Group discussion

1. KWASHIORKOR
&
MARASMUS
Symptoms, Causes, Biochemical
Explanation, Diagnosis, Treatment,
Complications
GROUP 4

2. OBJECTIVES
BIOCHEMICAL EXPLANATION
(NORMAL VS. DISORDER)
KWASHIORKOR
VS. MARASMUS
COMPLICATIONS
01
02
04
05
OUTLINE
SYMPTOMS, CAUSES
& TREATMENT
SUMMARY & REFERENCES
03 06

3. OBJECTIVES
Kwashiorkor and Marasmus
At the end of the presentation, the student must
be able to:
1. Identify the kwashiorkor and marasmus-
their symptoms, causes, treatments, and
complications;
2. Identify the biochemical explanation
(normal vs. disorder).

4. INTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTICS KWASHIORKOR MARASMUS
Weight for age (%
expected) 60-80 <60
Weight for height Normal or decreased Markedly decreased
Edema Present Absent
Mood
Irritable when picked up;
apathetic when left alone Alert, irritable
Appetite Poor Good

5. KWASHIORKOR
 It is also known as “edematous
malnutrition” that serves as a
severe form of malnutrition
marked by a severe lack of
protein.

6.  Change in skin and hair color
and texture
 Failure to grow or gain weight
 Edema (swelling) of the ankles
and feet
 Bloated stomach with ascites
 Enlarged liver
SYMPTOMS
 Damage immune system
 Loss of muscle mass
 Loss of appetite
 Irritability
 Mental retardation
 Dermatitis
 Dehydration

7.  Protein deficiency
 Significant life stress such
as poverty, deprivation, and
natural disasters
 Food insecurity
 Use of formula milk
 World hunger
CAUSES
 Lack of essential
vitamins and minerals
 Inadequate amount of
fats and carbohydrates
 Parasites and infectious
diseases, (malaria and
measles)
 Child
mistreatment/Cruelty

8. BIOCHEMICAL EXPLANATION

9. N
O
R
M
A
L
D
I
S
O
R
D
E
R

10. DIAGNOSIS
How can Kwashiorkor be diagnosed?
Kwashiorkor can be diagnosed by a blood test and urine test. This can
determine the following:
 Blood sugar and protein levels
 Arterial blood gas
 The state of liver and kidneys
 Levels of vitamins and minerals in the body
 Growth, body mass index (BMI), body water content

11. TREATMENTS
 Antibiotics
 Gradual increases in dietary calories from
carbohydrates, sugars, and fats
 Gradual increases in dietary protein
 Intravenous fluids to correct fluid and
electrolyte imbalances
 Lactose to assist in digestion of dairy
products
 Vitamins and mineral supplements to treat
deficiencies.

12.  Steatohepatitis (fatty liver)
 Cardiovascular system, collapse,
hypovolemic shock
 Urinary tract infections
 Abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract
 Metabolic cellular and hypothermia
 Poor wound healing
 Skin pigmentation changes
COMPLICATIONS

13. It is a severe manifestation of protein-
energy malnutrition. It occurs as a result
of total calorie insufficiency. Marasmus
is a deficiency of all macronutrients
including protein, carbohydrates, and
fats.
MARASMUS

14.  Diarrhea and constipation
 Apathetic
 Edema
 Hair loss
 Darker and papery skin
 Arrested growth
 Weakness
SYMPTOMS
 Anemia
 Extreme muscle wasting
and loss of subcutaneous
fat (emaciation).

15. The main causes affecting all ages include:
 Poverty which leads to food scarcity
 Infections that cause chronic diarrhea
 Wasting diseases such as AIDS
 Anorexia
CAUSES

16. Causes affecting children include:
 Inadequate breastfeeding or early weaning of infants
 Child abuse/neglect
Causes affecting adults include:
 Elder abuse/neglect
 Dementia
CAUSES

17. BIOCHEMICAL EXPLANATION

18. Sunken eyes
Poor Growth
Thin &
bony face
Ribs
clearly
visible
through
the skin
N
O
R
M
A
L
D
I
S
O
R
D
E
R

19. DIAGNOSIS
 Healthcare providers will begin by physically
examining the person’s body. They generally
check if your height and weight are appropriate for
your age
 Measurements, such as height and weight can help
determine whether a child has marasmus.
 The most obvious physical characteristic of
marasmus is the visible loss of muscle and fat
 A lack of motion in malnourished child may also
help confirm a diagnosis of marasmus

20. TREATMENTS
Clinical treatment for marasmus
includes the following:
 Rehydration
 Stabilization
 Nutritional rehabilitation and
follow-up

21.  Gastrointestinal malabsorption
 Cardiac failure and arrhythmia
 Urinary tract infection
 Endocrinological infection
 Electrolyte abnormalities and risk of
developing refeeding syndrome
 Hypotension
COMPLICATIONS

22.  Hypothermia
 Respiratory infection
 Diarrhea, Dermatosis, and low hemoglobin level
 Loss of subcutaneous fat
 Absence of Edema
 Severe vitamin A deficiency commonly results in
blindness
COMPLICATIONS

23. SUMMARY

24. REFERENCES

25. ALVEYRA, JOHN MICHAEL S.
CASTILLO, RICA MAE G.
DUMASIG, JANELLE Z.
HIMOR, RHIA A.
MALIGALIG, KIM CHARLES F.
MERCADO, LORRAINE ASHLEY D.
PAGLINAWAN, ANGELIKA C.
SORIANO, GWENETH ANN T.
VELARDE, ALEXADRA AYNE
MEMBERS

26. THANK YOU!