EDUC 202 PSYCHO - SOCIO FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

1. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND

2. JENNY O. DARANG

3. Decode the following PICTURES to UNLOCK the hidden words

4. It’s a simple question, but it can be
difficult to answer?

5. Introduction
You could answer with your
name, your job title, your
place in relation to your
family, your hobby or passion,
or a description of your beliefs
and values?

6. Introduction
- There are billions of humans with
billions of answers to this question, and
each one can tell a different story
about who they are.
There is one thing that makes us
each unique: “PERSONALITY”

7. The term personality is
derived from the Latin word
persona meaning a MASK

8. What is Personality?
Personality: Individual differences in characteristic patterns of
thinking, feeling, and behaving
1. “Thinking”: Personality includes differences between people in how they
typically think.
Example: Do people tend to focus on the positive (optimists) or the
negative (pessimists)?
2. “Feeling”: Personality includes differences between people in how they
typically feel.
Examples: Do people tend to be happy or unhappy? Do they experience
intense emotions or not? Do they get angry easily? Are they especially
sensitive to rejection?

9. What is Personality?
3. “Behaving”: Personality includes differences
between people in how they typically behave.
Examples: Do they tend to talk a lot? Do they usually
go along with what other people want or insist on
doing things their way? Are they neat and tidy or
sloppy and disorderly? Do they like to try new things,
or do they always order the same thing when they go
out to eat?

10. Purpose of Personality Theories
To provide a way of organizing the many characteristics
you know about yourself and other people.
Example: outgoing or shy, quick tempered or calm, witty or
dull.
To explain the difference among individuals
Explore how people conduct their lives
Determine how life can be improved

11. 4 Notable Neo - Freudians
1.Alfred Adler
2. Erik Erikson
3.Carl Jung (pronounced “Yoong”)
4. Karen Horney
(pronounced “HORN-eye)

12. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
The neo-Freudians were psychologists
whose work followed from Freud’s. They
generally agreed with Freud that
childhood experiences matter, but they
decreased the emphasis on sex and
focused more on the social environment
andeffects of culture on personality.

13. Adler was a colleague of Freud,
and he also helped in the
development of psychoanalysis.
Freud believed in the concept of
split personality, whereas
Adler believed in the concept of
the individual as a whole.
Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

14. Adler believed that personality was formed early in
life. He thought positive and negative experiences
early in childhood could lead to reactions that would
establish lifelong personality orientations or goals.
For example, Adler's brother died beside him in bed
when he was three, an event that deeply affected
him. Alfred had been diagnosed with a serious case
of pneumonia. Ultimately this led him to become a
doctor.
What led Adler to resolve to become a doctor,
as a young child?

15. How did the arrival of a baby brother influence Adler's
theory?
Adler reported that his mother was good-humored, truthful,
kind, and totally devoted to the children. However, "when my
younger brother was born she transferred her attention to
him, and I felt dethroned, and turned to my father, whose
favorite I was."
Alfred Adler

16. How did the arrival of a baby brother influence Adler's
theory?
This illustrates two fundamental Adlerian concepts: those
of dethronement and sibling rivalry. Dethronement occurs
when a young child, initially the focus of attention, is replaced
in the mother's affections by a newly arrived infant.
The result is one form of sibling rivalry. Sibling rivalry in
general is competition between brothers or sisters for
parental attention and approval
Alfred Adler

17. Alfred struggled in
school. He was clumsy,
homely, and got poor
grades. He flunked
mathematics in
secondary school and
had to repeat it. This led
to another episode that
became an example of
principles in his theory.
Another Concept
Adler heard his teacher
advise his father to take
him out of school and
apprentice him to a
shoemaker. Instead, his
father encouraged him to
remain at school and
redouble his efforts. Young
Alfred fought against his
setback, studying his math
industriously.

18. Some time later the
teacher wrote a
mathematical problem on
the blackboard which
none of the pupils nor
the teacher himself could
solve. Adler suddenly
stood up and said, "I can
solve the problem."
Disregarding the teacher's
sarcastic remark, "Of
course, if no one else can,
you will surely be able to,"
he walked over to the
blackboard amidst the
laughter of his schoolmates
and solved the problem.
From that time on he was
the best pupil in the
mathematics class.
How did Adler fight back against feelings of
inferiority?

