano-medicine employing 3-D printing science.
TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT, BUDGET & COST CONTROL.pptxPrachi Pandey
Definition: TQM has been defined as an integrated organization effort designed to improve quality at every level.
“ The process to produce a perfect product by a series of measures require an organized effort by the entire company to prevent or eliminate errors at every stage in production is called Total Quality Management (TQM).”
The Aim of TQM is “Prevention of defect rather than detection on defect.”
TQM is very important for pharmaceutical industries to produce the better product and ensure the maximum safety of health care system and also protect waste of money for both government and individual customer.
The word pharmacy is derived from the Greek word “Pharmakon”, meaning medicine or drug. In other term, “Pharmacy may defined as the art and science of preparing (manufacturing) and dispensing of drugs prepared by the natural and synthetic sources and using for the treatment as well as prevention of diseases”. In general sense, it is the place where medicine or drugs are sold. Pharmacy is a health profession that links health science with chemical science and aims to ensure the safe and effective use of pharmaceutical drugs. It includes the collection, identification, synthesis, purification, isolation and quality control of medical substance or pharmaceutical products.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
The Utilization of 32 Full Factorial Design (FFD) for Optimization of Lincomycin Hydrochloride (LNH) Loaded Nanogel Involving; Design of Experiments (DoE) an Advanced Approach
1. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________
++
Lecturer;
#
Assistant Professor;
*Corresponding author: E-mail: palsrahul330@gmail.com;
Adv. Res., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 272-281, 2023
Advances in Research
Volume 24, Issue 6, Page 272-281, 2023; Article no.AIR.110951
ISSN: 2348-0394, NLM ID: 101666096
The Utilization of 32
Full Factorial
Design (FFD) for Optimization of
Lincomycin Hydrochloride (LNH)
Loaded Nanogel Involving; Design
of Experiments (DoE) an Advanced
Approach
Rahul Pal a*, Prachi Pandey a, Devanand Jha b++,
Prottay Dutta c#, Subhashree Sahoo c#,
Rishabh Gupta d#, Mohammad Rizwan e#,
Madhuri Sahdev Keskar f#, Vikash Kumar g++
and Himmat Singh Chawra a
a Department of Pharmaceutics, NIMS Institute of Pharmacy, NIMS University, Jaipur,
Rajasthan, 303121, India.
b Department of Pharmacology, Dhanarua School of Nursing & Paramedics, Aryabhatta
Knowledge University (AKU), Patna, 804451, India.
c Department of Pharmacy, Usha Martin University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, 835103, India.
d Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 303901, India.
e Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sir J. C. Bose Technical Campus, Bhimtal,
Kumaun University, Nainital, 263136, India.
f Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajgad, Dnyanpeeth's College of Pharmacy, Savitribai,
Phule Pune University, Bhor, Pune, 412206, India.
g Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sai Baba Institute of Pharmaceutical, India.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. All authors read and approved the final
manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AIR/2023/v24i61009
2. Pal et al.; Adv. Res., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 272-281, 2023; Article no.AIR.110951
273
Open Peer Review History:
This journal follows the Advanced Open Peer Review policy. Identity of the Reviewers, Editor(s) and additional Reviewers,
peer review comments, different versions of the manuscript, comments of the editors, etc are available here:
https://www.sdiarticle5.com/review-history/110951
Received: 14/10/2023
Accepted: 19/12/2023
Published: 21/12/2023
ABSTRACT
Objectives: The ongoing research aims to enhance the development of LNH-loaded nanogel by
utilizing DoE as the computational method to statistically validate their formulation.
Methodology: In this research Chitosan used as a natural polymer and Poly (Ethylene glycol)
[PEG] as a penetration or permeation enhancer. The different nanogel of LNH were synthesized
using the Nanoprecipitation and Dispersion method, with variations in the drug-polymer ratio
(1/0.03, 1/0.08, 1/0.12). The process parameters were carefully optimizing for enhance the
efficiency of the synthesis. To achieve this, optimization studies were conducted using 3² FFD,
employing the Design Expert Software Trial version 10.0.7. The total of 13 runs were generated to
ensure comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the procedure. The selected independent
variables included the concentration of Chitosan (R1) and Carbopol 934 (R2). The dependent
variables, on the other hand, were particle size (P1), Polydispersity Index (P2), and % Drug release
(P3), chosen in that order. By employing this optimization technique, one can acquire valuable
information in a manner that is both efficient and cost-effective. This approach facilitates a deeper
comprehension of the relationship between controllable independent variables and the performance
and quality of the Nanogels being produced.
