Psychology_Emotion
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The document discusses theories of emotion. It describes three major theories: 1. The James-Lange theory from 1885 which proposed that physiological responses generate emotions. 2. The Cannon-Bard theory from 1927 which argued that physiological and emotional experiences occur simultaneously rather than emotions resulting from physiological responses. 3. Schachter and Singer's two-factor theory from 1962 which suggested that emotional experience requires both physiological arousal and cognitive labeling of the arousal based on the situation. The document also discusses other theories such as the activation theory which views emotion as a state of heightened arousal in the nervous system rather than a distinct psychological process.
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Psychology_Emotion
- 2. • It is derived from the Latin word “emoverse” meaning ‘to stir up’ or ‘to move.’ • It is an affective state involving a high level of activation, visceral changes and strong feelings.
- 3. 7 Feeling Mood Temperament Significant life event Prejudice Emotion Preference Attitude - an awareness by the body of something in it or on it - an affective state that is subjective - a mild emotion which lasts longer and is more temporary in nature - a prevaling attitude - an emotional level characteristic of a person - Example: One may be usually cheerful or grouchy. - an attitude that has become formulated in advance of scientific evidence, usually unfavorable and held with emotional tenacity - the mildest form of affective state and concerns dislikes and likes - an organized pattern of preferences - Example: One may have favorable attitude towards dating or for smoking.
- 4. ASPECTS OF EMOTION a. Changes in Circulatory System Example: When a person is excited, the speed and strength of his heartbeat is increased.
- 5. b. Changes in Respiration Example: When someone is in emotional upset, he tends to gasp for breath and sigh.
- 6. c. Duct Glands Responses Example: During emotional upset as in fear or anger, for instance, the salivary gland secretes less saliva, which causes dryness of the mouth.
- 7. d. Endocrine or Ductless Glands Responses Example: During a fire, people are known to have been able to lift heavy things which they could not lift directly under normal conditions.
- 8. e. Pupillary Responses Studies indicate that the pupils of the eyes constrict in unpleasant states, i.e., fear and dilates in pleasant states as a function of strong sympathetic nervous system activity.
- 9. f. Muscle Tension and Tremor This is manifested in the shaking of the lips in fits of uncontrolled weeping or when the muscles tighten and become rigid in fear. This may also be manifested in stammering in nervousness or in muscular tics under tension.
- 10. g. Gastrointestinal Motility The activity of the digestive processes change causing nausea or the tendency to throw up. It may also result in diarrhea or bed-wetting.
- 11. ASPECT OF EMOTION a. Facial Expressions
- 12. b. Vocal Expressions c. Hands and Body Movements d. Gestures
- 14. 23 Basic emotions Based on Reeve (2015, pp. 347-349) Basic emotions Fear Anger Disgust Sadness Interest Joy Negative emotion theme • Response to threat and harm Positive emotion theme •Response to involvement and satisfaction potential fighting off rejecting of threat threat threat and harm and harm andharm after threat and harm motive involve- ment satis- faction
- 15. It controls thesomatic and autonomic patterns of activity . In otherswords,it controlsthe physiological expressionof emotion The aroused state that is part of increasedemotion is due to activation of brain cells in •Cerebral cortex •Hypothalamus •Limbic system •ARAS
- 16. TheSympatheticandParasympatheticdivisionhave centersinthe hypothalamus. •Stimulation of the posterior area of the hypothalamus sympathetic activity anxiety or tension •Stimulation of the anterior area of the hypothalamus parasympathetic activity depression or relaxation Specificemotionsresultinspecificbodily changes. Happiness HR Surprise Angry Fearfulness HR
- 17. Ekman and colleagues have shown that there are six basic emotions that are expressed in the face. Theseare universal.
- 23. ProposedbyWalter Cannonand Philip Bardin 1927 Cannon-Bard Theory
- 27. Twofactors jointly determine theemotional experience. •Physiologicalarousal •Interpretationoftheexperiencebasedonthe environmentalcues Bodily state of emotional arousal is much same for most of the emotions we feel. But people have different emotions because of the differences in the way theyinterpret. In other words, our emotional arousal depends cognitive on both physiological changes and or mental interpretation of thosechanges. Since this interpretation is purely by cognitive functioning, cognitive factors are said to be the potent determiners of emotional states.
