Running Head AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 1Aviati.docx

Running Head: AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN
AFRICA 1
Aviation Safety Challenges in Africa Draft
Ivan Brian Temanju
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN AFRICA 2
Abstract
Aviation remains to be one of the most dynamic industries,
often marked by new
technological innovations aimed at providing superior, efficient,
safe and seamless airspace
utilization among the key industry players. Security and safety
remain to be key considerations
in the aviation industry, as they protect international civil
aviation against unlawful acts of
intrusion that may negatively impose on the passengers, airline
crew and the general public as
well. Nonetheless, aviation safety in Africa has been a growing
concern, especially since the

rates of accidents and insecurity concerns in Africa exceed the
global average. Despite the
adoption of new aviation laws, as well as marked improvements
in certain areas of the African
aviation industry, there still exist disparities in relation to
technological infrastructure,
restrictive traffic regimes, adherence to global aviation
standards and government regulations
all of which have come in the way of the realization of aviation
safety in Africa. Whereas these
challenges have largely been blamed for Africa’s struggling
aviation safety standards, it is
without a doubt that the aviation industry in Africa is the most
promising industry in the world,
especially as a result of the growing demand for aviation
services that are spread in the vast
continent. Hence, in a bid to enhance aviation safety in Africa,
the industry needs to be more
receptive of the adoption of open-skies policies, the African
airlines need to abide by the
international global aviation standards and the technological
infrastructure requires a boost as
a means to capitalize on safety.

Keywords: Aviation Terrorism, Aviation Safety, Aviation
Security
Introduction
Since the inception of aviation, safety has been a growing
concern throughout the
industry. When effectively implemented, aviation safety has
been proven to save money, time
and equipment. Nevertheless, implementing an aviation safety
program is a daunting task,
which requires attention to detail, as well as a thorough analysis
of past accident rates, legal
responsibilities, financial impact, historical data from other
organizations and data from
multiple training programs to decide what will work best for the
organization at hand.
Unfortunately, there lacks a universal aviation safety program,
and hence each organization
must decide what works best for them even when it does not
work for other organizations (Shila
& Anne, 2015). Also, the country in which an airline
organization operates is largely influenced

by the existing country laws, availability of resources as well as
technological infrastructure. In
the recent past, aviation safety in Africa has been in the
limelight with most people arguing that
the aviation industry in Africa is below the international
standards. According to the African
Development Bank Group, “The international air traffic in
Africa is projected to grow at an
average annual rate of 5.1% between 2012 and 2032. Also, the
air transport industry in Africa
has supported about 6.9 million jobs contributing to about $67.8
million in economic activity
and about $80.5 million in GDP” (African Development Bank
Group, 2012). Nevertheless,
despite the promising statistics, the African continents have
been ranked last in the Universal
Safety Oversight Audit Program, and efforts are underway by
the International Civil Aviation
Organization, airlines, governments, and other institutions to
promote aviation safety in Africa
(Lindsay, 2019). The implementation of aviation safety in
Africa remains to be an essential part
of air transport especially since the aviation industry
significantly contributes towards the

region’s economic growth through the transportation of
passengers and cargo to and from the
region. The project below, therefore, analyzes the underlying
loopholes in aviation safety in
Africa while devising recommendations on ways to mitigate
existing aviation challenges in
Africa.
Aviation Safety Challenges in Africa
The African aviation industry is considered to be the least
performing in the world;
however “the industry has steadily improved over the years
attracting a 45% increase in
passenger numbers and an 80% increase in freight traffic. In
fact, in the years from 2010 to
2015, Africa was ranked at position three as one of the fastest
growing regions for international
traffic” (African Development Bank Group, 2012). Even better,
the trend in the African aviation
industry is projected to continue growing in the future as a
result of a combination of factors
among them increasing urbanization, a rising population, robust

economic growth as well as a
growing concentration of the middle class. The aviation
industry has been known to boost
economic growth by accelerating the convergence of goods and
people, creating job
opportunities for different people and also through the provision
of different auxiliary services
(Lindsay, 2019). Moreover, the growth in the aviation industry
has been known to present more
market opportunities for the local entrepreneurs through the
expansion of regional and
international economic enters. The aviation industry in Africa
has been credited for presenting
multiple job opportunities to its people and also for
significantly contributing to the country’s
GDP (Shila & Anne, 2015). The current growth in the aviation
industry in Africa can be
maintained once more people afford air transport since right
now only 10% of the African rely
on air travel (Lindsay, 2019). Additionally, in recent years, the
aviation industry in Africa has

formed alliances with international airlines allowing for the
further expansion of the industry
by allowing access to new long haul routes.
Nonetheless, the European Commission for Air Safety has
banned most African carriers
for failing to meet the international safety standards, thus
indicating that despite the
improvements, there still exist significant struggles in
maintaining international aviation safety
standards in most African countries (Lindsay, 2019). Therefore,
the rapid expansion of the
aviation industry in Africa can only be attained once the
existing challenges are redressed.
Currently, the aviation industry in Africa is impeded by factors
like poor safety and security
records, lack of regulation and government actions, limited
resources and infrastructure,
distance and limited connectivity among others (PWC, 2016).
These constraints result in high
operating costs and jeopardize on the safety of the passengers
and associated crew members,
and hence they need to be addressed to help maximize the
industry’s potential.
Security Aviation Challenges in Africa

Of all the challenges encountered in the aviation industry,
safety and security are
deemed to be the most significant. The aviation industry is
frequently plagued by security issues
ranging from terrorist attacks to geopolitical posturing.
Therefore, although the air travel is
deemed to be the safest mode of travel as a result of the
widespread international regulatory
frameworks, the industry is often linked to associated cases of
global securities and cyber risks
(Shila & Anne, 2015). Unlike other industries, accidents
involving the aviation industries tend
to have a higher impact on the public. In Africa, the situation is
twice as bad owing to the
changing character of terrorism, emerging technologies and a
growing dependence on the
internet all of which are altering the nature of threats
experienced by the aviation industry
(Hattem, 2017). Hence the African aviation industry has been
under pressure to maintain its
safety levels especially with the current projections where the