Conclusion: The nanogels containing drugs were tested for drug release, PDI, and particle size.
The standardized formulation, ER12, was achieved successfully. Consequently, it was determined
that LNH can be formulated as nanogels that can maintain drug release for 24 hours. This shows
potential for improved drug delivery in topical treatments, surpassing the effectiveness of traditional
therapy formulations.
Keywords: Design of experiments; optimization; formulations; nanogel; lincomycin; infection;
antibiotics; lincosamide; response surface methodology; advance vehicles.
1. INTRODUCTION
Lincomycin hydrochloride (LNH) is a broad-
spectrum antibiotic with limited oral bioavailability
and poor penetration into target tissues.
Nanogels, due to their unique properties like
sustained release, site-specific delivery, and
enhanced bioavailability, offer a promising
approach for improving the therapeutic efficacy of
lincomycin hydrochloride. Streptococcal
gangrene is a rare but serious condition caused
by Group a Streptococcus (GAS) bacteria [1-2]. It
is characterized by rapid tissue death and
destruction, often accompanied by severe pain
and fever. LNH is a member of the lincosamide
class, functioning as an antibiotic. Its efficacy
against GAS bacteria has been demonstrated,
making it a valuable option for treating
streptococcal gangrene. LNH belongs to the BCS
Class III classification. This means it has high
solubility in aqueous solutions but low
permeability across biological membranes,
including the intestinal wall. LNH is a salt with
hygroscopic properties, which implies that it has
the ability to absorb moisture from the
surrounding air [3-5].
Consequently, it is crucial to store LNH in a
container that is tightly sealed to prevent any
moisture from entering. In addition, LNH exhibits
solubility in aqueous solutions within a pH range
of 4-8. The chemical structure of LNH can be
observed in Fig. 1 as below followings.
The physicochemical properties of LNH
discussed in the below Table 1 as followings:
Nanogels are three-dimensional, cross-linked
polymeric networks with sizes ranging between
10-1000 nanometers. They are a specific class of
Original Research Article
3. Pal et al.; Adv. Res., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 272-281, 2023; Article no.AIR.110951
274
nanomaterials characterized by their high water
content, swelling ability, and tunable properties
[6]. Nanogels, as robust nanoparticles, offer a
promising solution for controlled drug delivery
applications. Their unique chemical composition
and formulations make them suitable for
delivering both hydrophilic and hydrophobic
drugs, ensuring effectiveness and safety. By
utilizing functionalized nanoparticles as drug
carriers, nanogels enable the controlled release
of drugs and other active materials at specific
sites. This advanced drug delivery system
demonstrates enhanced drug release and
improved drug penetration, positioning it as a
promising option for the topical administration of
LNH in the management of streptococcal
gangrene [7-9].
Fig. 1. The chemical (Molecular) structure
representation of LNH with IUPAC
Table 1. The physicochemical properties of
LNH
Sr. No. Property Value
01. Molecular Weight 406.99 g/mol
02. Melting Point 165-167 °C
03. Boiling Point Decomposes
04. Log P -0.5
05. Water Solubility 1.0 mg/mL
06. pKa 7.7
DoE provides a structured and efficient
methodology for optimizing the formulation
process. A 32 FFD is a type of DoE that
investigates the impact of multiple factors and
their interactions on the desired response. This
approach can be advantageous for optimizing
LNH-loaded nanogels due to its ability to:
• Analyze the main effects and interactions
of various formulation factors on the
nanogel properties.
• Decrease the quantity of experimental runs
necessary when compared to traditional
one-factor-at-a-time experiments.
• Develop a statistically robust model that
can predict the nanogel properties based
on the selected formulation factors [6-10].
The pharmaceutical industry places significant
importance on the selection and optimization of
formulation and process variables. DoE has
become an invaluable tool for efficiently handling
quality risks. It starts by setting clear objectives
and concentrates on improving our
comprehension of product and process
parameters. The 32 FFD is a widely employed
design style in DoE, enabling us to systematically
estimate main effects and interactions [11].
Moreover, the application of optimization
techniques further enhances the predictability of
dosage forms. RSM is a widely recognized DoE
tool that maximizes the extraction of valuable
information from well-designed experiments [12-
13].
The main goal or objective of this research work
to used Factorial Design at 32 level in the
optimization as well as the formulation of LNH-
loaded nanogel and validate with statistical
analysis data validation. The LNH nanogel
formulate by the using two different techniques
for the using of statistics as ANOVA for the
current study.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1 Chemicals and Agents
Mylan laboratory Ltd kindly provided a gift
sample of Lincomycin Hydrochloride (LNH). SD
Fine Chemicals Ltd supplied Chitosan,
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Dichloromethane,
Triethanolamine, Di-sodium hydrogen
orthophosphate, Glycerine Propylene glycol, and
Potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate.
