Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. It arises from breast tissue which contains lobules, ducts, fat and connective tissue. Risk factors include genetic mutations, family history, age and lifestyle factors. Clinical presentation includes lumps, nipple discharge or changes. Diagnosis involves imaging like mammography, biopsy and assessing tumor markers. Treatment is multidisciplinary and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy based on cancer type and stage. Prevention emphasizes early detection through screening and modifying risk factors.
This document provides an overview of breast cancer including its:
1) Anatomy, signs and symptoms, types, stages, and grades.
2) Causes such as genetic and hormonal factors.
3) Methods of diagnosis including physical exam, mammography, and biopsy.
4) Treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy and targeted therapy.
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death and second most common cancer in women. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow in an uncontrolled way and form tumors. The breasts contain lobes and lobules which produce milk, connected by ducts. The two main types are ductal carcinoma, originating in the ducts, and lobular carcinoma, originating in the lobules. Risk factors include gender, age, family history, obesity, lack of exercise, alcohol consumption, and hormone therapy. Screening methods include breast self-exams, clinical exams by a doctor, and mammography. Treatment options depend on cancer stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. With early detection and treatment, the
The document provides information on breast cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. It states that breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide and the most common cancer among women in Nepal. Risk factors include family history, genetic mutations, reproductive factors, and breast density. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, imaging like mammography, and biopsy. Treatment options are also discussed.
a nice presentation about the Ovarian Cancer its include an introduction with brief notes about the epidemiology and risk factors then shift to pathology and pathogenesis and diagnosis with signs , symptoms and lab tests with imaging modules , screening , management
This document provides information on endometrial cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, histopathology, staging, treatment, and prognosis. Some key points:
- Endometrial cancer is the third most common gynecological cancer in India. Risk increases with age, with most cases occurring in postmenopausal women aged 55-70 years.
- Type I and Type II endometrial cancers have different risk factors, histology, and clinical behaviors. Type I is more common, estrogen-dependent, and has a better prognosis.
- Common symptoms include postmenopausal bleeding, discharge, and abdominal/pelvic pain. Diagnosis is
Ovarian cancer is a malignant proliferation of ovarian cells. The most common types are serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and undifferentiated epithelial ovarian cancers. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, BRCA gene mutations, nulliparity, infertility, and obesity. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel or bladder habits. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and blood markers like CA-125. Staging determines prognosis and treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Prognosis depends on cancer type and stage, with 5-year survival rates over 90% for localized disease but only 30% for advanced stages.
The document discusses breast cancer, including where it originates in the breast, early signs and symptoms, types such as ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment options including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy, nursing interventions, prevention methods, and monitoring for side effects of treatment. Key types discussed in more depth are triple negative breast cancer and inflammatory breast cancer.
This document provides an overview of breast cancer including its:
1) Anatomy, signs and symptoms, types, stages, and grades.
2) Causes such as genetic and hormonal factors.
3) Methods of diagnosis including physical exam, mammography, and biopsy.
4) Treatment options including surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy and targeted therapy.
Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death and second most common cancer in women. It occurs when abnormal cells in the breast grow in an uncontrolled way and form tumors. The breasts contain lobes and lobules which produce milk, connected by ducts. The two main types are ductal carcinoma, originating in the ducts, and lobular carcinoma, originating in the lobules. Risk factors include gender, age, family history, obesity, lack of exercise, alcohol consumption, and hormone therapy. Screening methods include breast self-exams, clinical exams by a doctor, and mammography. Treatment options depend on cancer stage and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and hormone therapy. With early detection and treatment, the
The document provides information on breast cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, and management. It states that breast cancer is the second most common cancer worldwide and the most common cancer among women in Nepal. Risk factors include family history, genetic mutations, reproductive factors, and breast density. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam, imaging like mammography, and biopsy. Treatment options are also discussed.
a nice presentation about the Ovarian Cancer its include an introduction with brief notes about the epidemiology and risk factors then shift to pathology and pathogenesis and diagnosis with signs , symptoms and lab tests with imaging modules , screening , management
This document provides information on endometrial cancer, including its epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, histopathology, staging, treatment, and prognosis. Some key points:
- Endometrial cancer is the third most common gynecological cancer in India. Risk increases with age, with most cases occurring in postmenopausal women aged 55-70 years.
- Type I and Type II endometrial cancers have different risk factors, histology, and clinical behaviors. Type I is more common, estrogen-dependent, and has a better prognosis.
- Common symptoms include postmenopausal bleeding, discharge, and abdominal/pelvic pain. Diagnosis is
Ovarian cancer is a malignant proliferation of ovarian cells. The most common types are serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and undifferentiated epithelial ovarian cancers. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, BRCA gene mutations, nulliparity, infertility, and obesity. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel or bladder habits. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and blood markers like CA-125. Staging determines prognosis and treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Prognosis depends on cancer type and stage, with 5-year survival rates over 90% for localized disease but only 30% for advanced stages.
The document discusses breast cancer, including where it originates in the breast, early signs and symptoms, types such as ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal carcinoma, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment options including surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and hormone therapy, nursing interventions, prevention methods, and monitoring for side effects of treatment. Key types discussed in more depth are triple negative breast cancer and inflammatory breast cancer.
Endometrial cancer starts when cells in the inner lining of the uterus grow abnormally and can spread. Some key risk factors include excess estrogen exposure without progesterone opposition, obesity, late menopause, and family history. Common symptoms are abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy and other imaging tests. Treatment options include surgery to remove the uterus and surrounding tissue, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapies. The cancer is staged based on how much it has spread in the body.
1) Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancers due to its rapid invasiveness, lack of screening tests, and vague symptoms.
2) The ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity and are responsible for hormone production and releasing eggs.
3) Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like CT or MRI, and tumor markers like CA-125. Surgery to remove all visible tumors followed by chemotherapy is the standard treatment.
Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. Breast cancer can occur in both men and women, but it's far more common in women.
Regarding breast cancer diagnoses, almost 80% of cases involve invasive ductal carcinoma. IDC – Invasive (infiltrating) ductal carcinoma begins in a milk passage or duct and breaks through the wall of the duct. Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer generally occurs when the cancer cell invades the basement membrane of the breast, penetrating the underlying supportive tissue. From there, the cells can also extend to other parts of the body.
The document discusses breast cancer statistics, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and treatments. It reports that about 1 in 8 women and 1 in 1000 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime. Risk factors include age, family history, early menstruation or late menopause, genetics, and obesity. Common signs and symptoms include breast lumps, nipple changes, or discharge. Tests include self-exams, clinical exams, mammograms, biopsies, and genetic testing. Treatments range from surgery like lumpectomy or mastectomy to chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy, and preventative double mastectomy.
This document provides an overview of ovarian cancer, including:
1. The different types of ovarian tumors that can develop from the epithelial, germ, and stromal cells in the ovaries.
2. The symptoms of ovarian cancer, which can include pelvic pain, back pain, indigestion, and frequent urination.
3. Causes of ovarian cancer such as family history, age, number of ovulations, and genetic syndromes.
4. Stages of ovarian cancer from Stage 1 through Stage 4.
Ovarian cancer is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system. Risk factors include family history of ovarian or breast cancer, genetic factors, older age, and increased number of menstrual cycles. Symptoms are often vague in early stages but may include abdominal bloating, pressure, and pelvic pain. Diagnosis involves pelvic exam, ultrasound, CT scan, and CA125 blood test. Treatment consists of surgery to stage the cancer and remove tumors, followed by chemotherapy.
The document discusses endometrial cancer. It notes that the incidence is highest among white populations in the US and lowest in India and Japan. Unopposed estrogen stimulation is the main risk factor. Risk increases with late menopause after age 52, obesity, family history of certain cancers, and nulliparity. Symptoms include postmenopausal bleeding, irregular bleeding, and abnormal discharge. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy and imaging tests. The cancer spreads locally within the uterus first and then can spread to lymph nodes or distant sites like lungs and liver.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. There are several types including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage. For early-stage disease, lumpectomy with radiation or mastectomy are equivalent options. Lumpectomy is preferred for cosmetic reasons when possible. Reconstruction options are available for patients undergoing mastectomy.
Breast cancer arises from the breast tissues, usually the ducts or lobules. Several risk factors are associated with breast cancer development, including genetic mutations, hormone exposure, and lifestyle factors. The disease is usually diagnosed through screening mammography followed by diagnostic tests and staging to determine prognosis and guide treatment. Treatment options depend on cancer stage and characteristics, and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the US and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors, and reproductive history. Evaluation of breast complaints requires a thorough history, physical exam including triple assessment with mammography, ultrasound and biopsy. Staging involves assessing tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment may involve neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery such as mastectomy or lumpectomy with radiation, and adjuvant systemic therapy.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second most common cause of cancer death in the UK. Early diagnosis is important for successful treatment. Risk factors include age, family history, genetic factors, reproductive history, hormone exposure, and lifestyle factors. Common presentations include lumps, nipple changes, and skin changes. Screening involves mammograms starting at age 50. Earlier diagnosis results in a better chance of cure. Cervical cancer screening involves Pap tests starting at age 25 to check for HPV, which causes most cervical cancers. Early diagnosis through screening is important for successful treatment.
Ovarian cancer starts in the ovaries and can spread to other pelvic organs and abdominal cavity. The document discusses the definition, types, staging, grades, signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ovarian cancer. It also outlines several nursing interventions for patients with ovarian cancer including education, symptom management, preventing complications, addressing body image issues, and psychotherapy.
Breast cancer is known as the cancer that grow up in the cells of breasts. Breast cancer is the most typical cancer detected in the women. We are celebrating October month as the breast cancer awareness month. It helps the women to get more information about the breast cancer. DDRC SRL diagnostics center in Kerala provides free mammography campaigns for the women in Kerala in this breast cancer awareness month.
This document discusses investigations for the detection, staging, and treatment of breast cancer. It outlines various imaging modalities used for detection such as mammography, ultrasound, MRI, and biopsy. FNAC and sentinel lymph node biopsy are discussed as important diagnostic tools. Investigations for staging include imaging of the breast, lymph nodes, bones, liver, and biochemical tests to identify metastasis. Routine blood tests, chest X-ray, and ECG are important for assessing treatment and anesthesia fitness. Overall, the document provides an overview of key investigations and diagnostic procedures used at different stages of breast cancer management.