number of air travelers is
expected to be twice as much in the next twenty years. As of
2011, “The average number of air
traffic accidents in Africa was nine times higher than the global
average” (Hattem, 2017). The
frequent rate of recurrence of air accidents in Africa has been
mainly attributed to lack of
adherence to accepted international safety standards and
practices (Hattem, 2017).
Therefore, aviation safety needs to be a major consideration in
the growth of the African
aviation industry. So far most African governments have
implemented the African Union
backed the plan which aims to address existing deficiencies in
aviation safety (African
Development Bank Group, 2012). For example, the International
Air Transport Association is
currently working in conjunction with the International Civil
Aviation Organization in enacting
the Africa Strategic Improvement Action Plan of the African
Union (African Development
Bank Group, 2012). The plan is significant in aviation safety
since it demands the different
airline companies in Africa to adopt the globally accepted

standards of security and safety.
Inadequate Infrastructure
The aviation industry in Africa is plagued by multiple
infrastructure related challenges
among them inadequate infrastructures, limited connectivity,
lack of trained personnel and
limited transit facilities. Despite the substantial progress
realized in the past decade in the
aviation industry, Africa still lacks in both hard and soft
infrastructure (PWC, 2016). In general,
Africa’s poor state of transportation infrastructure with limited
road and rail links makes it
difficult for Africans to move within the vast continent. Even
worse, African airlines tend to
incur higher operational costs arising from the existence of a
few large airports, few major
aircraft maintenance resources, and inadequately trained
personnel. Thus, as a result of the
dominance of poor infrastructure in Africa, the continent has
been ranked first in relation to
the number of major accidents and safety incidents experienced

in the world, largely as a result
of the dominance of older and outdated airliners (PWC, 2016).
Therefore, the existing infrastructure is only causing more
problems for the airlines in
Africa despite the increase in passenger growth in the recent
years; the existing airports are not
designed to cater for the ever-growing number of passengers. In
recent years, governments, as
well as foreign investors, have largely invested in improving the
infrastructure in airports, but
the goal is not yet achieved (PWC, 2016). Chinese investors and
banks, in particular, have
recently increased their investments in the African airlines, but
the development is still uneven
in most parts of Africa. Thus, it is essential for African
governments to invest in improved
airline infrastructure for the aviation industry to be effective
(PWC, 2016).
Lack of effective government regulations
In spite of the recognition of the contribution by the aviation
industry in Africa, the
advancement of the industry lacks in the priority areas of most
African nations. A majority of

the African airlines are dominated by foreign airline airlines, as
a result of the unwillingness by
the African governments to open their skies to more local
airlines, in the fear that increased
local airlines will unfairly compete with international airlines,
yet they are considered to be
symbols of pride (Shila & Anne, 2015). Such challenges thus
beg for a joint effort from the
African governments to impose regulation on consumer
protection, airline safety, and aerospace
management. This is because, a combination of factors like
inadequate aviation professionals,
rising airport fees, poor connectivity and limitations on transit
visas only worsen to the burden
of the challenges plaguing the African aviation industry.
Restrictive air traffic regimes
According to Pierobon, there exist extremely restrictive air
traffic regimes around the
African continent. Pierobon further notes that it is rather
strange that a majority of the African
nations are reluctant to empower their local airlines and are

more willing to allow the foreign
airlines to operate all over the continent where, “About 80% of
the air traffic to Africa is on
non-African airlines”( Pierobon, 2017). Thus, there need to be
more intra-African airline
activities, and African countries need to be more open to the
idea of liberalizing their skies.
Although most African countries hold the idea that opening
their markets would kill their local
airlines, it is without a doubt that the local airlines are not
effective enough in their performance,
and hence African countries need to be less restrictive in their
measures so as to give more
opportunities to local airlines (Shila & Anne, 2015).
The existence of the current protectionist barriers and
regulatory hurdles make it harder
for local airlines to thrive since they must first acquire
permission from all intended areas of
operation, which is often a lengthy and costly project marked by
significant bribes. Also, in
spite of the fact that “Over 44 African nations signed an
agreement in 1999 to enhance
competitive markets and to do away with regulatory barriers;
very few countries have

implemented the plan on the grounds” (African Development
Bank Group, 2012). Most of the
African countries display protectionist tendencies which limit
other African airlines to access
their own airspace. Such is because most of the countries seek
to assert themselves by creating
national airlines, rather than by working with other nations.
This indicates that currently, the
only airlines that are effectively situated to take over the
African skies are the behemoths which
are either based in Europe or in the Middle East (African
Development Bank Group, 2012).
With such dominance in the African market and a lack of local
competition from the local
airlines, these mega-carriers charge expensive fares while
prioritizing on profits over quality,
thus compromising on the safety standards.
Therefore, empowering the local airlines will make aviation in
Africa more accessible,
will create opportunities for the citizens, and will result in
greater productivity and efficiency

especially arising from increased monitoring of the airlines thus
reducing the instances of
aviation-related accidents. It is important that the African
aviation industry continues focusing
on enhancing safety every year.
Future of the Aviation Industry in Africa
According to the IATA Director, “Africa is the region with the
greatest aviation
potential” (Juniac, 2018). The continent is home to over a
billion people, and the industry is
strategically positioned to connect Africa’s economic
opportunities locally and internationally,
thereby imposing prosperity and changes on the people’s lives
for the better. The aviation
industry in Africa is thus very promising since it can help in the
attainment of the UN’s
Sustainable Development Goals among them eradication of
poverty and enhancement of
healthcare and education (Juniac, 2018). Nonetheless, Africa
faces significant challenges, and
many airlines are still struggling to break-even. According to,
Frank “The African aviation
industry stands to lose about $1.50 for each passenger it carriers

owing to the high cost of
operations such as taxes, fuel, and infrastructure charges all of
which exceed the current global
average” (Frank, 2017). Moreover, multiple factors serve as a
threat to the current aviation
safety in Africa as a result of factors like insufficient safety
oversight, restrictive air service
agreements and failure to comply with the global aviation
standards all of which add to the load
that stand in the way of Africa’s aviation economic and social
benefits (Tonye, 2017). Hence,
in a bid to ensure that the African aviation industry, delivers
quality services to its customers
while capitalizing on passenger safety, the International Air
Transport Association (IATA) has
identified five priority areas that need to be addressed to ensure
that the aviation industry in
Africa delivers maximum economic and social benefits to its
clients. These five areas include:
Enhancing safety efforts
Overall aviation safety in Africa has improved over the years.

