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The Global State
of the PMO 2012
         On the road to the
           next generation


                Ravi Sahi, PMP, SCPM
         Regional Director, Client Solutions
  Practice Manager, ESI Consulting Group
                        rsahi@esi-intl.com
building talent, driving results   2
2,249

    building talent, driving results   3
building talent, driving results   4
You don’t have to go it alone




         building talent, driving results   5
 Our Agenda
    Today

 A quick look at ESI’s
    global PMO survey
     Facts
     Value of PMO
     Role in Training
   Health Check and steps
    to getting it Right
   A case study of recent
    work to Accelerate a
    PMO
                          6
Global PMO Survey




Survey Quick        Value &              The PMO and
   Facts       Effectiveness of            Training
                   the PMO




                                  building talent, driving results   7
Survey Quick
   Facts
ESI’s Global Survey

 3,000+ Respondents
 16 Industry Sectors
 6 Continents
 PMO staff & Non-PMO
 staff




                        9
Who participated?




               10
By Geography

            OZ/NZ
             6%
                     North
    UK 14%          America
                     26%
Europe
 20%                Asia
                    34%




                              11
Survey Responses by APAC
Territory
                        Survey responses by APAC Territory
                                  (977 responses)

    Singapore   China     India   Australia/New Zealand     South East Asia   Asia (other)


                                  7.57%
                    6.45%                                   22.72%



       18.83%

                                                                         12.08%




                                     32.34%




                                                          building talent, driving results
Singapore Responses by Role

            Which of the following best describes your current role within the organisation?
                                            (222 responses)

Programme Management role                               Portfolio Management role
Project Administrator role                              Project Management role
Business or Functional role                             Management role within the PMO, e.g. Head of PMO, PMO Manager
Administrative role within the PMO

                                                2.25%
                                                                          2.70% 0.90%
                                                          8.11%
                                     11.26%




                       35.59%                                                           39.19%




                                                                      building talent, driving results
Do You Have a PMO?
(Singapore)
                   Does your organisation have a PMO in place today? (222 responses)
Yes, we have a global PMO structure                           Yes, we have a regional or divisional PMO structure
Yes, other                                                    No - but we plan to implement a PMO during 2012
No - we used to have a PMO but it was closed down/disbanded   No - we have never had a PMO
Don't know


                                               10.81%

                                                                                        31.08%
                      17.12%




                        6.76%
          1.80%
           2.70%
                                                                    29.73%




                                                                             building talent, driving results
By Annual Revenue

25%
20%
15%
 10%
  5%
  0%




                           15
Relationship to PMO




               Part of
  Influenced    PMO
    by PMO      42%
      48%




                         16
My perspective
   Good geographic distribution
   Broad industry coverage
   Knowledgeable & experienced respondents
   Two different perspectives represented (PMO vs
    non PMO)
   Weighted towards large organizations & perhaps
    IT professionals




                                building talent, driving results   17
Now, let’s
                     “dive” into
                     the key
                     findings!


Now let’s “examine” the key findings

                       building talent, driving results   18
Value and
effectiveness of
    the PMO
Has the PMO’s value been questioned?
                            No     Yes



100%

90%

80%
                56%                         54%
70%

60%

50%

40%

30%
                44%                         46%
20%

10%

 0%

        PMO-Managed (823)        Non-PMO-Managed (1180)
Has the value of the PMO recently been questioned, or challenged, by any of the following stakeholder
                                                groups?

                                                   Yes        No




100%
                                                                             PMO Value
90%

80%              45.92%                                            46.88%
                                         53.66%                                           52.58%
70%

60%

50%

40%

30%              54.08%                                            53.13%
                                         46.34%                                           47.42%
20%

10%

 0%
        PMO-Managed - APAC         PMO-Managed -         Non-PMO-Managed -       Non-PMO-Managed -
              Mean                   Singapore               APAC Mean                Singapore
Geographies where PMOs value is
      questioned the most

              Australia/NZ                  68%
              China                         67%
              Middle East                   63%
              Europe                        60%
              UK                            58%



                     building talent, driving results   22
Geographies where PMOs value is
             questioned the most
..and that’s a
 GOOD place
    to be




