1. ‘’IN THE NAME OF ALLAH, THE MOST
GRACIOUS, THE MOST MERCIFUL’’.
2. CHAPTER 2. BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF
BEHAVIOR
TABLE OF CONTENT
• Neuron & its Functions
• Central Nervous System
• Peripheral Nervous System
• Endocrine System
3. Preamble
In the previous lecture we have completed
the chap 1: Understand of Psychology with
its basic concepts.
4. •Learning Outcomes
• After completion this lecture the students
will be able to learn
• What is the neuron?
• How many types of neuron?
• What are the functions of neurons?
5. NEURON & ITS FUNCTION
• Neuron is the brain cell
• The NS depends on basic Neuron and its Functions
• Specialized Cells Transmitting Nerve Impulses
• Human Brain (CNS) 10 – 12 Billion Neurons
• Shape & Size *Variety of Shape and Size
• Structure Divided into Three Parts
1. Soma or Cell Body It has a nucleus in the center, which carries Genetic Information in DNA (how a cell will
function).
2. Dendrites Short and Thick Branches found at end of a Cell Body, receive Messages from other Neurons
3. Axons Transmit impulses from One Neuron to other Cells
7. Neuron
• A neuron is a specialized nerve cell that recieves, processes, and transmits information to other cells in the body.
Fixed number
We have a fixed number of neurons, which means they do not regenrate.
• Information from one neuron to other
Information comes into the neuron through the dendrites from other neurons
• Basic working unit
The neuron is the basic working unit of the brain, a sepecialized designed to transmit information to other nerve
cells, muscle, or gland cells.
• Neurons are unique
Because they can send information from the brain to the rest of the body
8. TYPES OF NEURON
• Three Types
1. Sensory (Afferent neurons) carry Nerve Impulses from Sensory stimulus
towards CNS & Brain
2. Motor (Efferent neurons) carry Nerve Impulses from CNS towards Muscles
to cause Movements
3. Interneuron provide connection b/t sensory & motor neurons
10. •Function of neurons
• Sensory neurons
Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli
towards the central nervous system and brain.
• Interneurons
Interneurons are the neurons that provide connections between sensory and motor
neurons, as well as between themselves.
• Motor neurons
Efferent neurons are motor neurons that carry neural impulses away from the central
nervous system and towards muscles to cause movement.
11. • Communicate place
A neuron communicates with other neurons at special places called
synapses or synaptic clefts.
• Number of neurons
According to many estimates, the human brain contains around 100 billion
neurons.
• Speed of neuron
The neuron speed for message convert is 1/1000.
12. •Activity
.Which one part send information from one
neuron to other?
.Which type maintain connection in the other
two types?
.What is tha difference between synapses and
synaptic clefts?
.What is the speed of neuron?
.Which one type is important for movement?
13. •Home work assignment
Write about neuron, types of neuron and
functions of neuron.
Draw the diagram of neuron and interneuron.
What is the difference between sonsory and
motor neurons?
16. Learning Outcome
After the completing this lecture the students will
be able to
Demonstrate an awareness of current outstanding
of structure and function of brain.
Understand the role of play in brain development.
What are the three types and function of brain?
What is central nervous system?
17. Introduction to Central Nervous
System
The central nervous system consists of brain and
spinal cord.
The brain plays a central role in the control of
most bodily functions, including awareness,
movements, sensations, thoughts, speech and
memory.
18. Brain
Brain is organ of soft
nerve tissue
contained in the
skull, functioning
as the coordinating
centre of the body.
19. Did You Know?
Human brain can’t create faces. Therefore when you
dream, if you see someone you don’t know, you
have seen there face before.
20. Division of Brain
There are three major regions in the brain of
human and other vertebrates.
1. Forebrain.
2. Mid brain.
3. Hind brain.
21. Central Nervous System
CNS is based on Brain and Spinal Cord
Brain Very imp Organ, makes possible the Functions we attribute
to Mind
Brain found in all Vertebrates 1/600th in Elephants, 1/45th in
Humans
Human Brain has 10 – 12 Billion Neurons
Brain is divided into Three Parts
1. Hind Brain Located in the base of Brain behind Neck near
to SC
2. Mid Brain In b/t the Fore brain and Hind brain
3. Fore Brain Located in the Front of the Brain
22. Fore-
brain
It is the anterior
part of the brain.
