Factor affecting the performance in maintenance environment

1. HUMAN FACTOR
Submodule 4 - Factor Affecting Performance

2. 5 Hrs
Sub Module 1
General
15 Hrs
Sub Module 2 Human
Performance and Limitation
5 Hrs
Module 3
Social Psychology
5 Hrs
Module 4 Factor
Affecting Performance
5 Hrs
Module 5
Physical Environment

3. 60 mins
Topic 26 Factor Affecting
Performance
60 mins
Topic 27
Fitness and Health
60 mins
Topic 28 Stress, Time
pressure and Workload
60 mins
Topic 29 Sleep, Fatigue and Shift work
60 mins
Topic 30 Alcohol, Medication
and Drug Abuse

4. Course Objective
To understand the factor affecting
workers performance in maintenance
environment

5. Course Synopsis
This submodule provide the
knowledge of factor affecting
performance of maintenance
personnel

6. Learning Outcome
How to face the factor affecting during
maintenance

7. 0904 Factor Affecting Performance
1. 090426 - Factor Affecting Performance
2. 090427 - Fitness and Health
3. 090428 - Stress, Time pressure and Workload
4. 090429 - Sleep, Fatigue and Shift work
5. 090430 - Alcohol, Medication and Drug Abuse

8. Factors Affecting Performance
⦿ Fitness and Health
⦿ Stress: Domestic and Work Related
⦿ Time Pressure and Deadlines
⦿ Workload - Overload and Underload
⦿ Sleep, Fatigue and Shift Work
⦿ Alcohol, Medication and Drug
Abuse

9. Fitness and Health
Medical Pre-employment Disposition
Day-to-Day Fitness and Health
Positive Measures

10. Fitness and Health
⦿ AME job is physically demanding
⦿ Pre-employment Disposition
⦿ Day-to-Day Fitness and Health
⦿ Positive Measure

11. Fitness and Health
1. Physical Fitness - strength of
muscles, flexibility of Joint
2. Mental - psychological fitness,
motivation, interaction with other
3. Mental Stress affect both fitness
⦿

12. Fitness and Health
⦿ Physical fitness
⦿ Psychological Fitness
⦿ Body Mass Index Weight (Kg)/Height
Squire(M)
⦿ Body Composition
⦿ Aerobic Fitness
⦿ Coronary Heart Disease
⦿ Composition of Atmosphere
⦿ Heart & Lungs
⦿ Exercise

13. Positive Measures
1. Eating regular meals
2. well-balanced diet;
3. Regular exercise
4. Stopping smoking;
5. Sensible alcohol intake

14. Stress
⦿ Any force, that apply to system,
cause some significant modification
of it forms, where the force can be
physical, psychological or social
pressure

15. Cause of Stress
⦿ Stress results from the
imposition of any demand or
set of demands which
require us to react, adapt or
behave in a particular
manner in order to cope
with or satisfy them.

16. Stress- Type
⦿ Stress - Stressor
⦿ Acute stress (typically intense
but of short duration)
⦿ Chronic stress (frequent
recurrence or of long
duration) respectively

17. Stressors
⦿ Physical - heat, cold, noise, vibration,
presence of something damaging to health
(e.g. carbon monoxide);
⦿ Psychological - emotional upset (e.g. due
to bereavements, domestic problems, etc.),
worries about real or imagined problems
(e.g. due to financial problems, ill health,
⦿ Reactive - events occurring in everyday life
(e.g. working under time pressure,
encountering unexpected situations,

18. Symptom of stress
⦿ Physiological symptoms - sweating, dryness
of the mouth, etc.;
⦿ Health effects - nausea, headaches, sleep
problems, diarrhoea, ulcers, etc.;
⦿ Behavioural symptoms - restlessness, shaking,
nervous laughter, taking longer over tasks,
changes to appetite, excessive drinking, etc.;
⦿ Cognitive effects - poor concentration,
indecision, forgetfulness, etc.;
⦿ Subjective effects - anxiety, irritability,
depression, moodiness, aggression, etc.