Research Institute, Mumbai provided Carbopol
and Methanol. Qualigens fine chemicals supplied
Sodium hydroxide pellets, and Leo chem. R.D
fine chemicals limited, Mumbai supplied
Disodium Hydrogen Phosphate.
2.2 Preparation of Clindamycin Nanogel
LNH nanogels were prepared utilizing the
Nanoprecipitation method [9-13], employing
Chitosan and Tween 80 as stabilizing agents. To
achieve maximum stability and avoid clumping or
settling, the drug and polymer were combined in
glycerol while being constantly stirred on a
magnetic stirrer, ensuring optimal results. This
resulted in complete dissolution of the drug and
polymer, and the formation of nanoparticles
4. Pal et al.; Adv. Res., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 272-281, 2023; Article no.AIR.110951
275
through the Nanoprecipitation method. For the
preparation of the nanogel, the Dispersion
method was employed using Carbopol 934,
which was soaked in water for several hours to
allow for swelling [14-16]. The Carbopol, which
had become swollen, was subsequently
positioned on a magnetic stirrer to continue the
stirring process. In order to improve penetration,
PEG was introduced into the Carbopol mixture,
along with either the equivalent amount of the
drug or the separate nanoparticulate system.
Furthermore, triethanolamine was included in the
nanogel mixture to ensure the pH of the
formulation remained stable. Ultimately, the
formation of the nanogels was achieved.
2.3 Utilization of Design Expert for
Optimization
This procedure underwent optimization studies
with utilization of 3² FFD (Design Expert Software
Trial version 10.0.7), resulting in 9 runs. The
independent variables chosen were the
concentration of Chitosan (R1) and Carbopol 934
(R2). The dependent variables included PS (P1),
PDI (P2), and % DR (P3). The formulations was
labeled with ER1, ER2, and ER3 & ER9, with 4
control formulations provided by the model. For
the optimization studies, three different
concentrations of the polymer (5.5, 11, and 16
mg) were selected. These studies demonstrate
how the responses change when both factors are
altered simultaneously [15-18]. The experiment
was carried out at three distinct levels: -1, 0, and
+1, which corresponded to low, medium, and
high concentrations, respectively. The
optimization results are presented in Table. 2 and
Table. 3 as follows:
The Table. 02 and Table. 03 display the values of
the independent variables, both in coded and
actual forms with briefly.
2.4 Data Optimization
The current optimization study: involved the
utilization of Design Expert software to perform
various response surface methodology (RSM)
computations. Multiple linear regression analysis
(MLRA) techniques were employed to generate
polynomial models with interaction for all the
response variables [19].
To assess the impact of the independent
variables: on the responses, the researchers
utilized the statistical technique known as
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) through the
implementation of Design Expert software
(version 10.0.7). In order to establish statistical
significance, a significance level of p < 0.05 was
adopted.
To visualize the variance in the response
surface: Three-dimensional plots were created
to visualize the measured responses. These
plots prove to be highly valuable when examining
the influence of two factors on the response
concurrently, as they offer a graphical depiction
of how independent variables affect the
responses [20-21].
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 The Production of Polynomial
Equation
This interactive polynomial terms generate by the
statistical model for each response can be
represented by the following equations:
Y = α0 + α1R + α2P + α3RP + α4R2 + α5P2 Equation (1)
In this equation, the variable Y is used to
represent the independent variable. The
coefficient β0 corresponds to the arithmetic mean
response of the nine runs, while α 1 represents
the estimated coefficient for factor R. The main
effects of factors R and P provide insight into the
average outcome when these factors are
individually altered from their lower to higher
values. On the other hand, the interaction terms
(RP) illustrate how the response changes when
both factors are simultaneously modified [22].
The data acquired from the Department of
Energy (DoE) indicates a strong correlation
between the chosen independent variables and
particle size, PDI, and %DR. Analysing the
polynomial equations allows for various
conclusions to be drawn based on the
mathematical signs they exhibit. Specifically,
positive and negative signs indicate synergistic
and antagonistic effects, respectively.
P1 – (PS) = 429.79 –47.17 R –29.21 P + 2.21 RP + 48.19 R2
+ 14.18P2 Equation (02)
P2– (PDI) = 0.54–0.017R –0.066P –0.19RP –0.078 R2
+0.088P2 Equation (03)
P3 – (%DR) = 63.52+ 6.26R + 10.89P –5.88RP + 6.29 R2 +
4.76 P2 Equation (04)
Where, R= Chitosan Con. and P= Carbopol 934
conc. for the formulation.