For example, “In 2016,
there were no recorded cases of passenger fatalities or jet hull
losses in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Once the turboprop operations were included, Sub-Saharan
Africa recorded 2.3 accidents per
million flights against the global average of 1.6 accidents per
million flights”(Frank, 2017).
Hence it is important to note that aviation safety in Africa has
improved, but there still exists a
gap that needs to be closed. Hence, African countries need to
align their aviation standards with
global standards like the IATA Operational Safety Audit
(IOSA), as a means to enhance their
safety oversight and to reduce the accident rates associated with
their carriers. According to
Juniac, there needs to be improved government safety oversight,
especially since as of 2018,
“Only 22 African countries had reached or even surpassed the
implementation of 60% of the
International Civil Aviation Organization’s (ICAO) standards
and recommended practices
(SARPs) for safety oversight” (Juniac, 2018). Both ICAO and
SARPs are critical global
standards which are committed to enhancing the achievement of

world-class safety in Africa;
therefore, all African governments should be more committed in
the enactment of these two
key global standards as a means to enhance the attainment of
aviation safety in Africa (Juniac,
2018).
Enabling airlines to improve intra-Africa connectivity
Owing to the current challenges in the intra-Africa connectivity,
where it is difficult for
passengers to move from one country to the country, it is
significant to improve intra-Africa
connectivity and to enhance ease of passenger movement
between the African countries (Zedd,
2018). Currently, aviation safety is largely compromised
because of the lack of effective intra-
Africa connectivity policies, which forces passengers to use
multiple airlines when moving
around the continent, which further increases the risks of more
accidents, as opposed to the use
of single connectivity airlines (Zedd, 2018). Hence, enhancing
Intra-Africa connectivity will

go a long way in reducing the number of aviation accidents
incurred while also resulting in the
expansion of the intra-Africa aviation markets. Thus, more
African countries and governments
should be more open to implementing Africa Union’s Single
Africa Air Transport Market
Initiative not only as a means to foster connectivity in the
continent but also to realize African
economic growth which is largely inhibited by the absence of
intra-Africa air connectivity
prospects (Zedd, 2018). Additionally, both social and economic
opportunities are being lost
owing to the lack of convenient flight connections, and hence
prompt measures need to be put
in place to foster intra-African connectivity as a means to
attaining a brighter future full of
opportunities while also optimizing on passenger safety.
Unblocking airline funds
Currently, most African airlines are facing the challenge of
blocked funds, where it has

more difficult for airlines to track the money generated from
operating in foreign countries.
Even worse, the existing strict regulations in the aviation
industry in most countries hinders the
movement of money generated from airline operations, hence
resulting in an excessive amount
of blocked funds which has been shown to negatively impose on
the cash flow of most airlines
hence forcing them to get into more debts to fund their
operations (Tonye, 2017). What’s worse,
working with strained budgets, compromises on the quality of
services, technology, and
infrastructure in which such airlines operate thus increasing the
risk for associated aviation
accidents (Tonye, 2017). Therefore, there needs to be the
enactment of practical solutions to
ensure that most airlines can reliably repatriate the revenues
earned from their operations in
different African countries. Such will help to enhance the
airline business, to improve
connectivity and even to foster overall aviation safety (Tonye,
2017).
Avoiding air traffic management, re fragmentation and over
investment

According to Smith, one of the key problems facing the aviation
industry in Africa is
fragmentation and the over-protectionism of the national
airlines (Smith, 2018). The current
fragmentation in the African industry makes it more difficult for
the aviation industry to achieve
the required level of success needed to compete with
international airlines from outside the
continent (Smith, 2018). Hence, it is essential for the African
airlines to work together to help
the travelers to visit more destinations, through the alignment of
the different government
departments in the industry. IATA has thus far, urged all
African governments to avoid air
traffic management and re fragmentation but rather to work
towards the enactment of upper
airspace initiatives as a means to improve the efficiency of air
traffic management
(Briedenhann, 2017). Moreover, IATA has stressed on the
importance of industry consultations
when devising air traffic management investments decisions as
a means to ensure alignment

with airline operational needs and also to cut on over-
investments (Briedenhann, 2017).
Aviation investments must be such that they are tailored
towards improving passenger safety
and efficiency and should not serve as an additional cost burden
to an organization.
Ensuring that Africa has the professionals it needs to support
the industry’s growth
The recent Ethiopian Airline crash which occurred on March
10th, 2019, involving the
Boeing 737 Max 8, raised questions on the level of training held
by the professionals within the
aviation industry. According to a claim by a pilot colleague, the
crash occurred because the
captain of the Ethiopian airline failed to practice on a new
simulator for the aircraft (REUTERS,
2019). As a result, the pilot lost control soon after take-off
resulting in a losing battle to stop
the plane from plunging down. The accident thus raised one of
the biggest inquiries in the
aviation history, on whether pilots, especially those from Africa
are sufficiently trained to deal
with the new automated systems and in this case, whether the
pilot was well trained to operate

the MAX simulator (REUTERS, 2019). Globally, most
commercial airline pilots are subjected
to mandatory refresh training in simulators after every six
months, and hence such shows that
the same does not exist in Africa since the pilot was confused
on operating the new simulator
(Briedenhann, 2017).Therefore, in a bid to control aviation
accidents in Africa, the different
airlines need to ensure that Africa has the right amount of
professionals who are adequately
trained to support the industry’s growth (Pierobon, 2017).
Hence, African governments need to
provide the right resources in ensuring that the professionals are
adequately trained for them to
meet the current needs of the industry and to avert any possible
accidents (Briedenhann, 2017).
Thus, there needs to collaborate efforts tailored towards the
growth of future talent to help in
the realization of the much-needed returns of aviation growth.
Ways to Mitigate Aviation Challenges in Africa