19. Domestic Stress
⦿ Pre-occupation with a source of
domestic stress can play on mind
during the working day, distracting
from the working task. Inability to
concentrate fully may impact on the
engineer’s task performance and
ability to pay due attention to
safety.

20. Domestic Stress
⦿ Results from major life changes
at home,
⦿ marriage,
⦿ birth of a child,
⦿ a son or daughter leaving home,
⦿ bereavement of a close family
member or friend,
⦿ marital problems, or divorce.

21. Work Related Stress
Two reasons
1. because of the task or job they are
undertaking at that moment,
2. because of general organisational
environment

22. Stress Management
⦿ Defence strategies involve alleviation
of the symptoms (taking medication,
alcohol, etc.) or reducing the anxiety
(e.g. denying to yourself that there is
a problem (denial), or blaming
someone else).
⦿ Coping is the process whereby the
individual either adjusts to perceived
demands of the situation or changes

23. Time Pressure and Deadlines
⦿ Actual pressure where clearly specified
deadlines are imposed by an external
source (e.g. management ) and passed on
to engineers, or
⦿ Perceived where engineers feel that there
are time pressures when carrying out tasks,
even when no definitive deadlines have
been set in stone.
⦿ Self-imposed - engineers set themselves
deadlines to complete work (e.g. completing
a task before a break or before the end of a
shift).

24. Managing Time Pressure
⦿ Prioritizing the work
⦿ Actual time available ( breaks,
shift handovers, etc.);
⦿ Personnel availability (Leave,
sickness, etc.
⦿ Most appropriate utilization of
staff ( specialization, strength
and limitations);
⦿ Availability of parts and spares.

25. Workload
⦿ Arousal
⦿ Workload
⦿ Overload- very high levels
of workload
⦿ Underload - low levels of
workload
⦿ Workload Management

26. Workload -Arousal
⦿ Arousal - readiness of a person
for performing work.
⦿ Under – Aroused
⦿ Optimum Arousal
⦿ Over – Aroused
⦿ arousal is mainly influenced by
stimulation due to work tasks

27. Workload management
⦿ Skills staff needed with proficiency and experience ;
⦿ Staff have the tools and spares;
⦿ Allocating tasks to teams or individual ;
⦿ Providing HF training to those responsible for planning
so that the performance and limitations are taken;
⦿ Encouraging individual when an overload situation is
building up

28. Sleep , Fatigue and Shift work
⦿ Sleep is a natural state of
reduced consciousness
⦿ Fatigue - body’s need for
replenishment and
restoration
⦿ Shift Work

29. Sleep
⦿ Sleep is a natural state of
reduced consciousness
involving changes in body
and brain physiology which is
necessary to man to restore
and replenish the body and
brain.

30. Stages of sleep
⦿ Stage 1: Transitional phase between waking and sleeping. The heart
rate slows and muscles relax. It is easy to wake someone up.
⦿ Stage 2: deeper level of sleep, but it is still fairly easy to wake
someone.
⦿ Stage 3: Sleep is even deeper and the sleeper is now quite
unresponsive to external stimuli and so is difficult to wake. Heart
rate, blood pressure and body temperature continue to drop.
⦿ Stage 4: deepest stage of sleep and it is very difficult to wake
someone up.
⦿ Rapid Eye Movement or REM Sleep: brain activity similar to a
person who is awake, the person is even more difficult to awaken
than stage 4.

31. Fatigue
⦿ Physiological fatigue reflects the body’s need for
replenishment and restoration. It is tied in with factors such
as recent physical activity, current health, consumption of
alcohol, and with circadian rhythms. It can only be satisfied
by rest and eventually, a period of sleep.
⦿ Subjective fatigue is an individual’s perception of how
sleepy they feel. This is not only affected by when they last
slept and how good the sleep was but other factors, such
as degree of motivation.

32. Shift Work

33. Alcohol, medication or illicit drugs.
▣ performance will be affected by alcohol,
medication or illicit drugs.
▣ “The holder of an aircraft maintenance engineer’s
licence shall not, when exercising the privileges of
such a licence, be under the influence of drink or a
drug to such an extent as to impair his capacity to
exercise such privileges.”