Breast Cancer Awareness Conversation Starters Series by iStudentNurseiStudentNurse.com
The 'Conversation Starters' is a series by iStudentNurse designed to promote discussions about life-saving awareness topics. Composed by a team of RNs, it draws upon the latest evidence-based research to provide a summary of the most crucial breast cancer awareness concepts. While designed as a lecture outline for nursing students, the Breast Cancer Awareness presentation is also of value to patients, survivors, and healthcare professionals. Topics addressed include: pathophysiology, etiology, epidemiology, risk factors, genetic testing/counseling, the 3 Tiers of Early Detection, screening and diagnostic methods, and treatment modalities (surgery, chemo, radiation, and endocrine therapy). The self-breast exam (SBE) is described step-by-step. Additionally, an example nursing care plan for a post-operative mastectomy is provided, which describes nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. Happy Student Nursing!
A Topic Where Every Woman Must Know. Early warning signs of breast cancer.knip xin
The document discusses mammary glands, breast cancer, risk factors for breast cancer, diagnostic tests, signs and symptoms, stages and prognosis, treatments, prevention, breast self-exams, myths vs facts, common and less common types of breast cancer, and who is at risk. It provides information on what mammary glands are, what breast cancer is, who is at higher risk of developing breast cancer, how breast cancer is diagnosed and treated, and how it can be prevented through self-exams and lifestyle factors.
This document discusses the evaluation and differential diagnosis of breast lumps and nipple discharge. It begins by outlining the objectives, anatomy, history, and physical exam findings relevant to evaluating a patient with a breast lump or nipple discharge. It then reviews the differential diagnosis for breast lumps and types of nipple discharge. Investigations like mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy are discussed. Common benign breast conditions like fibrocystic disease and fibroadenomas are also summarized. The document concludes with an overview of breast cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, staging, treatment, and prognosis.
Breast cancer occurs in the cells of the breast and is one of the most common cancers among women. It usually begins in the lobules or ducts and spreads through the lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves physical examination, mammography, ultrasound or MRI to detect abnormalities. Biopsies of suspicious areas help determine if cancer is present. Hormone receptor status and genomic assays provide further information on prognosis and treatment options.
Endometrial cancer starts when cells in the inner lining of the uterus grow abnormally and can spread. Some key risk factors include excess estrogen exposure without progesterone opposition, obesity, late menopause, and family history. Common symptoms are abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy and other imaging tests. Treatment options include surgery to remove the uterus and surrounding tissue, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapies. The cancer is staged based on how much it has spread in the body.
1) Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancers due to its rapid invasiveness, lack of screening tests, and vague symptoms.
2) The ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity and are responsible for hormone production and releasing eggs.
3) Diagnosis involves physical exam, imaging like CT or MRI, and tumor markers like CA-125. Surgery to remove all visible tumors followed by chemotherapy is the standard treatment.
Breast cancer is cancer that forms in the cells of the breasts. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women in the United States. Breast cancer can occur in both men and women, but it's far more common in women.
Regarding breast cancer diagnoses, almost 80% of cases involve invasive ductal carcinoma. IDC – Invasive (infiltrating) ductal carcinoma begins in a milk passage or duct and breaks through the wall of the duct. Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer generally occurs when the cancer cell invades the basement membrane of the breast, penetrating the underlying supportive tissue. From there, the cells can also extend to other parts of the body.
The document discusses breast cancer statistics, risk factors, signs and symptoms, and treatments. It reports that about 1 in 8 women and 1 in 1000 men will be diagnosed with breast cancer in their lifetime. Risk factors include age, family history, early menstruation or late menopause, genetics, and obesity. Common signs and symptoms include breast lumps, nipple changes, or discharge. Tests include self-exams, clinical exams, mammograms, biopsies, and genetic testing. Treatments range from surgery like lumpectomy or mastectomy to chemotherapy, radiation, hormone therapy, and preventative double mastectomy.
This document provides an overview of ovarian cancer, including:
1. The different types of ovarian tumors that can develop from the epithelial, germ, and stromal cells in the ovaries.
2. The symptoms of ovarian cancer, which can include pelvic pain, back pain, indigestion, and frequent urination.
3. Causes of ovarian cancer such as family history, age, number of ovulations, and genetic syndromes.
4. Stages of ovarian cancer from Stage 1 through Stage 4.
Ovarian cancer is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system. Risk factors include family history of ovarian or breast cancer, genetic factors, older age, and increased number of menstrual cycles. Symptoms are often vague in early stages but may include abdominal bloating, pressure, and pelvic pain. Diagnosis involves pelvic exam, ultrasound, CT scan, and CA125 blood test. Treatment consists of surgery to stage the cancer and remove tumors, followed by chemotherapy.
The document discusses endometrial cancer. It notes that the incidence is highest among white populations in the US and lowest in India and Japan. Unopposed estrogen stimulation is the main risk factor. Risk increases with late menopause after age 52, obesity, family history of certain cancers, and nulliparity. Symptoms include postmenopausal bleeding, irregular bleeding, and abnormal discharge. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy and imaging tests. The cancer spreads locally within the uterus first and then can spread to lymph nodes or distant sites like lungs and liver.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. There are several types including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage. For early-stage disease, lumpectomy with radiation or mastectomy are equivalent options. Lumpectomy is preferred for cosmetic reasons when possible. Reconstruction options are available for patients undergoing mastectomy.
Breast cancer arises from the breast tissues, usually the ducts or lobules. Several risk factors are associated with breast cancer development, including genetic mutations, hormone exposure, and lifestyle factors. The disease is usually diagnosed through screening mammography followed by diagnostic tests and staging to determine prognosis and guide treatment. Treatment options depend on cancer stage and characteristics, and may involve surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, or targeted therapy.