Adopting Open-Skies Policies
In research done by the International Air Transport Association,
implementing open
skies policies will help to foster competition, which helps to
grow the traffic by double.
According to Hattem, “African nations could boost their
collective GDP by at least $1.3 billion
and attract a further 4.9 million new travelers by enacting
bilateral agreements. This will help
to reduce ticket prices by as much as 35% while the trade will
grow by about $430 million. In
a country like Ethiopia alone, the open skies policies will help
to create 15,000 new jobs while
attracting a further $60 million in economic uplift” (Hattem,
2017). In the past, open skies
policies between Zambia and South Africa helped to reduce
fares between the two countries by
about 40 % whereas the same policies between Morocco and
European airline resulted in a
significant reduction in fares while doubling the number of
passengers. In this case, adopting
open-skies policies will help to cut on associated costs in the
intra-African airlines, while
increasing credibility and better monitoring of the airlines

hence resulting in the prioritizing of
passenger safety at all times.
Implementation of Universal Global Standards
For years, air travel has been termed to the safest form of long
distance transportation,
and different bodies exist to ensure that certain standards are
adhered to thereby making air
travel continues to attract the least risks possible in regards to
travel. According to a research
conducted by IATA, it was established that the trend of aviation
safety worldwide continues to
improve and that in the last five years, IATA airlines had a
lower accident rate compared to the
non-IATA airlines (Zedd, 2018). Hence, IATA is constantly
dedicated to ensuring that the
standards of safety are maintained and improved. Moreover,
according to Smith, “Airlines
registered under the IATA Operational Safety Audit (IOSA),
have outperformed non-IOSA
airlines globally in the period between 2012 to 2017” (Smith,
2018). Such indicates that IOSA

conducts frequent audit reviews, in ensuring that airlines met
the highest standards in their
different areas of operator systems. Hence, the existing
statistics clearly indicate that airline
operators that maintain IOSA standards tend to have a better
safety performance overtime
where even in Africa, “The accident rates is 1.18 for IOSA
registered carriers and 9.79 for the
non-IOSA carriers" (Smith, 2018). Therefore, it is crucial that
more African airlines abide by
the existing global standards or rather associate with bodies
which will ensure that their safety
is maximized hence reducing associated incidences of
insecurities and accidents.
Adopting Improved Technology Infrastructure
The African civil aviation is known to be nine times riskier than
the global average, and
thus latest technological advances would be highly applicable to
Africa’s challenges on civil
aviation safety. According to the Tellumat Air Traffic
Management (ATC), “Technological
advances in the African civil aviation will go a long way in
enhancing safety and cost-

effectiveness in regional air and ground security hence
increasing Africa’s attractiveness as a
sought after travel and business destination” (Langenhoven,
2017). Therefore, the African
aviation stakeholders need to be more focused on improving
global air transportation and air
traffic management system by modernizing the remote air traffic
control (ATC) infrastructure
in the continent. Langenhoven further stresses that
technological advancements can effectively
ensure safety and security is attained in most African airports
through the use of fewer skilled
air traffic controllers positioned in one control room thus
reducing on operating costs while
optimizing on safety (Langenhoven, 2017). Moreover,
Langenhoven adds that for there needs
to be technological advancements in the areas of satellite-based
navigation and solar power
solutions as a means to revamp the African civil aviation.
Additionally, the African airports
need to align themselves with initiatives like NextGen in the
US, and SESAR in the EU, as a

means to boost air and space transport thus improving remote
control towers using improved
cameras and data communication links (Langenhoven, 2017).
Such will quickly improve air
traffic safety by uniting different destinations thus attaining the
required safety standards
required of airlines (Langenhoven, 2017). Lastly, it is crucial
for Africa to continue adopting
cutting-edge navigational aid systems like radar, runway lights,
weather observation systems,
instrument landing systems (ILS), and precision approach
systems among others in a bid to
meet Africa’s needs for new installations thus improving air
transport in general.
Conclusion
In conclusion, as seen above, the aviation industry in Africa
holds a bright future, but
its full potential can only be realized once the current safety
and security concerns are
addressed. Aviation safety is still a pressing problem in Africa
that has been made worse by
factors such as poor technological infrastructure, restrictive
traffic regimes, lack of adherence

to global aviation standards and poor government regulations all
of which have made it more
difficult for the African aviation industry to compete favorably
on the global front. Therefore,
addressing the current aviation challenges in Africa demands
for better technological
infrastructure, adhering to the existing global aviation
standards, and adopting open-skies
policies as a means to maximize on the revenues from the
industry while optimizing on aviation
safety.
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Georgia Gwinnett College
Global Business- BUSA 3200
“The fast fashion industry”
Professor: Howard Griffin, PhD
Students:
Name 1
Name 2

Name 3
Date: November 27,2018
Georgia Gwinnett College The Fast Fashion Industry
2
Definition of Fast Fashion and its Potential Customers
The term fast fashion refers to clothes collections which are
based on the latest trends
which are presented in the fashion week all around the world.
The clothes are designed and
manufactured at a fast speed which gives consumers the chance
to buy them with low and
accessible prices. The key to fast fashion is style and price.
Most of the designs are similar to
high street stores. Fast fashion has implemented a logistic
system that is based on going faster
than the idea itself, which allow the design, the production and
put off the garments in the

business. Fast fashion is based on the design with little time in
advance at the beginning of every
season and usually, most of the designs are produced with low
quantities per model. But it is also
designed and produced several times during the season. The
replacement and rotation of product
must be very frequent to motivate customers to buy new
products every two to three weeks.
People in this industry create the need, the make the garments,
they sell them and after a few
months, the offer them at lower prices, to recreate the need for
new clothing.
Most of the people who shop in this category require variety in
their closets and do not
necessarily focus on the quality or durability of it. “Many fast
fashion companies openly say that
products will last for about ten washes, after which the product
will start to deteriorate due to
poor quality materials and manufacturing the latter is some they
do not say” (Digital
Commons,2016). Although, fast fashion is considered a copy of
most premium and exclusive
brands at a lower cost because the products have poorer quality.
Shopping at fast fashion stores

create an instant happiness since customers can purchase a
variety of trendy clothes with more
than the half prices of high-end stores. The impact of social
media has a direct relationship
toward the fast fashion. There are thousands of pictures posted
every day in different sites like
Facebook, Instagram or Pinterest of models or influencers
wearing expensive pieces of clothes.
3
In consequence, those pictures stimulate interests in consumers
and increase their desires in
purchasing certain things.
Marketing Strategies of Fast Fashion
Some of the biggest players in the fast fashion industry are,
Inditex, a Spanish company
which includes brands such as Zara, Massimo Dutti, Pull&Bear,
Bershka, Oysho, Uterque,
Lefites, and Stradivarius. On the other hand, brands like
Forever 21 and H&M are
representatives in this industry as well. There are three
strategies that push the growth of fast