The average result is mainly affected by the
amount of R and P, showing how the variables
5. Pal et al.; Adv. Res., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 272-281, 2023; Article no.AIR.110951
276
Table 2. The values of independent variables in the coded form
Independent
Variables
ER1 ER2 ER3 ER4 ER5 ER6 ER7 ER8 ER9 ER10 ER11 ER12 ER13
R1 -1 -1 0 1 0 1 -1 1 -1 0 1 1 -1
R2 0 -1 0 1 -1 0 -1 -1 1 1 1 -1 1
Table 3. The values of coded and actual independent variable
Coded Value Actual Value (mg)
-- R1 R2
-1 5.5 0.03
0 11 0.08
1 16 0.12
change from lower to higher values. The
interaction coefficients (RP) demonstrate how
the response changes when both variables are
modified at the same time. According to the
polynomial equation, when the polymer
concentration and gelling agent increase, the
particle size of the formulation decreases and
shows a PDI of less than 0.5 nm [23-25].
Additionally, the percentage of DR also
increases.
3.2 Statistical Analysis of Data
ANOVA was utilized to identify insignificant
factors. The data was analyzed using Design-
Expert Software (version 11.0). It was evident
from the obtained data that the p-value was less
than 0.05 (p<0.05) for all the dependent
variables. The Model F values for PS, PDI, and
%DR were 14.01 (P1), 16.67 (P2), and 12.47
(P3) respectively, indicating the significance of
the model. R-Squared serves as a measure of
goodness-of-fit for linear regression
models, representing the percentage of
variance in the dependent variable
explained collectively by the independent
variables [26].
The using of 32 factorial design tom identifies the
independent variables have a significance effect
on the dependent variables. They also used for
the determination of increasing the polymer and
drug con. When might increasing size in PS, PDI
as well as LNH con. for the more accuracy. The
design also identifies the interaction between the
independent variables, that’s meaning the effect
of one variable depends on the level of the
other.
Table 4. The ANOVA values for the models model-F value of PS (P1) [25-26]
Ingredients Sum of
squares
df Mean
Square
value p-value Probability
>F
Models 23020.04 4.9 4909.03 13.12 0.0361
R-CHITOSAN 12489.19 0.08 12489.19 39.91 0.0089
P- CARBOPOL934 5460.17 1 5460.17 15.93 0.0282
RP 20.25 1 20.25 0.059 0.8236
R2 4834.72 1 4834.72 14.11 0.0330
P2 346.72 1 346.72 1.01 0.3886
Remaining Value 1031.22 3.4 334.71 -- --
Final Values 26037.35 7.8 -- -- --
Table 5. The ANOVA for models indicating-Squared value Model-F value of PS [27]
Standard Deviation 19.53 R2
Value 0.9479
Total Mean 472.44 Adjustable R2
0.9804
CV% 3.92 Predictable R2
0.5368
-- 11869.57 Precision 11.415
3.3 Generation of 3D Response Surface
Plots
The 3D plots were utilized to analyze the
measured responses and identify any changes
in the response surface. This plots proved to a
valuable in examining the impact of two factors
on the response simultaneously. The surface
plots generated aligned with the polynomial
term, providing insights into the influence of
6. Pal et al.; Adv. Res., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 272-281, 2023; Article no.AIR.110951
277
Chitosan concentration (R1) and carbopol 934
concentration (R2) on the responses [26-29].
The impact of independent variables on the
dependent variables is illustrated through the 3D
plots displayed in Fig. 02 to 06. The Fig. 03
focuses on presenting the 3D response plots for
particle size (P1), revealing a decrease in
particle size as the concentration of Chitosan
increases and the concentration of carbopol 934
decreases. Likewise, the counter plots in Fig. 02
also exhibit a decrease in particle size with an
increase in the concentration of the polymer and
gelling agent [30].