- 30. •Emotion heightened represents arousal physiological a state of rather than a orpsychological, biological process. •Arousal lies on a wide continuum ranging from a very low level of deep sleep to extremely agitated states of rage or anger. Emotionprovokingstimuli ARAS cortex musculature
- 35. 5.PolygraphRecorder/LieDetector - aninstrumentthat simultaneouslyrecords changesinphysiological processesasheartbeat, bloodpressure,and respiration - often usedas a lie detector
- 36. Guess what emotion these people are feeling.
- 37. - Facial and bodily gestures do not always allow an observer to accurately “read” emotion. The agonized expression on the face of Frank De Vito is deceptive. Mr. De Vito and his wife have just learned that he has won ＄1 million in the New Jersey state lottery.
- 38. • Noneof the theoriesisacomprehensivetheoryof emotion • Thebiologicalstructureof anindividual modulatedbythe environmentalexperiences,in oneway orthe other,must activate the internal organsandthe cerebralcortexforthe various physiologicalresponsesandaffective experiences that areexperiencedbythe individualwhile goingthroughanemotionalbehavior.
- 39. THANKYOU
Notes de l'éditeur
- Emotional behavior is one area of psychological knowledge that has provoked much attention, investigation, discussion, research, and theorizing. It has attained prominence not only because of its human interest value but because of its relevance to the intricacies of behavior and thought. Psychologists believe that man rarely react in a completely rational ways and most of our actions and decisions are influenced extensively by affective experiences. One of the most potent ways of understanding human nature is through an understanding of the nature of one’s emotions.
- -a strong feeling such as love, fear, anger, hope, joy, hate stir up -to move or cause someone to move after being still visceral- coming from strong emotions and not from logic or reason viscera (viscus) - internal organ of the body (especially the heart, liver, or intestine located in the great cavity of the trunk proper)
- 1. Feeling- subjective (only the person experiencing the emotion can verify it) - an emotional state or reaction 2. Mood - Example: One who is irritable (mood) is more predisposed with anger 3. Temperament- the usual attitude, mood, or behavior of a person or animal 4. Preference- Example: One may prefer sedentary occupations to the more active, vigorous ones. 5. Attitude- the way you think and feel about someone or something 6. Prejudice - an unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group because of race, sex, religion - a feeling of like or dislike for someone especially when it is not reasonable or logical - sometimes called “bias - Example: One may be prejudiced against oligarchs and their way of living
- Circulatory System- the system of blood, blood vessels, lymphatics, and heart concerned with the circulation of the blood and lymph Electrocardiograph- an instrument for recording the changes of electrical potential occurring during the heartbeat used especially in diagnosing abnormalities of heart action. Examples: 1.When a person is in love or if he is anxious, he feels the increased pounding of his heart, which probably gave rise to the expression- “I love you with all my heart.” 2.Blood pressure also increases and blood is driven to the head and limbs causing increase in the volume of the blood. This explains why we blush when we are embarrassed or angry. (In emotional disturbances such as shame and embarrassment, blood rushes to the head and causes blushing. Sometimes, extreme reddeningof the face is due to anger.) 3.In strong emotions, such as fear and anger, the speed of strength of the heartbeat increases and the pulse becomes stronger than usual. This increase in heart rateis accompanied by the contraction of the heart muscles; hence the amount of blood pumped by the heart is realized. 4.In fear, a person gets cold and shudders. Oftentimes, sudden withdrawal of the blood from the brain results in fainting spells.
- gasp- naghahabol ng hininga sigh-napapabuntong hininga -Respiration and breathing cycle changes and it may be measured through pneumonograph. The rate and depth as well as sudden interruption in response to stimulus can also be detected. -At times breathing may speed up or at other times slow down. Sometimes, it may become shallow and at other times, deep. -Although respiration functions automatically, it is possible to control it at times. For example, laughter can be both spontaneous or consciously evoked or inhibited.
- duct- tube in the body that carries a particular liquid Example: 1. The sweat glands of our skin secrete excessively, thus causing us to perspire profusely.
- -This unusual strength is caused by the secretion of hormones directly into the blood as in the case of adrenalin. -The hormones secreted by these adrenal glands cause a rise in heart action and cause the liver to release glycogen. As soon as glycogen enter the blood stream, it is converted into sugar and taken to different parts of he body, especially the skeletal muscle. This explains the unusual strength a person has, such as in lifting very heavy objects during emergencies. Adrenaline- a substance that is released in the body of a person who is feeling a strong emotion (excitement, fear, or anger) and that causes the heart to beat faster and gives the person more energy.