fashion retailers in another level. The first one is speed and
agility. In most countries, capture
millennial consumers is the key to the business. A company like
ASOS stocks over 60,000
products at any time in their e-commerce system thanks to their
supply chain. ASOS makes sure
to understand their consumers by providing the best service
online. They study the trend before
adjusting their inventory to reduce the risk of unsold stocks.
The second strategy that has one the biggest influence is
celebrity endorsement and social
media. Brands make sure to invest a decent portion in
advertising, working with celebrities and
influencers to boost brand awareness. They know to get closer
to the consumers by using
platforms like Instagram and Facebook to promote their newest
products. “Many retailers have
4
started to act more like media brands- fusing the worlds of
shopping, entertainment, and social

media” (Econsultancy, 2017). The last strategy that is not used
widely is approaching fast but not
necessarily the first one to offer. This technique is used mostly
by Zara. It only invests 0.3% of
sales on advertising. However, it focuses on the exclusivity
factor. Even if people know that Zara
copies most of its products from exclusive brands however, it
still gives consumers the feeling of
being unique. Zara’ strategy focuses on its location and the
appearance of its stores. Consumers
can only find Zara at high street retail areas in major
metropolises which will give consumers a
higher end feeling.
Economic Growth of Fast Fashion
The apparel industry, in general, has been growing nonstop
since 2011 and does not show
symptoms for some decreases for the next couple of years. The
interest in shopping has been
increasing which the apparel sections take a great part of it.
From 2012 to 2018, the average
growth is 4.9% which percentage is higher than the global
economic growth in general.

Without any surprises, the fast fashion industry is taking over
comparing to high end or
middle-class fashion industry. “Fast fashion has turned from a
fringe enterprise into leaders of
the fashion industry. These days, high-society brands struggle
to keep their market presence
5
because fast fashion products are similar to the untrained eye
and come at a large fraction of the
price.” (Foundation for Economic Education, 2017)
Positive and Negative Effects of Fast Fashion
Fast fashion entails the manufacture of clothes that have quick
trends on the market and
also reach the customer at lower prices. Fast fashion has both
positive and negative effects. The
positive effects of fast fashion are not many as compared to its
negative effects. One of the
positive effects of fast fashion is that designers can create new
designs for the people who love
fashion, and also the designers feel great when they introduce a
new trend of fashion in the

market. Secondly, new talents can be discovered through fast
fashion, and they are able to create
new designs that have not been seen in the industry.
Thirdly, fast fashion also creates employment because
more people are employed to
make clothes and even provide employment to the people who
sell the clothes so as to make a
living (Perry, 2018). Fourthly, fast fashion facilitates the
growth of fashion designers, who put
lots of effort and ensure that they use their talent and creativity
to keep growing. On the other
hand, the talent and creativity applied by fashion designers can
produce rapid profits because
their products market themselves since they are able to create
unique and fashionable clothes for
their customers. Lastly, fast fashion can easily recover from
losses in case of failure in a
particular fashion trend. This is because the fashion designer
can easily launch a new product
that may become a success over a short period.
In contrast, fast fashion has many negative effects. The
first one is that most of the
fashion designers who do not have new designs might steal the

designs of their colleagues to
become more successful on the market. Also, the fashion craze
can make people non-conformists
just because they want to be proven as different and unique
(Perry, 2018). Most of the clothes
6
created by fast fashion have a particular outward appearance,
which might portray negative
attributes of the wearer. Fabric finishes and prints, and vibrant
colors are attractive elements of
fashion outfits and most of them are achieved using toxic
chemicals. Polyester is the popular
fabric utilized for fashion, and it removes microfibers that
increase the amounts of plastic in the
oceans (Perry, 2018). As a result, these microfibers pass in the
sewage and water purification
plants into the waterways, and therefore they become a danger
to the aquatic life. On the other
hand, the aquatic life consumes the microfibers and is also eaten
by fish which end up being
consumed by people. Clothes are produced from cotton which is

grown and requires a lot of
water to avert crop failure.
However, this can cause problems for the environment
especially in developing countries
which lack appropriate investment in the environment. As such,
it can create disasters such as
drought. Besides, this type of cotton can also breed superweeds
which are resistant to normal
pesticides, and they can also damage the soil and harm the
people and animals because they can
only be treated with toxic pesticides (CITI IO, 2017). The
chemical used in preventing pests in
the growing of cotton causes serious birth defects in children
and also brain cancers which are
painful to human beings. Fast fashion also affects the working
conditions of people in several
ways in the developing countries. Firstly, in developing
countries, underage children are forced
to work because of poverty and sometimes their parents are
forced to go to work with their
children due to harsh conditions like working overtime without
pay (Forbes, 2017). Secondly,
most of the workers in the fashion industry work in buildings
that are not safe for them. As such,

most of the clothes industries can catch fire while workers are
still on the building leading to
their deaths, and their families not compensated. Thirdly,
workers in the developing countries are
7
treated harshly, for instance, by getting low pay, long working
hours, forced overtime without
payment, and lack of medical cover.
Also, in some countries, women usually experience
physical, verbal abuse, and even
sexual abuse among others in their working places. Another bad
working condition is that in
many fast fashion factories, workers are not given clean water
for drinking and are also not
allowed to use the toilet when they need to. Most of the
worker’s reproductive systems health
may be harmed due to the exposure to chemicals, noise, heat,
overwork, and even exhaustion
(Forbes, 2017). Lastly, most of the women working in these
cloth industries face harsh

conditions such as pregnant women who are forced to work long
hours while standing, they are
placed in hotter conditions and are also denied maternity leave.
Fast fashion also lowers the
standards of women and especially young women in society due
to poverty. In today’s world, 75
million people are making clothes in industries. However, 80%
of the work is done by young
women who range from 18 to 24 years old, and most of them
earn less than $3 a day (Siegle,
2018). As such, most of the cheap clothes are usually made by
underage workers who range from
14 years and above. These young ladies work for 14 hours a day
in the sweatshops, dealing with
sexual harassment, and getting low wages. Fast fashion has
caused pollution on the environment
because of the increased disposable clothes that are causing
excessive stockpiles of
environmentally damaging waste, air pollution, and water
pollution. Lastly, fast fashion has also
led to human trafficking because of the increased demand for
casual workers.
Alternatives to Buying Fast Fashion
As a consumer, it’s important to be educated on the effects of