19. In this case, the triumph in math class
illustrated is the Adlerian concept
of compensation in response to feelings
of inferiority.
 Adler believed everybody has feelings of
inferiority at times. That is a universal part of
human experience. How you react to
feelings of inferiority can shape the person
you become.
Feelings of Inferiority

20. Adler developed and put forth his
theories of personality in the hundreds
of books and articles that he published
during his lifetime. These theories
attracted followers throughout the
world and came to be known as
‘Adlerian Psychology’ or ‘Individual
Psychology’
What Is Individual Psychology?

21. What Is Individual Psychology?
Adlerians thus see an individual as
indivisible—a unit that cannot be
understood in parts. The name
‘Individual Psychology’ finds its
roots in the Latin word ‘individuum’
indicating this indivisibility of people.

22. Striving For Superiority
Adlerians believe that,
regardless of who we are and
where we come from, we all
have one thing in common—
the urge to strive to be
superior. Here, superiority
does not mean leadership, or
being better than the others in
social standing, or holding a
preeminent position in society.
Instead, it refers to ‘the great
upward drive’
However, the meaning of
superiority may vary from
person to person, and the
manner in which each person
strives for perfection may differ
greatly. Some people strive for
superiority in terms of self-
esteem and power, which may
be seen as self-centered goals,
while some strive towards
achieving goals that are more
socially beneficial in nature.

23. Inferiority and Compensation
Adler observed that people with some kind of abnormality in a
certain part (organ) of their body developed an inferiority relating
to that organ. He called this ‘organ inferiority’. These people
would then try to make up, or compensate, for their abnormality
by taking focused steps to strengthen themselves in those
specific areas.
Example:
Demosthenes, the Greek statesman and one of the greatest
orators in history, struggled with a bad stutter as a child.
Theodore Roosevelt, who was a weakling in his teenage years,
challenged his inferiority and transformed himself into a
physically stalwart man.
What determines the kind of superiority we strive for? The answer to this can be
found in describing our feelings of inferiority.
Thus, Adler saw inferiority not as something negative, but as the cause of all
improvement and growth.

24. Safeguarding Behavior and Inferiority Complex
Unfortunately, not everyone compensates (or is able to
compensate) for their inferiority. Some people resort to
safeguarding behavior instead. Adler describes three
kinds of safeguarding behaviors: excuses, aggression
and distancing.
The first category of people make excuses in an attempt
to avoid blame. The people that fall into the second
category, on the other hand, become aggressive and
blame themselves or others for failures. Yet others
show distancing behavior in the form
of procrastination and claims of helplessness.

25. Birth Order
Adler observed that the manner in which an
individual’s personality or style of life is shaped
is highly influenced by his birth order. This
means that the oldest, middle and the
youngest children in a family develop
personalities that are considerably different
from one another.

26. Birth Order
Firstborns usually receive a lot of love and
attention from their parents before they
are dethroned by the birth of their younger
sibling. This means that they now have to
share their parents’ affection with this new
member.
Middleborns constantly try to match up to their
older sibling, while also striving to stay ahead of
the younger ones. They regularly compare
themselves with the older sibling and try to
measure up to their accomplishments in some
way or another. Their urge to find their place in
the family makes them very competitive and
rebellious.

27. Birth Order
Youngest siblings are infamous for being
the most pampered of the lot. They usually
get a lot of attention and receive it for the
longest time. Other people do things for the
youngest ones, which can make them
dependent and irresponsible. Due to this,
nonetheless, they become masters of the
skill of getting things done through the help
of others
Only children get the most attention. However,
due to this feeling of entitlement, they have a
hard time sharing, co-operating and getting along
with other people.