                             45%
                            building talent, driving results   23
Which Stakeholder Groups Have
 Challenged? – Multiple selections available

              Which stakeholder groups have recently challenged or questioned the value of the
                                                 PMO?
           PMO-Managed - Singapore      Non-PMO-Managed - Singapore   PMO-Managed - APAC Mean   Non-PMO-Managed - APAC Mean


100%


90%


80%


70%


60%


50%


40%


30%           57.89%
                                              52.63%                       52.63%
20%                                                                                                     42.11%


10%

                        58.70%                          30.43%                       54.35%                       34.78%
 0%
       Executive or senior management        Program managers             Project managers       Internal or external customers

                                                                                    building talent, driving results
Measuring PMO Effectiveness

            Does your PMO measure, and report formally on, its own effectiveness?
                                      Yes       No      Don't know




  100%           9.17%                  10.81%
   90%                                                           29.11%
                                                                                        33.73%
   80%          24.77%

   70%                                  48.65%
                                                                 24.78%
   60%
                                                                                        24.10%
   50%

   40%
                66.06%
   30%
                                                                 46.11%                 42.17%
                                        40.54%
   20%

   10%

   0%
         PMO-Managed - APAC   PMO-Managed - Singapore   Non-PMO-Managed - APAC   Non-PMO-Managed -
               Mean                                             Mean                  Singapore
                                                                          building talent, driving results
Data Used to Communicate
  PMO Effectiveness
                              What data does your PMO use to communicate and report on its own effectiveness?
              PMO-Managed - Singapore              Non-PMO-Managed - Singapore            PMO-Managed - APAC Mean             Non-PMO-Managed - APAC Mean


100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%                                                                                                                             80.00%
          73.33%
30%                             60.00%                                                                       60.00%
                                                   53.33%                                                                                          53.33%
                                                                      46.67%              46.67%
20%

10%
                60.00%               45.71%             51.43%              31.43%              34.29%             37.14%             62.86%             40.00%
 0%
        Improved number       A higher ROI on   Increased customer       Project        Higher levels of Existence and use Projects delivered Improvements in
         or percentage of         projects          satisfaction     management’s       proficiency and       of a common    on time and to   resource utilization
       successful projects.                                           raised profile   motivation in project enterprise-wide    budget.        and a reduction in
                                                                     throughout the            staff          methodology                       project staffing
                                                                      organization                                                                  issues.

                                                                                                          building talent, driving results
Improvements Attributable to
  PMO Involvement
                          To what extent has the PMO been responsible for improvements achieved in the following
                                                                areas?
           PMO-Managed - Singapore              Non-PMO-Managed - Singapore              PMO-Managed - APAC Mean               Non-PMO-Managed - APAC Mean

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%
                                             67.03%                                                                                         68.65%
30%                                                                                                         62.70%
              56.22%                                                        58.38%

20%

10%
                       52.05%                         61.20%                         53.25%                          55.66%                           60.96%
 0%
             Improved training and       Improved processes, standards Better resource management     Better communication and co-     More effective monitoring,
       development for project-related and methodologies across the across projects and divisions,     operation between functions   measurement and reporting of
       staff (increased talent retention, organization(s) and tangible leading to improved risk and            and projects            project performance data,
       active coaching and mentoring)       data to support levels of      quality management                                        leading to greater visibility at
                                               adoption and use.                                                                     executive and portfolio levels

                                                                                                         building talent, driving results
How Well Does the PMO Fulfil
  Its Role?
                                 To what degree would you say your PMO fulfils its role?

       PMO-Managed - Singapore        Non-PMO-Managed - Singapore        PMO-Managed - APAC Mean           Non-PMO-Managed - APAC Mean


100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

 0%
        Poor (not meeting business    Fair (meeting some       Good (meeting most       Very good (meeting all   Excellent (PMO is viewed as
         objectives, may be closed    business objectives,     business objectives)    business objectives with     core to the business)
                   down)             struggling with others)                          organisation-wide support)

                                                                                        building talent, driving results
PMO Maturity by Evolutionary Stage
(PMO-Managed Staff Perspective – Singapore)