fast fashion. Not only does
fast fashion negatively affect the people making the clothes it
also impacts the environment.
Even though some of the effects of fast fashion can’t be
reversed there are alternatives to buying
8
fast fashion. Educating consumers on how to stop supporting
fast fashion brands and how to
lower consumption will have a positive impact on the world we
live in.
Since fast fashion encourages consumers to buy clothes to keep
up with the changing
trends, consumers end up purchasing clothes very frequently
even though they might not need it.
Consumers need to change their mindset when it comes to
clothes shopping. Fast fashion
encourages people to always dress on trend which results in
excessive clothes buying. The first
way that can that a person can be a smarter consumer is by
purchasing fewer items. Instead of
frequently being low-quality trendy items consumers should

focus on better quality pieces that
will last for a long time. Also, consumers should try and only
purchase items that they love and
they will use for years to come. It’s important for consumers to
overcome the fast fashion
mindset of frequently being cheap clothes.
The next way that people can be more mindful consumers is by
buying second-hand
clothing. Instead of giving into the fast fashion mindset and
frequently buying new clothes,
consumers should attempt to purchase clothes from thrift stores
or consignment shops. It’s not
necessary to always buy new clothing when there are great
options at the thrift store. It’s also
possible to buy clothes from online thrift stores such as thredUP
and Poshmark that are perfect
for consumers who want the online shopping experience but
want to buy thrifted clothes. There
are also websites such as The Online Marketplace which is
geared towards moms that wish to
buy and sell clothes that their children have grown out of
(Znamierowski, 2016). In today’s
world, there are multiple options to buying thrift clothes. It’s
not necessary for consumers to go

out and go to thrift stores, but they can buy secondhand clothes
online on multiple credible
websites. Buying second-hand extends the lifetime of a
manufactured item and also lowers how
much clothes get thrown into landfills. In 2016, 26 billion
pounds of clothes ended up in landfills
9
(Goldberg, 2016). Buying and selling thrift clothes will lower
how much clothes ends being
thrown into landfills. Buying at thrift stores also allows
consumers to buy unique pieces. Since
people donate all kinds of clothes from different time periods to
thrift stores, consumers are able
to find clothes that fit their style while also not giving into fast
fashion.
The third way consumers are able to not contribute to the fast
fashion industry is by
fixing their own clothes once they rip. In today’s society once a
piece of clothes rips many
people will just throw it out, but instead of doing that
consumers should attempt to repair them

(Znamierowski, 2016). Simple tears in clothes can be repaired
by sewing up the broken area.
Today’s society has access to multiple sources of information
where it is possible to learn new
skills like YouTube. So instead of throwing out clothes with
small rips, consumers should fix
them and continue to use them. By doing this a consumer can
prolong the life of their clothes and
won’t have to frequently purchase new clothes. By doing simple
things such as sewing up a
broken area in a shirt a consumer is able to live in a way that
won’t harm the environment.
The fourth way that a consumer can avoid buying into fast
fashion is by using clothes
rental websites. By using a clothes rental website a consumer is
able to get new clothes to wear
and then once they don’t want the clothes they can return them
to the company. This allows
consumers to frequently use wear new pieces of clothing
without having to own an extensive
wardrobe. Consumers are able to feel like they are wearing the
latest trends without having to
constantly purchase new clothes. A popular clothes rental
website is Rent the Runway. Rent the

Runway offers various packages so all kinds of consumers are
able to find what they are looking
for. An example of a package offered by Rent the Runway is
called RTR Update which allows a
customer to rent four pieces of clothes for $89 a month with the
ability to exchange for new
10
pieces each month (Paddison, 2017). Using a clothes rental
website gives a consumer the
opportunity to constantly be wearing different clothes without
having to purchase new clothing.
The last way a consumer can make better decisions and not
contribute to the fast fashion
industry is by purchasing from ethical brands. There is an
increasing number of brands that are
dedicated to ethical and sustainable practices. An example of an
ethical company that is trying to
decrease the amount of waste in the world is Houdini
Sportswear. Houdini Sportswear is a
clothing company that sells organic, chemical-free clothes. The
clothes from Houdini Sportswear

are made to be thrown into the compost heap once they are
beyond repair. A composter can
make compost from old clothes from Houdini Sportswear
(Paddison, 2017). By purchasing from
a company like Houdini Sportswear, a consumer can decrease
the amount of clothing they throw
away that will eventually end up in a landfill. The only
downside to Houdini Sportswear is that
the clothes are expensive, but the company does offer clothes
rental for a lower price. For anyone
not able to afford clothes from a company like Houdini
Sportswear there many affordable ethical
clothing brands like Everlane, Pact, Alternative Apparel, and
People Tree (Paddison, 2017).
Those are just a few ethical clothing brands, but there are
numerous companies that are dedicated
to ethical practices. Not only are there ethical clothing
companies consumers can also buy shoes
from ethical companies like Veja. Veja is a shoe company that
sells vegan sneakers that are
made in Brazilian factories where workers are treated fairly and
paid well (Paddison, 2017).
There are many options when looking into ethical companies.
There are numerous companies

that sell clothes and shoes at different price points it’s just
necessary for consumers to find
clothes that fit into their budget and lifestyle. With so many
ethical clothing brands out there
consumers don’t have to give into buying fast fashion.
11
It’s crucial for consumers to understand how their shopping
habits negatively impact
others and the environment. Buying from fast fashion
companies isn’t the only way to obtain
affordable and stylish clothes. By incorporating different habits
like buying less, buying thrifted
clothes, fixing torn clothes, renting clothes, and buying from
ethical companies consumers will
be able to make purchases that don’t harm our world and the
people that live in it. Consumers
need to change their mindset when it comes to shopping if they
want to make a positive
difference.