Breast cancer is the most common female cancer in the US and the second most common cause of cancer death in women. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors, and reproductive history. Evaluation of breast complaints requires a thorough history, physical exam including triple assessment with mammography, ultrasound and biopsy. Staging involves assessing tumor size, lymph node involvement and metastasis. Treatment may involve neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery such as mastectomy or lumpectomy with radiation, and adjuvant systemic therapy.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and the second most common cause of cancer death in the UK. Early diagnosis is important for successful treatment. Risk factors include age, family history, genetic factors, reproductive history, hormone exposure, and lifestyle factors. Common presentations include lumps, nipple changes, and skin changes. Screening involves mammograms starting at age 50. Earlier diagnosis results in a better chance of cure. Cervical cancer screening involves Pap tests starting at age 25 to check for HPV, which causes most cervical cancers. Early diagnosis through screening is important for successful treatment.
Ovarian cancer starts in the ovaries and can spread to other pelvic organs and abdominal cavity. The document discusses the definition, types, staging, grades, signs and symptoms, risk factors, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of ovarian cancer. It also outlines several nursing interventions for patients with ovarian cancer including education, symptom management, preventing complications, addressing body image issues, and psychotherapy.
Breast cancer is known as the cancer that grow up in the cells of breasts. Breast cancer is the most typical cancer detected in the women. We are celebrating October month as the breast cancer awareness month. It helps the women to get more information about the breast cancer. DDRC SRL diagnostics center in Kerala provides free mammography campaigns for the women in Kerala in this breast cancer awareness month.
This document discusses investigations for the detection, staging, and treatment of breast cancer. It outlines various imaging modalities used for detection such as mammography, ultrasound, MRI, and biopsy. FNAC and sentinel lymph node biopsy are discussed as important diagnostic tools. Investigations for staging include imaging of the breast, lymph nodes, bones, liver, and biochemical tests to identify metastasis. Routine blood tests, chest X-ray, and ECG are important for assessing treatment and anesthesia fitness. Overall, the document provides an overview of key investigations and diagnostic procedures used at different stages of breast cancer management.
Breast Cancer Awareness Conversation Starters Series by iStudentNurseiStudentNurse.com
The 'Conversation Starters' is a series by iStudentNurse designed to promote discussions about life-saving awareness topics. Composed by a team of RNs, it draws upon the latest evidence-based research to provide a summary of the most crucial breast cancer awareness concepts. While designed as a lecture outline for nursing students, the Breast Cancer Awareness presentation is also of value to patients, survivors, and healthcare professionals. Topics addressed include: pathophysiology, etiology, epidemiology, risk factors, genetic testing/counseling, the 3 Tiers of Early Detection, screening and diagnostic methods, and treatment modalities (surgery, chemo, radiation, and endocrine therapy). The self-breast exam (SBE) is described step-by-step. Additionally, an example nursing care plan for a post-operative mastectomy is provided, which describes nursing diagnoses, interventions, and outcomes. Happy Student Nursing!
A Topic Where Every Woman Must Know. Early warning signs of breast cancer.knip xin
The document discusses mammary glands, breast cancer, risk factors for breast cancer, diagnostic tests, signs and symptoms, stages and prognosis, treatments, prevention, breast self-exams, myths vs facts, common and less common types of breast cancer, and who is at risk. It provides information on what mammary glands are, what breast cancer is, who is at higher risk of developing breast cancer, how breast cancer is diagnosed and treated, and how it can be prevented through self-exams and lifestyle factors.
This document discusses the evaluation and differential diagnosis of breast lumps and nipple discharge. It begins by outlining the objectives, anatomy, history, and physical exam findings relevant to evaluating a patient with a breast lump or nipple discharge. It then reviews the differential diagnosis for breast lumps and types of nipple discharge. Investigations like mammography, ultrasound, and biopsy are discussed. Common benign breast conditions like fibrocystic disease and fibroadenomas are also summarized. The document concludes with an overview of breast cancer including epidemiology, risk factors, pathology, staging, treatment, and prognosis.
Breast cancer occurs in the cells of the breast and is one of the most common cancers among women. It usually begins in the lobules or ducts and spreads through the lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves physical examination, mammography, ultrasound or MRI to detect abnormalities. Biopsies of suspicious areas help determine if cancer is present. Hormone receptor status and genomic assays provide further information on prognosis and treatment options.
Breast cancer risk factors include reproductive factors like early menarche, late menopause, late age at first childbirth, lack of breastfeeding, and use of oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy. Genetic factors such as family history and mutations in BRCA1/2 genes also increase risk. Breast cancer is classified based on location within the breast, histological type, grade, stage, and receptor status. Treatment may involve surgery to remove all or part of the breast, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, or biological therapy targeting receptors like HER2. Surgical options range from breast-conserving procedures to full or partial mastectomy.
breast cancer- nurses responsibility and advoacyssuser002e70
Breast cancer is an uncontrolled growth of breast cells. It is the most common cancer among women in India, with over 150,000 new cases estimated in 2016. Risk factors include age, family history, lifestyle factors like alcohol use and obesity. Symptoms may include a painless breast lump or nipple discharge. Diagnosis involves mammography, biopsy and staging. Treatment options include surgery like lumpectomy or mastectomy, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapies. The goal of treatment is to cure the cancer and prevent recurrence and spread to distant sites.