                    PMO Maturity by Evolutionary Stage - PMO-Managed Staff (Singapore)
                     Not part of remit         Not fully in place       Still evolving           Fully embedded


          100%

           90%

           80%

           70%

           60%

           50%

           40%

           30%

           20%

           10%

           0%
                    Stage 1:       Stage 2:        Stage 3:        Stage 4:     Stage 5: Track       Stage 6:
                  Gather and     Develop and       Manage,         Manage       and report on      Manage the
                   report on        enforce      allocate and   dependencies     project ROI       health of the
                     project      standards,      control PM    across multiple and benefits         Project
                 progress data   methods and      resources     projects and/or   realization        Portfolio
                                  processes                      programmes
                                                                                  building talent, driving results
Time to be concerned-it’s a some work to do
              We’ve got
wakeup call!
      I’ve go to
     work harder
     and smarter!




                          building talent, driving results   30
My perspective
 Value of PMO remains “front and center”
 Too many PMOs not measuring effectiveness
 PMO Heads in non-ops function need to reach out
  more to project professionals
 PMO should consider ways to accelerate
  evolutionary development
 PMO Heads need to do a better job of marketing and
  public relations



                                 building talent, driving results   31
The PMO and
  Training
And the good news is…….




                          33
PMO Involvement in Training

          Is the PMO actively involved in the training and development you receive for Project Management and/or
                                                   Programme Management?

                                                   Yes       No




  100%
                 15.29%
  90%                                    25.58%

  80%                                                             43.83%
                                                                                         51.46%

  70%

  60%

  50%
                 84.71%
  40%                                    74.42%

  30%                                                             56.17%
                                                                                         48.54%

  20%

  10%

   0%
         PMO-Managed - APAC        PMO-Managed -         Non-PMO-Managed -       Non-PMO-Managed -
               Mean                  Singapore               APAC Mean                Singapore
                                                                       building talent, driving results
What type of “training” is provided?
80%
                                         PMO
70%
                                         Non-PMO
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%




                                               35
Measuring Training Impact

                          Does your PMO measure the impact of training?

                                                  Yes      No




  100%
                 17.00%
                                                                21.03%
  90%                                                                              25.00%
                                         29.03%

  80%

  70%

  60%

  50%
                 83.00%
                                                                78.97%
  40%                                                                              75.00%
                                         70.97%

  30%

  20%

  10%

   0%
         PMO-Managed - APAC        PMO-Managed -        Non-PMO-Managed -   Non-PMO-Managed -
               Mean                  Singapore              APAC Mean            Singapore
                                                                     building talent, driving results
How Is Impact Measured?

                          Which of the following methods are used by the PMO to measure the impact of training?

           PMO-Managed - Singapore            Non-PMO-Managed - Singapore            PMO-Managed - APAC Mean              Non-PMO-Managed - APAC Mean

100%

90%

80%

70%

60%

50%

40%         77.27%

30%

                                            45.45%
20%
                                                                          27.27%
10%                                                                                                     18.18%
                     83.33%                          30.56%                        16.67%                        19.44%              4.55%   2.78%
 0%
        Immediate post-training       Follow-up evaluations, e.g. on Return on training investment Another department (such as           Other
       participant feedback forms.        % transfer of what was       (Training ROI) - improvements Human Resources) measures
                                     taught/learnt during the training   in efficiencies, productivity,    training impact.
                                      now being applied back on the      profits, costs, reduced staff
                                                    job.                  turnover, etc. that can be
                                                                       attributed (directly or in part) to
                                                                                  the training.
                                                                                                     building talent, driving results
My perspective
   More PMOs taking active role in training
   Training topics seem to align to PMO
    maturity level
   Incorporate soft skills training earlier in
    PMO maturity stage
   Better training measurement techniques
    needed…..dump the “smile” sheets
   Availability & uptake of training appears
    strong but…..