12
References
Goldberg, E. (2016, June 09). You're Likely Going To Throw
Away 81 Pounds Of Clothing
This Year. Retrieved November 26, 2018, from
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/youre-likely-going-to-
throw-away-81-pounds-of-
clothing-this-year_us_57572bc8e4b08f74f6c069d3
Paddison, L. (2017, December 20). These Six Ethical Brands
Are Offering An Alternative To

Destructive Fast Fashion. Retrieved November 26, 2018, from
https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/ethical-fashion-circular-
economy_us_5a1c1579e4b0d4906cb01485
Znamierowski, A. L. (2016). 5 Ethical Alternatives to Fast
Fashion. Retrieved November 26,
2018, from http://proud2bme.org/content/5-ethical-alternatives-
fast-fashion
Thinking Globally: Fast Fashion. (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://www.facingthefuture.org/blogs/news/fast-fashion
Gilland, N. (2017,June 28) Four factors fuelling the growth of
fast fashion retailers. Retrieved
November 26,2018, from https://econsultancy.com/four-factors-
fuelling-the-growth-of-
fast-fashion-retailers/
Radner, A. (2016) An Analysis of the Fast Fashion Industry.
Retrieved November 26,2018,
from
https://digitalcommons.bard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=10
33&context=senproj_f201
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http://proud2bme.org/content/5-ethical-alternatives-fast-fashion

https://www.facingthefuture.org/blogs/news/fast-fashion
https://econsultancy.com/four-factors-fuelling-the-growth-of-
https://econsultancy.com/four-factors-fuelling-the-growth-of-
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Singh, G. (2017, July 07) Fast Fashion has changed the industry
and the economy. Retrieved
November 26,2018, from https://fee.org/articles/fast-fashion-
has-changed-the-industry-
and-the-economy/
CITI IO. (2017, March 23). 10 Truly oppressive working
conditions of the clothing industry.
Retrieved from https://www.citi.io/2017/03/23/10-truly-
oppressive-working-conditions-
of-the-clothing-industry/
Forbes. (2017, July 26). Fast fashion is a disaster for women
and the environment. Retrieved
from https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/07/26/fast-
fashion-is-a-disaster-for-

women-and-the-environment/#7d8eca111fa4
Perry, P. (2018, January 8). The environmental costs of fast
fashion. Retrieved from
https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/environment-
costs-fast-fashion-
pollution-waste-sustainability-a8139386.html
Siegle, L. (2018, July 2). Fast fashion is driving third world
workers into starvation
conditions. Retrieved from
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/08/fashion-
sweatshops-lucy-siegle-comment
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and-the-economy/
https://fee.org/articles/fast-fashion-has-changed-the-industry-
and-the-economy/
https://www.citi.io/2017/03/23/10-truly-oppressive-working-
conditions-%09of-the-clothing-industry/
https://www.forbes.com/sites/quora/2017/07/26/fast-fashion-is-
a-disaster-for-%09women-and-the-environment/#7d8eca111fa4

costs-fast-fashion-%09pollution-waste-sustainability-
a8139386.html
costs-fast-fashion-%09pollution-waste-sustainability-
a8139386.html
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Running head: AVIATION SAFETY CHALLENGES IN
AFRICA 1
Abstract
This paper involved a discussion of the literature that was
associated with the safety challenges of aviation in Africa. This
entailed focusing on the safety records that had been provided
by some of the major commercial aviation centres in Africa.
Aviation security is a dimension that has been growing rapidly
and, in that cases, it possess as a challenge to the entire African
continent. Even though this is true, there was a need to realise
the fact that the number of fatal accidents had reduced
drastically over the few years, thanks to the new aviation laws
that the African countries had started adopting. However, issues

of safety were not distributed evenly in the continent. Most
African countries are still in the development stage and this
poses as one of the fact that makes them lag behind in terms of
aviation safety. They are facing the challenge of identifying
terrorists, providing safety to luggage as well as conducting
prior technical checks of the aircrafts. As a result, the African
countries tended to have poorer safety tracks as compared to
developed nations. There was also a challenge of lack of
operates data with respect to all the fatal accidents that have
been experienced. This made it difficult to calculate the
reliability of all the initiatives that were put in place. Therefore,
this paper addresses some of the aviation challenges that are
imminent in Africa. Also, there is a discussion of the mitigation
measures that could be implemented to deal with the situation.
Keywords: Aviation terrorism, Aviation safety, Aviation
security.
Aviation safety in Africa has been lagging when it comes to the
accomplishment goals that are set. The industry is facing
downward development as most of the rules and regulations that
they put in place have not been implemented appropriately.
Some operators use older airplanes, and the maintenance is not
up to global standards. The environment can be problematic,
and some airports on the continent lack proper infrastructure.
These elements in combination result in a higher accident rate
than in other parts of the world. Despite these challenges,
aviation safety in Africa has improved over the years (Aviation
Safety Implementation Assistance Partnership (ASIAP) (n.d).
The improvements are facilitated by some dedicated
professionals. Overall, aviation in Africa is improving, but
significant challenges remain. High-quality operators and
regulators working together can make a big difference. In that
case, there is a need to focus on the challenges of African
Aviation Industry and provide a remedy to areas that can be
improved.

Challenges of African Aviation Industry
The aviation industry in Africa does not have the necessary
amount of resources that can boost its status. For instance, the
kind of aircraft that are being used are old, and they have not
undergone any form of technical corrections. The Airports also
have runways that need reconstruction, but the government has
not put aside funds for that. This increases the chances of
aircraft accidents which the passengers nor the pilots can
correct. Many officials have the role of ensuring that aviation
safety is maintained. The problem is that they are never in
contact with the stakeholders or even the customers who have
identified fallacies in the way they are controlling events
(Aviation Safety Implementation Assistance Partnership
(ASIAP). (n.d). Therefore, a wide gap still exists, and it needs
to be sorted out before everything gets out a hand.
The aviation industry in Africa is snowballing, but the
management is concerned with issues that have to do with
safety. The industry is not in the position to provide funds to
construct more infrastructure as it is needed when looked from
an expound aspect. The officials who are supposed to deal with
matters of safety and security in the aviation sector are not well
connected and this sums, up as one of the problems that they
have to deal with when looked from a profound aspect.
The aviation industry in African has been characterized by
several accidents. The most recent accident took place in
Ethiopia 6 minutes after the plane had taken off heading to
Kenya (Accident Investigation Bureau, Nigeria, 2019). This acts
as an example of the fact that the safety of the aviation industry
in Kenya is wanting. The accidents imply that there is
something that needs to be done to have complete safety for the
people who are using the airplanes. Some people have also
opted not to use flights due to the many events of accidents that
are reported each year. The worst thing is that only a few people
survive the airplane crushes when they occur. The accidents that
occur within that African aviation industry can be controlled,
but it remains a challenge as the leaders have not positioned