This document summarizes information about breast carcinoma, including:
- Pakistan has the highest rate of breast cancer in Asia, with approximately 90,000 new cases diagnosed annually.
- Common risk factors include age, family history, obesity, lack of breastfeeding, and environmental toxins.
- Screening is recommended annually with mammography after age 40. Diagnosis involves biopsy of suspicious lumps.
- Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, and reconstruction as needed.
Morphology and diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors
• Clinical Features of Ovarian Tumors
Early-stage ovarian cancer rarely causes any symptoms. Advanced-stage ovarian cancer may cause few and nonspecific symptoms that are often mistaken for more common benign conditions, such as constipation or irritable bowel.
Bloating; abdominal distention or discomfort
Pressure effects on the bladder and rectum
Constipation
Vaginal bleeding
Indigestion and acid reflux
Shortness of breath
Tiredness
Weight loss
Early satiety
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Ovarian tumors can be primary (arise in the ovary) or secondary (spread from other sites). The most common primary ovarian tumor is epithelial ovarian cancer, which arises from ovarian surface cells. Germ cell tumors arise from egg-producing cells and are more common in children/teens. Stromal tumors produce hormones. Risk factors include nulliparity, family history of breast/ovarian cancer, and hereditary conditions. Epithelial tumors are classified as malignant, borderline, or benign. Staging involves assessing spread from ovaries to other pelvic/abdominal sites or distant metastasis. Treatment depends on stage but may include surgery and chemotherapy.
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in females. Risk factors include family history, late age of first childbirth, obesity, and genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2. Ductal carcinoma in situ is a preinvasive form that occurs inside the milk ducts. Invasive ductal carcinoma spreads outside the ducts and is the most common type. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor along with radiation and hormone therapy or chemotherapy depending on the cancer type and stage. Early detection through screening and treatment of breast cancer has helped lower mortality rates in recent decades.
Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer in women and the second leading cause of cancer death in women after lung cancer.
According to the American Cancer Society, more than 193,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed each year, with an estimated 40,000 deaths.
About 1% of these cancers occur in men.
This includes introduction its classification,etiology,clinical manifestations,diagnostic criteria,management.
This document provides information about breast cancer including its epidemiology, risk factors, clinical examination, imaging, biopsy, pathology, staging, histological types, management of early and locally advanced breast cancer, and inflammatory breast cancer. Some key points include:
- Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women with a lifetime risk of 1 in 8.
- Risk factors include family history, late age of first pregnancy, obesity, radiation exposure, and genetic factors like BRCA1/2 mutations.
- Clinical examination involves inspection and palpation of the breasts and lymph nodes. Imaging includes mammography, ultrasound, and MRI.
- Biopsy is used to obtain a definitive diagnosis and can include fine needle aspiration
Breast disorder & Mastectomy -a7med mo7ameda7med mo7amed
The document discusses breast disorders and mastectomy. It defines mastectomy as the surgical removal of all or part of the breast tissue. There are different types of mastectomies that remove varying amounts of breast tissue. Risk factors for breast cancer are discussed, as well as signs and symptoms. Diagnostic tests for breast cancer include mammography, MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and adjuvant therapies. Nursing care involves managing pain, promoting positive body image, and providing education and support before and after surgery.
Cervical cancer arises from the transformation zone of the cervix where squamous and glandular cells meet. It is caused most commonly by persistent infection with high-risk HPV types. Globally there are over 500,000 new cases and 250,000 deaths annually, though rates have declined in countries with widespread cervical cancer screening. Early lesions are usually asymptomatic while late stages can present with vaginal bleeding or discharge. Screening includes Pap tests and HPV testing to detect pre-cancerous lesions, which if found are typically treated to prevent progression to invasive cancer. Invasive cancers are staged surgically and may require additional chemotherapy or radiation treatment.
1) The document discusses the approach to evaluating a patient presenting with a breast lump, including obtaining a thorough history, conducting a physical examination, and ordering appropriate investigations.
2) The differential diagnosis for a breast lump includes benign conditions like fibrocystic disease, cysts, and fibroadenoma, as well as breast cancer.
3) Treatment depends on the diagnosis, with benign lumps often excised for confirmation, while malignant breast cancer may require total mastectomy or lumpectomy along with further treatment and follow-up testing.
Endometrial cancer most commonly presents with postmenopausal vaginal bleeding. Histopathology shows endometrioid adenocarcinoma in 75-80% of cases. There are two types - type I is estrogen-dependent and has a better prognosis, while type II is more aggressive and has a poorer prognosis. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy or dilation and curettage. Staging involves surgical procedures like total abdominal hysterectomy and lymph node sampling or dissection. Prognosis depends on factors like age, grade, histology, lymph node involvement and stage.
Organ preservation in kenyan breast cancer patients by peter birdKesho Conference
Breast cancer poses a significant burden in developing countries like Kenya. At Kijabe Hospital in Kenya, most breast cancer patients present with locally advanced disease and the median age of patients is younger than in Western countries. Treatment options are limited by costs and available resources. For poorer patients, treatment typically involves a mastectomy with adjuvant therapies if the tumor can be removed, while wealthier patients may receive breast conserving surgery and more comprehensive adjuvant treatment. Radiotherapy, an important part of breast conservation, is often not available locally and requires travel to Nairobi. Management strategies in low-resource settings must be tailored to the economic realities of individual patients.