                                                  38
The impact of
sustainment on
 PMO’s value
Does PMO help practice, master, and
               sustain new skills?
                     Yes     No


100%

90%

80%
            43%                   53%
70%

60%

50%

40%

30%
            57%                   47%
20%

10%

 0%

       PMO-Managed         Non-PMO-Managed   40
How is learning sustained?
                                                    Non PMO
        Peer support
                                                    PMO


 Stretch assignments


           OJT coach


Follow-up discussions


 Discuss before event


                        0%   20%   40%        60%         80%

                                                              41
How well does the PMO fulfill its role?
          Active sustainment vs. No active sustainment
50%
45%
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
        Poor       Fair       Good      Very Good    Excellent



                                                                 42
Measuring PMO Effectiveness
                    Yes     No       Don't know



100%
                18%
90%                                    31%
80%             17%
70%

60%                                    30%
50%

40%
                65%
30%
                                       39%
20%

10%

 0%

       Active Sustainment    No Active Sustainment

                                                     43
Percentage of PMOs Involved in Active
           Sustainment by Country/Region

          Country/Region      % of PMOs Involved w/
                                   Sustainment
China                      35%
India                      34%
Sweden                     27%
USA                        23%
SE Asia                    22%
Middle East/Africa         21%
Europe (other)             19%
U.K., Singapore, Aus/NZ    18%
Canada                     16%

                                                      44
My perspective
   Sustainment works and has a big impact on
    PMO evolution and probably performance
   Coaching one of the best “bang for the buck”
    interventions
   PMOs engaged in sustainment focus on
    measuring their own effectiveness a lot more
   Plenty of room to improve and show value.
    Singapore is low at 18%


                                                   45
Thanks for
                  listening!

                      Questions?