Forebrain is the
largest area of
brain.
There are three
parts:
1. Thalamus.
2. Hypothalamus.
3. Cerebrum.
23. Central Nervous System
3. Fore Brain Largest part
Consist of Four Parts
a) Limbic System meaning Border, Doughnut shaped. Function is for
primary centre for Emotions i.e. fear, anger, happiness
b) Thalamus joined pair of egg shaped found at top of Brain stem.
Functions it produces the feelings of pain, grief, sleep, rest, & speech
c) Hypothalamus Lies below the Thalamus. Influence Hunger,
Regulate Thirst, Body Temperature and Sexual Behavior
d) Cerebrum most Progressed & and Complicated part. Starts from
Eyebrows to the centre of the Brain. Consist of two Hemisphere
Right Hemisphere
Left Hemisphere
24. Central Nervous System
LOBES Brain is divided into Four Sections
i. Frontal Lobe main Function is to control our
Voluntary activities i.e. Executive functions, Planning,
Organising and Problem Solving
ii. Parietal Lobe related to Sensory Area (perception, making
sense of the world). Sensation of Touch and Pressure are produced
here
iii. Temporal Lobe the area of Hearing, Tasting and Smell are
found
iv. Occipital Lobe located at the back of the Brain. Related to
Visual area
25. Thalamus
It is located above the brain stem and between the cerebral
cortex and mid-brain.
It receives and modifies sensory impulses before they travel to
cerebrum.
Thalamus is also involved in pain perception and
consciousness.
Hypothalamus
It lies under the thalamus.
One of the most important function of hypothalamus is to link
nervous system and endocrine system.
26. Cerebrum
Cerebrum is the largest part of forebrain.
It helps in movement.
It controls speech.
It is responsible for sensory processing.
It determines the intelligence of the being.
27. Mid-
brain
Mid brain lies
between hind
brain and
forebrain, and
connects the two.
It receives sensory
information and
sends it to the
appropriate part
of forebrain.
28. Central Nervous System
2. Mid Brain Functions in Motor Movements
particularly movements of the Eyes, and in Auditory and
Visual Processing
Consist of Two Parts
a) Tactum Function is for Hearing & Sight
b) Tegmentum Controls the system of Sleep
&Waking along with eye movements
30. Central Nervous System
1. Hind Brain Functions that are Fundamental to survival,
including Respiratory rhythm, Motor activity, Sleep and
Wakefulness
Consist of Three Parts
a) Cerebellum Located at hind side of brain, it controls the
Balance in the Human Activities and Movements. Influence
Learning & Memory
b) Pons means Bridge, it makes a brain stem with help of
midbrain and medulla oblongata. Controls Heartbeat and
Breathing
c) Medulla Oblongata Located at base of brain stem, below
the cerebellum in the skull. Controls the functioning of Heart
& Lungs
31. Parts of Hind brain
1. Medulla oblongata: Medulla is posterior
part of the brain. It controls automatic
actions.
2. Cerebellum: Cerebellum is behind medulla.
It coordinates muscles movements.
3. Pons: Pons is present on the top of medulla.
It controls sleep as well as rate and pattern of
breathing.
32. Spinal
cord
1. Is a Bundle of
nerves.
2. Starts from
brain stem and
extends to lower
back, Like brain.
3. Spinal cord is
also covered by
meninges.
33. Functions of spinal cord
It serves as a link between body parts
and brain.
Spinal cord transmits nerve impulses
from body parts to brain and from
brain to body parts.
Spinal cord also acts as a coordinator
responsible for some simple reflexies.
34. Home work assignment
Remember the points of today’s lecture and
write down the details of functions of brain.
Search out the structure of brain on google
image so that you can develop good
understanding of brain parts and their
location.