Organ preservation in kenyan breast cancer patients by peter birdKesho Conference
Breast cancer poses a significant burden in developing countries like Kenya. At Kijabe Hospital in Kenya, most breast cancer patients present with locally advanced disease and the median age of patients is younger than in Western countries. Treatment options are limited by costs and available resources. For poorer patients, treatment typically involves a mastectomy with adjuvant therapies if the tumor can be removed, while wealthier patients may receive breast conserving surgery and more comprehensive adjuvant treatment. Radiotherapy, an important part of breast conservation, is often not available locally and requires travel to Nairobi. Management strategies in low-resource settings must be tailored to the economic realities of individual patients.
This document provides information about breast cancer, including:
- Breast cancer develops from breast tissue and is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Early diagnosis and treatment has improved survival rates.
- Risk factors include age, family history, obesity, lack of physical activity, hormone exposure. Genetic factors contribute to some cases.
- Symptoms may include lumps, nipple discharge, skin changes. Advanced cases may spread to bones or organs. Diagnosis involves mammograms, biopsies and scans.
- Treatment includes surgery to remove cancer (mastectomy or lumpectomy), radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted therapies and bone-directed therapies depending on cancer type and stage
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing palpable breast masses. It discusses the etiology of breast masses, how to take a thorough patient history, diagnostic testing including mammography, ultrasound and MRI, biopsy procedures, and management based on test results and pathology findings. The goal is to rule out cancer and provide an accurate diagnosis in order to appropriately reassure or treat patients.
updated overview in management of ovarian cancerSajan Thapa
The document provides information on epithelial ovarian cancer including its epidemiology, classification, risk factors, diagnosis, staging, and management. It discusses that epithelial ovarian cancer is the 12th most common cancer in Bangladesh. The standard treatment involves surgical staging and debulking followed by platinum-based chemotherapy, with the goal of optimal cytoreduction to 1cm or less residual disease. Additional treatments discussed include targeted therapies like bevacizumab and PARP inhibitors for certain patients.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
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Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
3. Introduction
What are breasts made of?
The different types of breast tissue include:
•Glandular: Also called lobules, glandular tissue produces milk.
•Fatty: This tissue determines breast size.
•Connective or fibrous: This tissue holds glandular and fatty
breast tissue in place.
What parts make up breast anatomy?
•Lobes: Each breast has between 15 to 20 lobes or sections.
•Glandular tissue (lobules): These small sections of tissue found
inside lobes have tiny bulblike glands at the end
•Milk (mammary) ducts: These small tubes, or ducts, carry milk
from glandular tissue (lobules) to nipples.
•Nipples: The nipple is in the center of the areola. Each nipple
has about nine milk ducts, as well as nerves.
•Areolae: Areolae have glands called Montgomery’s glands that
secrete a lubricating oil. This oil protects the nipple and skin
from chafing during breastfeeding.
4. Anatomy of the breast
Shape and position:
• conical in shape
• It extends from the sternal margin to the
mid axillary line at the level of 4th rib.
• Vertically, it extends from the 2nd rib to the
6th rib along the midclavicular line
7. Lymph nodes
1 -The anterior (pectoral) group
2-the posterior (subscapular)
group
3 – The apical group
4 central basal group
5 lateral (brachial) group
8.
9. Breast Cancer
• Breast cancer is the most common life-
threatening cancer and the leading cause of
cancer mortality among women.
• It is the second most common cause of
death from cancer among women in the
world..
10. Epidemiology
• 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed in their lifetime.
• 1 in 1000 men will be diagnosed in their lifetime
(Primarily after the age of 60).
• In Bangladesh incidence rate of breast cancer
was about 22.5 per 100000 females.
• Breast cancer has been reported as the highest
prevalence rate (19.3 per 100,000) among
Bangladeshi women between 15 and 44 years of
age.
REF: Begum SA, Mahmud T, Rahman T, Zannat J, Khatun F, Nahar K, Towhida M, Joarder M, Harun A, Sharmin F.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Bangladeshi Women towards Breast Cancer: A Cross Sectional Study. Mymensingh
Med J. 2019 Jan;28(1):96-104. PMID: 30755557.
14. Classic histopathologic classification:
- Ductal adenocarcinoma (70% to 80%)
- Lobular carcinoma (10% to 15%).
- Special breast cancer subtypes with a favorable
prognosis include papillary, tubular, mucinous, and pure
medullary carcinomas.
- Inflammatory breast cancer
- Paget disease of the breast,
- Cystosarcoma phyllodes (<1%)
- Rare tumors include squamous cell carcinoma,
lymphoma, and sarcoma.
15.
16. Clinical Presentation
• LUMP is the commonest presentation. Spontaneous
nipple discharge is the Second most common sign
• 10% of patients present with nipple change.
• 5% of patients present with skin contour changes.
• Breast pain/mastalgia alone is a very uncommon
presentation.
• Ductal carcinoma may present as a bloody discharge
from the nipple.
17.
18.
19. Diagnosis
• HISTORY:
• Age: commonest between 45-65yr age –group
• Sex: 99-100 times commoner in females
• Painless, progressive breast swelling, most common
site being the upper outer quadrant of the breast.
• The swelling may be painful in inflammatory breast CA
• Ulceration of overlying skin, axillary swelling, upper
limb swelling (lymphedema)
• Blood-stained nipple discharge.