www.esi-intl.com.sg


                       building talent, driving results   46

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State of the PMO

  • 1. The Global State of the PMO 2012 On the road to the next generation Ravi Sahi, PMP, SCPM Regional Director, Client Solutions Practice Manager, ESI Consulting Group rsahi@esi-intl.com
  • 3. 2,249 building talent, driving results 3
  • 5. You don’t have to go it alone building talent, driving results 5
  • 6.  Our Agenda Today  A quick look at ESI’s global PMO survey  Facts  Value of PMO  Role in Training  Health Check and steps to getting it Right  A case study of recent work to Accelerate a PMO 6
  • 7. Global PMO Survey Survey Quick Value & The PMO and Facts Effectiveness of Training the PMO building talent, driving results 7
  • 8. Survey Quick Facts
  • 9. ESI’s Global Survey  3,000+ Respondents  16 Industry Sectors  6 Continents  PMO staff & Non-PMO staff 9
  • 11. By Geography OZ/NZ 6% North UK 14% America 26% Europe 20% Asia 34% 11
  • 12. Survey Responses by APAC Territory Survey responses by APAC Territory (977 responses) Singapore China India Australia/New Zealand South East Asia Asia (other) 7.57% 6.45% 22.72% 18.83% 12.08% 32.34% building talent, driving results
  • 13. Singapore Responses by Role Which of the following best describes your current role within the organisation? (222 responses) Programme Management role Portfolio Management role Project Administrator role Project Management role Business or Functional role Management role within the PMO, e.g. Head of PMO, PMO Manager Administrative role within the PMO 2.25% 2.70% 0.90% 8.11% 11.26% 35.59% 39.19% building talent, driving results
  • 14. Do You Have a PMO? (Singapore) Does your organisation have a PMO in place today? (222 responses) Yes, we have a global PMO structure Yes, we have a regional or divisional PMO structure Yes, other No - but we plan to implement a PMO during 2012 No - we used to have a PMO but it was closed down/disbanded No - we have never had a PMO Don't know 10.81% 31.08% 17.12% 6.76% 1.80% 2.70% 29.73% building talent, driving results
  • 16. Relationship to PMO Part of Influenced PMO by PMO 42% 48% 16
  • 17. My perspective  Good geographic distribution  Broad industry coverage  Knowledgeable & experienced respondents  Two different perspectives represented (PMO vs non PMO)  Weighted towards large organizations & perhaps IT professionals building talent, driving results 17
  • 18. Now, let’s “dive” into the key findings! Now let’s “examine” the key findings building talent, driving results 18
  • 20. Has the PMO’s value been questioned? No Yes 100% 90% 80% 56% 54% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 44% 46% 20% 10% 0% PMO-Managed (823) Non-PMO-Managed (1180)
  • 21. Has the value of the PMO recently been questioned, or challenged, by any of the following stakeholder groups? Yes No 100% PMO Value 90% 80% 45.92% 46.88% 53.66% 52.58% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 54.08% 53.13% 46.34% 47.42% 20% 10% 0% PMO-Managed - APAC PMO-Managed - Non-PMO-Managed - Non-PMO-Managed - Mean Singapore APAC Mean Singapore
  • 22. Geographies where PMOs value is questioned the most Australia/NZ 68% China 67% Middle East 63% Europe 60% UK 58% building talent, driving results 22
  • 23. Geographies where PMOs value is questioned the most ..and that’s a GOOD place to be 45% building talent, driving results 23
  • 24. Which Stakeholder Groups Have Challenged? – Multiple selections available Which stakeholder groups have recently challenged or questioned the value of the PMO? PMO-Managed - Singapore Non-PMO-Managed - Singapore PMO-Managed - APAC Mean Non-PMO-Managed - APAC Mean 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 57.89% 52.63% 52.63% 20% 42.11% 10% 58.70% 30.43% 54.35% 34.78% 0% Executive or senior management Program managers Project managers Internal or external customers building talent, driving results
  • 25. Measuring PMO Effectiveness Does your PMO measure, and report formally on, its own effectiveness? Yes No Don't know 100% 9.17% 10.81% 90% 29.11% 33.73% 80% 24.77% 70% 48.65% 24.78% 60% 24.10% 50% 40% 66.06% 30% 46.11% 42.17% 40.54% 20% 10% 0% PMO-Managed - APAC PMO-Managed - Singapore Non-PMO-Managed - APAC Non-PMO-Managed - Mean Mean Singapore building talent, driving results
  • 26. Data Used to Communicate PMO Effectiveness What data does your PMO use to communicate and report on its own effectiveness? PMO-Managed - Singapore Non-PMO-Managed - Singapore PMO-Managed - APAC Mean Non-PMO-Managed - APAC Mean 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 80.00% 73.33% 30% 60.00% 60.00% 53.33% 53.33% 46.67% 46.67% 20% 10% 60.00% 45.71% 51.43% 31.43% 34.29% 37.14% 62.86% 40.00% 0% Improved number A higher ROI on Increased customer Project Higher levels of Existence and use Projects delivered Improvements in or percentage of projects satisfaction management’s proficiency and of a common on time and to resource utilization successful projects. raised profile motivation in project enterprise-wide budget. and a reduction in throughout the staff methodology project staffing organization issues. building talent, driving results
  • 27. Improvements Attributable to PMO Involvement To what extent has the PMO been responsible for improvements achieved in the following areas? PMO-Managed - Singapore Non-PMO-Managed - Singapore PMO-Managed - APAC Mean Non-PMO-Managed - APAC Mean 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 67.03% 68.65% 30% 62.70% 56.22% 58.38% 20% 10% 52.05% 61.20% 53.25% 55.66% 60.96% 0% Improved training and Improved processes, standards Better resource management Better communication and co- More effective monitoring, development for project-related and methodologies across the across projects and divisions, operation between functions measurement and reporting of staff (increased talent retention, organization(s) and tangible leading to improved risk and and projects project performance data, active coaching and mentoring) data to support levels of quality management leading to greater visibility at adoption and use. executive and portfolio levels building talent, driving results