28. Carl Gustav Jung (“Yoong”)
(1875 – 1961)

29. Carl Gustav Jung Theories
His first achievement was
to differentiate two classes of people
according to attitude
types: extraverted (outward-looking)
and introverted (inward-looking). Later
he differentiated four functions of the
mind—thinking, feeling, sensation, and
intuition—one or more of which
predominate in any given person.

30. TWO PERSONALITY
TYPES / ATTITUDE TYPES
The concept of Introvert and Extrovert

31. 1. Donna loves to go out on adventures
with lots of people and see exciting new
things.
2. Her friend David, though, is the opposite. Given the
choice, he'd rather read a book on his couch than go
skydiving with Donna.
Example

32. FOUR SUBTYPES ACCORDING TO IT’S
FUNCTION
Jung also separates introverts and extroverts into four subtypes according
to the functions that control the way they perceive the world. Both introverts
and extroverts can be any of these subtypes, so there are eight possible
personality types. These four functions are Thinking
Sensation
Feeling
Intuition

33. FOUR SUBTYPES ACCORDING TO IT’S
FUNCTION
Jung also separates introverts and extroverts into four subtypes according
to the functions that control the way they perceive the world. Both introverts
and extroverts can be any of these subtypes, so there are eight possible
personality types. These four functions are
Sensation
Intuition
1. Applying reasoning to the situations and environments you encounter.
For example, David likes to think things through and consider all the pros
and cons before he makes a decision about anything.
2. Applying subjective, personal assessment to the situations and
environments you encounter. Unlike David, Donna relies on her feelings to
tell her how to make a decision. If something feels good, she goes for it; if it
doesn't, she avoids it.
Thinking
Feeling

34. 3. Applying aesthetic value to the situations and environments you
encounter. For example, when deciding how to arrange his living room,
David tries to make things very symmetrical. If there's a chair on one side of
the room, he has to put the same chair on the other side of the room to
balance it. This symmetry makes the room look nice
4. Using your unconscious or the mystical to understand your
experiences. For example, Donna thinks David is arranging his
furniture all wrong. She thinks he should use feng shui, an
ancient Chinese philosophy, to choose where to put his
furniture.
Sensation
Intuition
FOUR SUBTYPES ACCORDING TO IT’S
FUNCTION

36. What are Jungian Archetypes?
Jung labeled these archetypes the Self, the Persona, the Shadow and the
Anima/Animus.
Jungian archetypes are defined as universal, primal symbols and images
that derive from the collective unconscious,

37. THE FOUR MAJOR TYPES OF ARCHETYPES
 The PERSONA is how we present ourselves to the
world.
 an identity which we wish to project to others
Example
children learn that they must behave in certain ways in
order to fit in with society's expectations and norms.

38. SHADOW
 the unknown "dark side"of our personality
 composed primarilyof the elements of ourselves that we consider tobe negative.
 We donot show this side ofthe self to the outside worldas it can be asource ofanxiety orshame
Example
 People are quick to cop an attitude with people who don’t have the power to fight back.
Exercising power over another.
 People often celebrate their own greatness without acknowledging times that they may
may have cheated others to get to their success.

39. ANIMA / ANIMUS
 The anima is a feminine image in the male psyche, and the animus is
a male image in the female psyche.
 anima (Latin for “soul”), animus (Latin for “spirit”)
Example
 Man possessed by Anima is moody and emotional
 Woman possessed by animus is opinionated and power hungry

40. THE SELF
Example
The Self appears in dreams, myths and fairy tales as a "superior personality", such as for
example a king, a hero, a prophet, a savior.
• A conjunction (union) of the consciousness and unconscious.

41. KAREN HORNEY DANIELSEN
Karen Horney dealt with depression early in life. She
described her father as a strict disciplinarian and she was
very close to her older brother, Berndt. When he distanced
himself from her, Horney became depressed, a problem she would
deal with throughout her life.
Horney devoted herself to school, believing that, "If I couldn't be
beautiful, I decided I would be smart."
Horney kept diaries beginning at the age of thirteen. These journals showed
Horney's confidence in her path for the future. She considered becoming a
doctor, even though, at that time, women were not allowed to attend
universities. According to Horney's adolescent diaries her father was "a cruel
disciplinary figure," who also held his son Berndt in higher regard than Karen.
Instead of being offended or feeling indignation over Karen's perceptions of him,
her father brought her gifts from far-away countries. Despite this, Karen always
felt deprived of her father's affection and instead became attached to her
mother.