• Nipple changes: deviation, retraction, destruction
20. • History of Complications
• Metastasis
• CNS: headache, blurring of vision, altered consciousness,
vomiting
• Chest: cough, dyspnoea
• Abdomen: jaundice, ascites (abdominal distension)
• MSS: bone pains, weakness in limb, backache,
numbness/tingling sensation in lower limbs
• Fatigue due to anaemia
21. Physical examination
•General:
• Breasts: examine the normal breast before
the diseased breast
• Breast symmetry:
• Skin changes: peau d’orange (from blockage of dermal lymphatics),
Dimpling of skin due to infiltration of ligament of Cooper, Retraction of
nipple due to infiltration of lactiferous duct, Ulceration, discharge from the
nipple and areola, Skin ulceration and fungation, nipple changes
• A lump is palpable in the breast in about 50% of patients and in over 90% of
these there is a co-existing invasive cancer.
• When a lump is present, axillary nodes may be felt.
22. Physical examination
• CVS
• Abdomen
• Hepatomegaly and ascites from liver metastases.
• Rectal examination is done for pelvic metastases.
• Extremities and back
• The spine and skull are examined for tenderness or swelling.
• Neurological examination
25. INVESTIGATIONS- BREAST USG:
• Useful to differentiate solid from cystic breast lesions.
• Useful in women < 35yrs with dense breast tissue. Sensitivity is 70-90%,
specificity is 80-95%. It is operator dependent.
26. MAMMOGRAPHY (Screen-film mammography-SFM)
• Useful after 30yrs of age when the breast tissue contains less dense
glandular tissue (but comprises more of fat)
• 10-15% of breast cancers are not seen on mammography
• Invasive breast cancer can look like a white patch or mass on a
mammogram. The tumor cells that began in the milk duct. The outer
edges of these cells look fuzzy or spiky (called speculated)
28. MRI
Useful for :
the extent of multi focal or multicentric disease,
for identifying primary foci in non-palpable lesions,
axillary metastases
assessing response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, for
recurrence in breast after surgery and/or radiotherapy
and also for screening high-risk and BRCA-positive
patients especially younger than 50 years.
for detecting bone marrow metastases and
spinal cord compression.
29.
30. CYTOLOGY:
• To determine if the lesion is benign or malignant.
• Can also distinguish ductal from lobular Cancer, though cannot
distinguish in-situ from invasive Cancer
• Yield increased by USG-guided FNAC or mammography-
guided FNAC
31. BIOPSY
Useful to make a definitive diagnosis of breast Cancer,
differentiates DCIS from invasive Cancer, determines
the histologic grade, level of differentiation and also in
determining the hormone receptor status (ER, PR and
Her-2/neu receptor status of the tumour. The BRCA 1
gene can also be done if indicated.
Biopsy technique:
1) needle biopsy
2) incisional biopsy
3) excisional biopsy
33. Staging workup
• CXR: secondaries in the chest (canon-ball metastases, pleural
effusion or bony erosion).
• Abdominal USG: secondaries in the liver, ascites
• LFT: raised ALP may be due to metastasis to the liver
• SKELETAL SURVEY: Involve x -rays of the spine, pelvis and skull.
It is done to find the presence or otherwise of asymptomatic
osseous metastases.
• SKELETAL SCINTIGRAPHY: refers to bone scan using 87Sr or
18F. Picks up bony metastases 3- 6 months before they become
demonstrable by conventional X-ray.
• CT-scan of the brain: in suspected cranial metastasis
• PET/CT scan: if available, it is considered the most accurate
and useful imaging modality for staging metastatic breast
cancer because it provides whole-body assessment of soft
tissue, visceral and bony sites at a single examination.
37. LOCAL INVASION:
Affects surrounding breast tissue, overlying skin, underlying
muscle, and chest wall.
• Occurs via:
• Direct infiltration into the surrounding parenchyma: - Macroscopic
stellate appearance
• Direct infiltration along the lactiferous duct: nipple retraction
• Involvement of the ligaments of cooper: dimpling of the skin
• Skin involvement leads to skin tethering (skin attachment), peau
d’orange (obstruction of dermal lymphatics), skin ulceration
39. TREATMENT
The Rx is multidisciplinary,
• Oncologists,
• Radiologists,
• Surgeons,
• pathologists,
• and other professionals
such as counsellors and
breast care nurses
41. Surgery
Breast-conserving surgery: Surgery to remove just the
cancerous lump (tumor).
• Lumpectomy:
• Partial mastectomy
• segmental mastectomy
Mastectomy: Surgery to remove the whole breast.
• Total (Simple) mastectomy
• Modified radical mastectomy
• Radical mastectomy
46. RADIOTHERAPY
• It reduces the incidence of loco-regional metastases in "early" breast
cancer,
INDICATIONS FOR RADIOTHERAPY
• After mastectomy in patients with high risk of loco-regional
recurrence
• Patients with 4 or more positive nodes
• Advanced primary tumour >5cm
• One invading the underlying muscle or adjacent skin
• Poorly differentiated tumour or one with lymphovascular invasion.
• Advanced metastatic carcinoma: Radiotherapy is beneficial for
alleviating bone pains and for controlling or treating the local
disease or recurrence
49. HORMONAL THERAPY
• If the tumour is ER +, hormonal therapy is given postoperatively.
• Indications for hormonal therapy
• Post-menopausal patients with ER + tumours with or without positive axillary
nodes.
Premenopausal patients may be similarly treated, but oophorectomy is
advised in developing countries.
• For palliation in patients with advanced ER+ carcinoma
• Preoperatively to shrink large ER + tumours and make them operable.