- -This method has been used as a lie detector using a pencil-like device equipped with lasser beams to watch pupillary openings during intense interrogation. -Many seasoned poker players claim to have detected a bluff by watching the eyes of their opponents.Psychologist Eckhard Hess believes that in such instances we are mainly interested in the size of the person’s pupils. Emotion affects the pupils, specifically arousal, interest, or attention can activate the sympathetic nervous system and cause the pupils to dilate.
- Gastrointestinal- of or relating to both the stomach and the intestines Motility- movement -This may be measured by X-rays or the “STomach-balloon technique.”
- A person who experiences an emotion manifests it almost always in some form of overt (easily seen) behavior.
- - The common sense view involves three steps: first, the person perceives the situation that evokes the emotion; second, he becomes aware of the emotion; then, he reacts to the emotion. - For example, you hear the shout of “Fire!” while you are in school.You look at the direction to where the sound comes and you notice the billowing smoke. This strikes fear in you, then you run away from the place. Actually, this view states that a person experiences the emotion first before he reacts to it.
- - William James proposed the following steps in an emotional experience. First, we perceive the situation; second, we react, our hearts pound, and we find ourselves running away. Third, we realize we are afraid and feel afraid. Putting it more dramatically, he said that we become sad because we weep; we see a bear, run away, and then feel afraid. - Another example given by James was: while we are crossing the street, a speeding vehicle misses us by only a hair; we rush to the curb and sit down; and only then do we know fear. - Lange also proposed the same explanation in the occurrence of the emotion. Lange, like James, thought that emotion is not due to the perceived, physiological changes that occur, the emotion follows. -This viewpoint states that we feel sorry because we cry; afraid because we tremble; and not the other way around. - Instead of a dog, James used the now-famous example of seeing a bear in the forest. James said that, if we see a bear, “we’re frightened because we run,” rather than running because we are frightened.
- - Felt emotions and physiological responses are independent events. - They occur simultaneously. - According to this view, an emotional sequence should be described as follows: First, the organism perceives a situation to be fearsome. Second, the hypothalamus takes over and at the same time impulses (strong desires to do something) go out from this control center to the brain and other parts of the body. Hence, we have the awareness and feeling of fear at the same time that the bodily changes and the action of running away are taking place. - According to some researchers, the main contribution of this theory is the recognition that a control center for emotions is located in the hypothalamus of the brain. Hypothalamus- a region of the forebrain below the thalamus that coordinates both the autonomic nervous system and the activity of the pituitary, controlling body temperature, thirst, hunger, and other homeostatic systems, and involved in sleep and emotional activity
- -also known as “Hypothalamic Theory of Emotion”
- - Two factors jointly determine the emotional experience: 1. Physiological arousal 2. Interpretation of the experience based on the environmental cues - Bodily state of emotional arousal is much same for most of the emotions we feel. But people have different emotions because of the differences in the way they interpret. - In other words, our emotional arousal depends on both physiological changes and cognitive or mental interpretation of those changes. Since this interpretation is purely by cognitive functioning, cognitive factors are said to be the potent determiners of emotional states. - This theory says that some stimuli cause a person to feel physiologically aroused and the person explains the arousal feeling by interpreting environmental cues as causing the emotional feeling. - This theory assumes that our interpretation or appraisal of a situation is the primary cause of emotions.
- - For example: the person who is asleep is at a very low level of activation since the cerebral cortex and the sympathetic nervous system are relatively inactive, and the muscles are relaxed. But the moment the person is awakened, say, by an alarm bell, the nervous system begins to be activated.
- - Emotion per se cannot be measured; what can be measured are the manifestations of aroused emotionalities. - Researchers utilize a number of measuring instruments in recording bodily responses during an emotional arousal for definite purposes: for tracing the emotional story of the emotional responses in a clinical or medical investigation or for the detection of lying as court or legal proceedings. - Wrightman cites a number of these special recording devices:
- - Facial and bodily gestures do not always allow an observer to accurately “read” emotion. The agonized expression on the face of Frank De Vito is deceptive. Mr. De Vito and his wife have just learned that he has won ＄1 million in the New Jersey state lottery.