34. Alcohol, medication or illicit drugs.
▣ Alcohol
▣ medication
▣ Analgesics - pain reliever
▣ Antibiotics - kills bacteria
▣ Anti-histamines
▣ Cough suppressants
▣ Decongestants
▣ Pep’ pills
▣ Sleeping tablets
▣ illicit drugs.

35. ▣ Histamine - a compound which is released by
cells in response to injury and in allergic and
inflammatory reactions, causing contraction of
smooth muscle and dilation of capillaries

36. Alcohol
▣ acts as a depressant on the
central nervous system,
▣ dulling the senses and
▣ increasing mental and physical
reaction times.
▣ even a small amount of alcohol
leads to a decline performance
and may cause his judgement
(i.e. ability to gauge his

37. Medication
▣ any over-the-counter or
prescribed drug used for
therapeutic purposes.
▣ usually taken to relieve
symptoms of an illness.
▣ Even if the drugs taken
do not affect the
engineer’s performance,
he should still ask himself
whether the illness has

38. Analgesics
▣ used for pain relief and to
counter the symptoms of colds
and ‘flu.
▣ aspirin and ibuprofen
▣ can be taken alone but are often
used as an ingredient of a ‘cold
relief’ medicine.
▣ pain or discomfort (e.g.
headache, sore throat, etc.) may
be the symptom of some
underlying illness that needs

39. Antibiotics
▣ Penicillin and the various
mycins and cyclines)
▣ may have short term or
delayed effects which affect
work performance.
▣ Their use indicates that a
fairly severe infection may
well be present and apart
from the effects of these
substances themselves,
▣ side-effects of the infection

40. antibiotic
▣ An antibiotic (or antibacterial)
is a chemical compound that
kills bacteria or slows their
growth. They are used as
medicine to treat and cure
diseases caused by bacteria.
The first antibiotic discovered
was Penicillin, a
natural antibiotic produced by

41. Anti-histamines
▣ used in ‘cold cures’
▣ treatment of allergies
(e.g. hayfever).
▣ tend to make feel drowsy,
▣ unacceptable when
working as an aircraft
maintenance engineer.

42. Cough suppressants
▣ are generally safe in normal
use,
▣ an over-the-counter product
contains anti-histamine,
decongestant, etc.,
▣ exercise caution about its use
when working.

43. Decongestants
▣ Decongestants - treatments for
nasal congestion
▣ may contain chemicals such as
pseudo-ephedrine hydrochloride
(e.g. ‘Sudafed’) and phenylphrine.
▣ Side-effects reported, are anxiety,
tremor, rapid pulse and headache.
▣ AWN47 forbids the use of
medications containing this
ingredient to AME when working,

44. ‘Pep’ pills
▣ ‘Pep’ pills are used to maintain
wakefulness.
▣ They often contain caffeine,
dexedrine or benzedrine.
▣ use is often habit forming.
▣ Over-dosage may cause
headaches, dizziness and mental
disturbances.
▣ AWN47 states that “the use of
‘pep’ pills whilst working
cannot be permitted.

45. Sleeping tablets
▣ anti-histamine based -
tend to slow reaction times
and generally dull the
senses.
▣ duration of effect is variable
from person to person.
▣ obtain expert medical advice
before taking them

46. Melatonin
▣ it is classed as a food
supplement
▣ effective as a sleep aid, and to
help promote the
resynchronisation of
disturbed circadian rhythms.
▣ Its effectiveness and safety are
still yet to be proven

47. Drugs
▣ Illicit drugs such as ecstasy,
cocaine and heroin all
▣ affect the central nervous
system and impair mental
function.
▣ significant effects upon
performance and
▣ have no place within the
aviation maintenance

48. Smoking cannabis
▣ subtly impair performance
for up to 24 hours.
▣ affects the ability to
concentrate, retain
information and make
reasoned judgements,
especially on difficult tasks.

49. Quote
of the
day

50. Question
1.

51. Test-HumanFactor
SubModule0904