• During 3 months of tamoxifen, the tumour shrinks rapidly and there may not be any
evidence of tumour in the mastectomy specimen. The tumour shrinks by 25-50% in 2
weeks if 100mg is given daily.
50. • Drugs Used:
• Anti-oestrogens:
• Tamoxifen: better used in pre-menopausal women
• SAI (selective aromatase inhibitors): better used in post-menopausal women
• Reversible: Anastrozole/Arimidex
• Irreversible: Exemestane, Formestane
• Pure anti-oestrogens: Fulvestrant (Faslodex), given IM, once monthly. They are
steroids that bind oestrogen receptor and prevent oestrogen receptor dumerization
and DNA binding
• Progestins:
• Medroxyprogesterone acetate (500-1000mg/day)
• Megestrol acetate (80mg b.d)
HORMONAL THERAPY
51. • Targeted therapy
• Useful as an adjunct to other treatment modalities that reduce tumour burden.
• 20% of tumours express the human epidermal growth factor receptor gene (HER2/neu
gene). This receptor encodes a protein that accelerates the growth of metastatic breast
cancer.
• Trastuzumab is a recombinant monoclonal antibody against the HER2/neu gene.
• Pertuzumab
• Lapatinib inhibits the tyrosine kinase activity associated with two oncogenes, EGFR
(epidermal growth factor receptor) and HER2/neu (human EGFR type 2).
• Palbociclib, is a selective inhibitor of the cyclin-dependent kinases CDK4 and CDK6.
• Everolimus
52. Immunotherapy
Pembrolizumab is a drug that targets PD-1 (a protein on
immune system T cells that normally helps keep them from
attacking other cells in the body). By blocking PD-1, these
drugs boost the immune response against breast cancer cells.
This can often shrink tumors.
53. FACTORS AFFECTING PROGNOSIS
• Lymphovascular involvement
• Presence or absence of axillary nodes: this is the most important prognostic index.
• Presence or absence of systemic dissemination.
• Histologic sub-type of tumour and grade of the tumour (different biologic
propensity):
• Intraductal mucinous, papillary, cribriform & tubular carcinomas have a slower
growth and better prognosis.
Medullary carcinoma with lymphocytic infiltration also has a good
prognosis. (pure variant of medullary has poor prognosis)
• Invasive ductal CA Nos (not otherwise specified) is the commonest form of invasive
ductal Cancer. It has an intermediate prognosis
• Some rare forms of breast cancer (e.g. sarcomatoid carcinoma, inflammatory
carcinoma) have a poor prognosis..
54. • Size of the tumour at the time of diagnosis: small tumours have a
better prognosis than big tumours. Tumours < 1cm are unlikely to
metastasize
• Hormone receptor status: tumours with oestrogen receptors have a
best prognosis within the first 5 years and over than those without.
They have > 70% response rate to hormonal therapy
• Over-expression of oncogenes such as HER-2/neu gene:
Good prognosis.(But only if targeted therapy given).
• Tripple Negative Breast Cancer: Worst prognosis
• Menstrual status of the patient: pre-menopausal patients do better
than post-menopausal patients. Women between 35 and 49 have on
the whole a better prognosis than those over 50yrs or less than 35.
• Age & Sex
55. SCREENING FOR BREAST CANCER
• Self breast examination: done on 7th-10th days of the cycle, in
supine position.
56. • Women ages 40 to 44 should have the choice to start annual
breast cancer screening with mammograms if they wish to do so.
• Women age 45 to 54 should get mammograms every year.
• Women age 55 and older should switch to mammograms every 2
years.
• Indications
• Women > 50yrs
• Patients who have had breast conservation for breast CA. Both breasts
should be screened
• Those who have had mastectomy.
• Strong family History.(starts screening in 30-35 years)
• Detects small lesions, sometimes not yet palpable. These are
biopsied.
Mammography
57. • Suspicious features include:
• Stellate or irregular densities
• Altered breast architecture
• Micro-calcification (> 2mm), which may be clustered, punctate,
microlinear or branching and concentrated in an area > 1cm in
diameter.
•Disadvantages/limitations
• 10-15% of cancers are not detected by mammography. Cancer may also occur
in-between screening (interval carcinoma).
• Difficult to detect lobular carcinoma, because of minimal calcification
60. BREAST CANCER PREVENTION
1. Early detection and treatment; screening and surveillance
2. Chemoprevention
• Tamoxifen; recommended only for women who have a Gail relative risk of 1.66% or
higher, who are aged 35 to 59, women over the age of 60 or women with a diagnosis
of LCIS or atypical ductal or lobular hyperplasia. When taken for 4-5 years, it reduces
the incidence of invasive breast cancer
• Aromatase inhibitors (AIs); have been shown to be more effective than tamoxifen in
reducing the incidence of contralateral breast cancers in postmenopausal women
receiving AIs for adjuvant treatment of invasive breast cancer.
3. Risk reducing surgeries
• Prophylactic bilateral mastectomy: recommended for BRCA 1 and 2 mutation carriers
and other high-risk patients after genetic counselling. It reduces breast cancer risk by
90%.
• Prophylactic bilateral oophorectomy (in premenopausal women): reduces risk by
50%.
Malignant lesions are commonly hypoechoic lesions with ill-defined borders. Typically, a malignant lesion presents as a hypoechoic nodular lesion, which is 'taller than broader' and has spiculated margins, posterior acoustic shadowing and microcalcifications