42. KAREN HORNEY DANIELSEN
Karen Horney was born near Hamburg, Germany, in
1885. As a teenager, she suffered her first episode of
depression, a challenge she faced several times
throughout her life. In 1906,
Horney was highly critical of Freud's theories of psychosexual
development and was particularly troubled by the concept of
penis envy. She argued that penis envy was not an innate
psychological complex, but instead a product of gender power
imbalances. Under this conception, women don't envy men's
penises; they envy their power and privilege.

43. Basic Hostility and Basic Anxiety
• Children need to experience both genuine love and healthy
discipline.
• Such conditions provide them with feelings of safety and
satisfaction and permit them to grow in accordance with
their real self.
• If parents do not satisfy the child’s needs for safety and
satisfaction, the child develops feelings of basic hostility
toward the parents.
• However, children seldom overtly express this hostility as
rage; instead, they repress their hostility toward their
parents and have no awareness of it.

45. Karen Horney’s
Personality Types
• Horney identified three unconscious strategies or
movements employed by different types of
neurotic individuals to deal with basic anxiety:
• 1) the compliant type moves toward other
people;
• 2) the hostile type moves against other people;
and
• 3) the detached type moves away from other
people.

46. COPING STYLE
moving toward people, relies on affiliation and dependence. These
children become dependent on their parents and other caregivers in an
effort to receive attention and affection, which provides relief from
anxiety (Burger, 2008). When these children grow up, they tend to use
this same coping strategy to deal with relationships, expressing an
intense need for love and acceptance (Burger, 2008).
Second coping style, moving against people, relies on aggression and
assertiveness. Children with this coping style find that fighting is the best way to deal
with an unhappy home situation, and they deal with their feelings of insecurity by
bullying other children (Burger, 2008). As adults, people with this coping style tend to
lash out with hurtful comments and exploit others (Burger, 2008).
Third coping style, moving away from people, centers on detachment and isolation.
These children handle their anxiety by withdrawing from the world. They need privacy
and tend to be self-sufficient. When these children are adults, they continue to avoid
such things as love and friendship, and they also tend to gravitate toward careers that
require little interaction with others (Burger, 2008).
compliant type
hostile type
detached type

47. • American psychologist
and physician who was
best known for his
theory associating
physique, personality,
and delinquency.
• Sheldon classified
people according to
three body types,
or somatotypes
William Herbert
Sheldon

48. • endomorphs, who are rounded
and soft, were said to have a
tendency toward a “viscerotonic”
personality (i.e., relaxed,
comfortable, extroverted)
• mesomorphs, who are square and
muscular, were said to have a
tendency toward a “somotonic”
personality (i.e.,
active, dynamic, assertive,
aggressive)
• ectomorphs, who are thin and
fine-boned, were said to have a
tendency toward a “cerebrotonic”
personality (i.e., introverted,
thoughtful, inhibited, sensitive).
William Herbert Sheldon

49. Sheldon
Theory
Body
Types

50. He later used this classification system to explain delinquent
behaviour, finding that delinquents were likely to be high in
mesomorphy and low in ectomorphy and arguing that
mesomorphy’s associated temperaments (active and
aggressive but lacking sensitivity and inhibition) tend to
cause delinquency and criminal behaviour
Although his research was groundbreaking, it was criticized
on the grounds that his samples were not representative and
that he mistook correlation for causation.
William Herbert Sheldon

51. GENERALIZATION!
NEO FREUDIANS
 Adler (Personality Theory) = Focuses on our
strive to compensate for feelings of inferiority
Jung (Theories of Consciousness) = He proposed
two attitudes or approaches toward life.
Horney (Feminine Psychology / Theory of
neurotic needs) focused on the role of
unconscious anxiety
William Sheldon (Body Personality Theory) He concluded that a relationship
existed between one body’s and personality.