2. Objectives
5 Basic steps in the scientific research
Types of research & research settings
Analyze & interpreting data
Conducting and evaluating research-ethics in research
4. Research settings & types of
research
A theory is a broad idea or set of
closely related facts that
attempts to explain and predict
something.
Steps of the Scientific Method
5. Psychology’s Scientific
Method
5 steps of scientific method
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Observe phenomena
Formulate question, hypothesis, & prediction
Test prediction with research
Draw conclusions
Evaluate & collaborate
6.
7. Research settings & types of
research
Types of research:
Descriptive
Correlational
Experimental
Research settings
Laboratory
Natural observation
8. Research settings & types of
research
Descriptive research:
Observation
Surveys & Interviews
Standardized tests
Case studies
9. Research settings & types of
research
Correlational research:
correlation formula
Systematic observation of variables within
a sample of people
Concerned with how variable change
together
Correlation coefficient
Positive (r=.68)
Negative (r=-.77)
10. Research settings & types of
research
Experimental Research:
IV & DV
independent
variable
(the possible
cause)
dependent
variable
(the outcome
measured)
11. Research settings & types of
research
Caution about experimental research
Validity
Experimenter bias
Participant bias
Placebo effect
12. Validity
The extent to which an experiment is
measuring what you intend to measure.
Depression & anxiety
Aggression & Fear
The soundness of the conclusions
15. Placebo Effect
A placebo is a bogus treatment that
has the appearance of being
genuine.
A placebo effect occurs when subjects
who have not received the independent
variable have results similar to
subjects who do.
16. Single Blind Study
Well-designed experiments
control for the effects of
expectations by creating
conditions under which
participants are unaware of the
treatment and are called single
blind studies.
17. Double Blind Study
Studies in which both participants
and experimenters are unaware of
who has obtained the treatment are
called double-blind studies.
18. Analyzing and Interpreting
Data
Descriptive statistics – describe and summarize
data for large groups of participants
Mean: average
Median: midpoint in rank-ordered data
Mode: score appearing most often
19. Analyzing and Interpreting
Data
Measure of dispersion:
Range
Normal distribution: bell-shaped curve
Standard deviation: degree to which scores in ordered
distribution are spread out
21. Mode
9
Mean & Median
% Giving birth for 1st time
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
13
16
19
22
25
28
Mother’s Age
31
34
37
40
22. Analyzing and Interpreting Data
Reaching conclusions from data
Statistical significance
Size of correlation
Difference of means are greater than chance
Two issues for significance
Larger sample size is better
Statistical difference does not equal practical
significance
24. Ethics of Research with
Human Participants
1.
Freedom from Coercion
2. Informed consent
3. Limited deception
4. Adequate debriefing
5. Confidentiality
25. Ethics of Research with
Nonhuman Animals
1.
Necessity
2. Health
3. Humane
treatment
26. Becoming a consumer of
Psychological Research
Distinguish between group results and
Individual needs
Avoid overgeneralization
Look beyond a single study
Avoid making causal attributions
Consider the source of information
Notes de l'éditeur
The scientific method is necessary for any scientific research.
Give real definition of theory Set of logically related……that attempt to describe, explain and predict a phenomena
Theory of Reasoned action
Social learning theory
Attachment theory
.
Question….. I wonder if you were to stop brushing your teeth if they would go away?
HYP: People who brush their teeth with Colgate will have significantly less teeth after 10 years than people who use XYZ toothpaste.
Test HYP: Some people brush teeth with Colgate each day for 10 years / others use XYZ everyday for 10 years
Draw conclusions based on the data you gather
Construct theory about Colgate
Take them through the steps….
Conclusion: Those who use Colgate HAVE significantly more tooth loss….
In the experimental method, the researcher alters the level of the independent variable and observes its effects on the dependent variable.
The independent variable is the experimental variable that the researcher manipulates to see what effect it has on the DV
The dependent variable is measured because it is believed to depend on the manipulated changes in the independent variable.
A placebo is a bogus treatment that has the appearance of being genuine.
A placebo effect occurs when subjects who have not received the independent variable have results similar to subjects who do.
Medical study's placebo effect of drugs…
Well-designed experiments control for the effects of expectations by creating conditions under which participants are unaware of the treatment and are called single blind studies.
Studies in which both participants and experimenters are unaware of who has obtained the treatment are called double-blind studies.
Most medical drug trials are like this
Explain ethics involved in research both with human and nonhuman subjects. Click on individual link to go to slide with explanation of concept. Click back arrow to return to this slide.
PAGE48-49.
Do you know why researches use little monkey's instead of full grown bull apes?
Because they can…..