This document discusses the evolution of approaches to gender and development (GAD), including the welfare approach, women in development, women and development, and gender and development. It defines key concepts related to GAD such as sex, gender, gender roles, gender differences, and gender bias. It outlines principles of GAD and some legal bases that support GAD, including CEDAW and the Beijing Platform for Action. Finally, it discusses types of gender issues and how gender biases are transmitted and manifested through various social agents.

1. Towards a Gender-Responsive
PSA: Evolution, Concepts & Biases
RAMBELLE C. FLORES
SEPS, DepEd Dipolog

2. Why are we here?
Our very purpose…

3. ROADMAP
 Evolution
 Basic Concepts
 Agents of Socialization
 Gender Differences & Biases

4. Pre-Reg Results

5. Evolution of GAD
Welfare Approach
Women in Development
Women and Development
Gender and Development

6. Welfare Approach
Focused on women’s reproductive roles
- mothers’ health, child care and nutrition

7. Women in Development
Focused on the integration of women in the
development process
- Tends to focus on women exclusively

8. Women and Development
Focused on the systems and processes that
affect women’s participation
- Still tends to focus on women exclusively

9. Women and Development
Recognizes the reproductive & productive roles of
both women and men
- participatory, empowering, sustainable, free from
violence, respectful of human rights

10. GAD Principles
 Participation
 Respect for Human Rights
 Actualization of Human Potentials
 Freedom from Violence
 Equity
 Empowerment

11. Some Legal Bases of GAD
 CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of all
forms of Discrimination against Women)
 BPFA (Beijing Platform for Action) – with 12
critical areas

12. Some Legal Bases of GAD
 UNSCR 1325 (UN Security Council
Resolution) – role of women in peace &
security efforts
 UNSCR 1820 - identifies sexual violence as
a weapon & tactics of war

13. Some Legal Bases of GAD
 RA 7192 (Women in Nation Building Act) –
women as full & equal partners of men
 RA 9710 (Magna Carta of Women) –
comprehensive HR law of Filipino women

14. Some Legal Bases of GAD
 NAPWPS (National Action Plan for Women,
Peace & Security) – women’s contribution to
conflict transformation
 GAA and PCW-NEDA-DBM Joint Circular
for Gender-responsive programs

15. Types of Gender Issues
 Organization-focused (gaps in the
integration of gender dimension in the office’s
programs, systems & structures)
 Client-focused (the unequal status of
women and men stakeholders)

16. Note:
 Gender Issues are derived from mandates,
gender analysis and evaluation of programs
and projects in terms of beneficiaries

17. QUESTIONS???

18. BASIC CONCEPTS
On a sheet of paper, write S if the word pertains
to SEX and G if its GENDER.

19. Pre-Test
1. Menstruation
2. Hormones
3. XX
4. Leader
5. Nipples
6. Sexy
7. Sperm Cell
8. Child Bearing
9. Penis
10. Child Rearing
11. Welder
12. Uterus
13. Follower
14. Decisive
15. Breadwinner

20. SEX
 Differentiate women and men based on biological
attributes
 Universal, fixed and the same across culture and
time
 Product of nature and assigned at birth

21. SEX ROLES
 Socially-coded behaviors related to sex
organs and procreation
 Designated roles of women and men
because of sex/biology

22. GENDER
 Refer to roles, attitudes and behaviors
that society attributes to women and men
 Acquired & learned
 May vary from a place & time

23. QUESTIONS???

24. Agents of Socialization
 Family
 Media
 School
 Peers
 Government
 Church

25. Gender Difference
 Ascribes distinct roles, traits and characteristics
to women and men
 Creates a divide as they are placed in respective
boxes
 Reinforces the notion that men are superior and
women are inferior

26. Gender Difference
 Women: weak, submissive, iyakin, caretaker,
martyr, indecisive, moody
 Men: macho, brave, fighter, leader, breadwinner,
polygamous

27. Effects of Gender Difference
 Women: education, work & resources, achievement,
benefits compensation, enjoy human rights
 Men: be a nurturer, express emotions, domestic life

28. Gender Bias
 Cultural beliefs, perceptions, practices, values,
roles, attitudes, structural arrangements, that
favor one sex over the other, not on the basis of
individual merits but on what society recognizes

29. Manifestations of Gender Bias
 Economic marginalization
 Political subordination
 Gender stereotyping
 Gender division of Labor
 Double/multiple burden
 Gender-Based Violence

30. Vehicles Transmitting Gender Bias
 Family
 Media
 School
 Peers
 Government
 Church

31. Challenge:
Knowing all these
information, what can you
do now for PSA and its
stakeholders?

32. Final Words:
Gender Equality is NOT a
woman’s issue. It is a
human issue. It affects
us all …

33. Thank you so much for
your attention …