Table 6. The ANOVA for quadratic models of PDI (P2) [26-28]
Ingredients Sum of
Square
df Mean Square F Value p-value Probability
>F
Models 0.12 4.8 0.036 17.61 0.0216
R-CHITOSAN 3.054E-004 1 2.054E-003 1.35 0.3416
P-CARBOPOL 934 0.019 1 0.019 12.10 0.0401
RP 0.084 1 0.083 53.79 0.0066
R2 8.778E-004 1 8.778E-004 6.78 0.0882
P2 0.018 1 0.018 11.42 0.0431
Remaining Value 4.611E-003 3 1.537E-003
Final Values 2703.32 8.3 -- -- --
Table 7. The ANOVA for models indicating R2
Value Model-F value of PDI [29]
Standard Deviation 0.039 R2
Value 0.9652
Total Mean 0.54 Adjustable R2
Value 0.9073
CV% 7.25 Predictable R2
Value 0.6317
-- 0.049 Precision 12.381
Table 8. The ANOVA for quadratic models model-F value of % DR (P3) [28-29]
Ingredients Sum of
squares
df Mean Square F-Value p-value Probability
>F
Models 1291.12 5.1 259.23 13.42 0.0421
R-CHITOSAN 234.03 1 232.02 12.17 0.0341
P-
CARBOPOL934
836.15 1 836.15 40.39 0.0079
RP 96.33 1 96.33 4.65 0.1199
R2 80.35 1 80.35 3.88 0.1434
P2 48.29 1 47.28 2.38 0.2269
Remaining
Value
64.12 2.9 21.72 -- --
Final Values 1254.23 7.9 -- -- --
Fig. 2. The schematic representation of counter plot: RP1: The Counter plot for PS; RP2: The
counter plot for the PDI
7. Pal et al.; Adv. Res., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 272-281, 2023; Article no.AIR.110951
278
Fig. 3. The schematic representation of 3D response surface of PS (Particle Size)
Table 9. The ANOVA for models indicating R2
Value Model-F value of % DR [27]
Standard Deviation 4.66 R2
Value 0.9531
Total Mean 62.66 Adjustable R2
Value 0.9665
CV% 8.19 Predictable R2
Value 0.4671
833.43 Precision 12.54
Fig. 4. The PDI is shown on the Surface plot, which demonstrates the impact of Chitosan and
Carbopol 934 Concentration
The response plots in 3D for PDI (P2) depicted
in Fig. 05 demonstrate a decrease in PDI with a
notable increase in the concentration of polymer
and gelling agent.
The 3D response plots for the percentage of
drug release %DR of (P3) are shown in Fig. 05
and Fig. 06. The graphs demonstrate that
increasing the concentration of Chitosan and
carbopol 934 initially leads to a notable increase
in %DR. This can be attributed to the
combination of the same concentration of
polymer and gelling agent, resulting in a higher
overall polymer concentration [29-31].
Chitosan had different impacts on the drug
release percentage (% DR). Initially, when the
concentration of Chitosan in the formulation
decreased, there was a decrease in % DR.
However, when the concentration remained
unchanged, there was an increase in the
percentage of drug release [31]. This can be
8. Pal et al.; Adv. Res., vol. 24, no. 6, pp. 272-281, 2023; Article no.AIR.110951
279
attributed to the combined effect of the polymer
and gelling agent concentration, which had a
stronger influence on the drug release
percentage.
Fig. 5. The Response Surface Plots of
Chitosan and Carbopol 934 for % DR are
presented in a 3D format
Fig. 6. The Contour Plots for % DR provide a
visual representation of the impact of two
factors on the response
The formulation 12 (ER12), which exhibited a
favorable PDI range, was chosen as the
optimized formulation for evaluation studies
based on the highest drug release achieved
from a 32 FFD with 2 factors and 3 levels [32].
4. CONCLUSION
The Design Expert software was utilized to
analyze the response surface of a 3-level FD
with 13 runs in a quadratic model. The
formulations were developed using a 3² full
factorial design, allowing for the concurrent
evaluation of two formulation variables and their
interaction. The utilization of 32 FFD combined
with advanced approaches can significantly
improve the development and optimization of
LNH-loaded nanogels. This can lead to the
production of nanogels with superior properties
and enhanced therapeutic efficacy for various
clinical applications.
The comparison of these variables took place
across three levels: high, medium, and low. An
examination of the impact of these factors on the
dependent variables, specifically PS (P1), PDI
(P2), and % DR (P3), was conducted through
the utilization of a polynomial equation. The
significant findings derived from the 3² FFD
yielded valuable insights that greatly contributed
to the successful advancement of LNH Nanogel
for topical administration. Through a comparison
of the observed and projected outcomes, it
became apparent that the RSM effectively
optimized the formulation of LNH Nanogel,
resulting in the desired PS and DR
characteristics. Optimization, a sophisticated
experimental process commonly employed in
nanoparticle development, enables the creation
of robust preparation techniques that
consistently yield the desired product
characteristics. Factorial designs, widely utilized
for optimization purposes, help identify the key
factors influencing the output and determine the
optimal levels of these variables for achieving an
improved and desired dosage form.
COMPETING INTERESTS
Authors have declared that no competing
interests exist.
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