  • 28. How Well Does the PMO Fulfil Its Role? To what degree would you say your PMO fulfils its role? PMO-Managed - Singapore Non-PMO-Managed - Singapore PMO-Managed - APAC Mean Non-PMO-Managed - APAC Mean 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Poor (not meeting business Fair (meeting some Good (meeting most Very good (meeting all Excellent (PMO is viewed as objectives, may be closed business objectives, business objectives) business objectives with core to the business) down) struggling with others) organisation-wide support) building talent, driving results
  • 29. PMO Maturity by Evolutionary Stage (PMO-Managed Staff Perspective – Singapore) PMO Maturity by Evolutionary Stage - PMO-Managed Staff (Singapore) Not part of remit Not fully in place Still evolving Fully embedded 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3: Stage 4: Stage 5: Track Stage 6: Gather and Develop and Manage, Manage and report on Manage the report on enforce allocate and dependencies project ROI health of the project standards, control PM across multiple and benefits Project progress data methods and resources projects and/or realization Portfolio processes programmes building talent, driving results
  • 30. Time to be concerned-it’s a some work to do We’ve got wakeup call! I’ve go to work harder and smarter! building talent, driving results 30
  • 31. My perspective  Value of PMO remains “front and center”  Too many PMOs not measuring effectiveness  PMO Heads in non-ops function need to reach out more to project professionals  PMO should consider ways to accelerate evolutionary development  PMO Heads need to do a better job of marketing and public relations building talent, driving results 31
  • 32. The PMO and Training
  • 33. And the good news is……. 33
  • 34. PMO Involvement in Training Is the PMO actively involved in the training and development you receive for Project Management and/or Programme Management? Yes No 100% 15.29% 90% 25.58% 80% 43.83% 51.46% 70% 60% 50% 84.71% 40% 74.42% 30% 56.17% 48.54% 20% 10% 0% PMO-Managed - APAC PMO-Managed - Non-PMO-Managed - Non-PMO-Managed - Mean Singapore APAC Mean Singapore building talent, driving results
  • 35. What type of “training” is provided? 80% PMO 70% Non-PMO 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 35
  • 36. Measuring Training Impact Does your PMO measure the impact of training? Yes No 100% 17.00% 21.03% 90% 25.00% 29.03% 80% 70% 60% 50% 83.00% 78.97% 40% 75.00% 70.97% 30% 20% 10% 0% PMO-Managed - APAC PMO-Managed - Non-PMO-Managed - Non-PMO-Managed - Mean Singapore APAC Mean Singapore building talent, driving results
  • 37. How Is Impact Measured? Which of the following methods are used by the PMO to measure the impact of training? PMO-Managed - Singapore Non-PMO-Managed - Singapore PMO-Managed - APAC Mean Non-PMO-Managed - APAC Mean 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 77.27% 30% 45.45% 20% 27.27% 10% 18.18% 83.33% 30.56% 16.67% 19.44% 4.55% 2.78% 0% Immediate post-training Follow-up evaluations, e.g. on Return on training investment Another department (such as Other participant feedback forms. % transfer of what was (Training ROI) - improvements Human Resources) measures taught/learnt during the training in efficiencies, productivity, training impact. now being applied back on the profits, costs, reduced staff job. turnover, etc. that can be attributed (directly or in part) to the training. building talent, driving results
  • 38. My perspective  More PMOs taking active role in training  Training topics seem to align to PMO maturity level  Incorporate soft skills training earlier in PMO maturity stage  Better training measurement techniques needed…..dump the “smile” sheets  Availability & uptake of training appears strong but….. 38
  • 39. The impact of sustainment on PMO’s value
  • 40. Does PMO help practice, master, and sustain new skills? Yes No 100% 90% 80% 43% 53% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 57% 47% 20% 10% 0% PMO-Managed Non-PMO-Managed 40
  • 41. How is learning sustained? Non PMO Peer support PMO Stretch assignments OJT coach Follow-up discussions Discuss before event 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 41
  • 42. How well does the PMO fulfill its role? Active sustainment vs. No active sustainment 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Poor Fair Good Very Good Excellent 42
  • 43. Measuring PMO Effectiveness Yes No Don't know 100% 18% 90% 31% 80% 17% 70% 60% 30% 50% 40% 65% 30% 39% 20% 10% 0% Active Sustainment No Active Sustainment 43
  • 44. Percentage of PMOs Involved in Active Sustainment by Country/Region Country/Region % of PMOs Involved w/ Sustainment China 35% India 34% Sweden 27% USA 23% SE Asia 22% Middle East/Africa 21% Europe (other) 19% U.K., Singapore, Aus/NZ 18% Canada 16% 44
  • 45. My perspective  Sustainment works and has a big impact on PMO evolution and probably performance  Coaching one of the best “bang for the buck” interventions  PMOs engaged in sustainment focus on measuring their own effectiveness a lot more  Plenty of room to improve and show value. Singapore is low at 18% 45
  • 46. Thanks for listening! Questions? www.esi-intl.com.sg building talent, driving results 46