themselves to identity ways of mitigating the situations.
Accidents are detrimental, and that means the aviation industry
should strive in ensuring that they have been reduced.
There have been events of explosions, and most of them are as a
result of poor communication between the personnel who are in
charge of the control rooms. The explosions occur due to the
storage issues that are imminent (Hooper & O'Hare, 2013). The
storage, in this case, is based on the fuel and other oil products
that are needed by the aircraft. Poor storage of the oil and gases
leads to explosions, and the impact is always adverse Many
employees have lost their lives while operating the storage
facilities, and no form of competitions has been given to them
(Hooper & O'Hare, 2013). The protection gears that the
employees have are also not effective because they are not in
line with the kind of environment in which they are working.
The explosions also come from the aircraft when the engines are
not functioning well. The old aircraft are still in use, and this
poses a detrimental impact to those around the area.
The aviation sector has also been characterized with terrorist
attacks, and this is because they have not adopted the latest
technology that would help in identifying the lawbreakers.
Countries such as Kenya, Somalia, and Sudan have had many
events of terrorist attacks around the entry points (Munene,
2016). The airports are some of the entry points that need to be
protected from terrorists. The African aviation industries have
not yet adopted technological means of identifying terrorists
and ensuring that they are going on with the missions that they
put in place. Terrorists have the intention of causing detrimental
impacts to a large number of people and the place to get them is
around the airports. Security measures that are in the aviation
centers in Africa have not been beefed up to deal with the latest
terrorist deterrence tactics (Munene, 2016). Attacks also occur
online, but the eventual outcome is seen physically.
Confidential data has been lost and accessed through cyber-
attacks, and this renders the aviation centers vulnerable to
physical attacks.

There have been events of poor communication among the
officials and also between the flight attendants and control
rooms. The moment an error has been detected while on a flight,
it always advisable to communicate the same information to the
control centers for action to be taken (Stolzer, 2008). Lack of
communication between the two ends leads to problems that are
not easy to control. Many aircraft crashes occur due to poor
communication. There are instances when the flights take off
without communication with the technicians to get assurance
that everything is ready (Munene, 2016). As a result, the safety
of the passengers is put at stake having that there is nothing
they can do. There are also signs to show that the planes have
been tested and approved for any flights. This is information
that the passengers on board should know so that they cannot
put their lives at risk.
The systems that the airports have software that is not up to
date and that means they are vulnerable to attacks. The systems
are not well protected with firewalls and encryption systems
that prevent unauthorized persons from accessing confidential
information (Oster Jr, Strong & Zorn, 2013). This information
contains details with regards to the security measures that have
been put in place as well as the mitigation steps that need to be
undertaken. Anyone who gets access to such kind of information
can use it to attack the airports at any time. This, therefore,
poses as a security challenge to the aviation industry in Africa
when looked from an expound aspect. The systems need to be
updated so that they can be in line with the needs that arise
daily in terms of safety. Also, outdated systems are always
vulnerable to virus attacks that render them useless or less
functional.
The aircraft that are used at the African airports are also
complex, and that means the users have to undergo training on
how to operate them. Most African airports use aircraft that
have been imported from overseas. On the same note, the kind
of training that the pilots get is not in line with the foreign
standards that have been used to come up with the aircraft. A lot

of training needs to be offered to the pilots, but they are not in a
position where they can get them (Oster Jr, Strong & Zorn,
2013). The result is that the pilots who handle such aircraft are
likely to cause an accident if not trained well. This poses a
challenge having in mind that most of the African countries are
not in a position where they can design their aircraft. The aspect
of importing new ones remains trouble to them when looked
from all aspects.
According to Hooper & O'Hare (2013), most aircrafts crash
because they have not been designed in accordance with the set
legitimate standards. The moment one chooses to use the
aircraft, a lot of caution has to be undertaken. This issue that
needs to be done especially when one is piloting for the first
time. Prior knowledge of how the aircraft operate is key, and
this is something that the African nations should embrace at all
times (Rinefort & Petrick, 2012). There is no unity among the
African nations with regards to the right standards that need to
be applied to ensure that everything is done right. At the
moment, some African nations have opted to get help from
American and Asian nations on how to reduce the safety
challenges that they face daily. These are challenges that can be
remedied if the managements of the airports take charge
immediately.
Lack of Regulation and Poor Government Actions
The other major challenge that the African aviation industry is
facing with regards to safety is that the leaders do not find any
importance attached to the industry. The leaders in Africa are
not aware of the fact that they get a lot of revenue from the
aviation industry and that is the reason why they do not set
aside funds to improve its safety (Rinefort & Petrick, 2012).
Even though this is true, the aviation industry in Africa is also
rigidly protected in such a way they do not allow foreign
investors to get to their skies. This acts as a barrier to the
growth of development as they are supposed to get ideas from
foreign airlines.
Aviation safety in Africa is also not doing well because leaders

are dictators and support many events of bureaucracy. The
current leaders have been in reign for many years, and that
means they are not willing to provide some room for
improvements and innovation (International Civil Aviation
Organization, 2008). Many young individuals are innovative,
but they have not been given a chance to show their skills due
to dictatorship. For instance in Uganda, the president has been
in leadership for over fifteen years (Stolzer, 2008). This means
that the aviation industry cannot be improved as he will keep on
applying the same old techniques. The amount of money and
time that is spent on aviation is so little that it cannot help in
doing away with the safety issues that it is facing currently.
Giving out Flights to other Nations
Aviation safety in Africa is dwindling because most of the
countries are giving out their airlines to be managed by
foreigners. This happens because they do not have the resources
and funds to maintain their airlines as it is needed. The results
are that the foreigners fail to adhere to the safety standards of
the host nations as they aim to benefit their home countries
through repatriation of profits (Munene, 2016). The foreigners
are aware of the fact that the aviation industry in Africa is not
doing well, but they have the chances of getting cheap labor
from the same. Therefore, they choose to develop only the areas
that they feel are crucial and those that will be provided with
more profits in the long run. There is a need to do some
assessment to get an idea of what needs to be done to ensure
that the capitalist aspect is not evident in the aviation industry.
The airline laws in Africa are not as strict as those that are seen
in America and other foreign countries. The people who have
been given the role of controlling the airlines are always lenient
in that they do not punish those who break them. For instance,
laws on checking of luggage and ensuring that they do not have
any weapons are not fully implemented in the African airlines
(Oster Jr, Strong & Zorn, 2013). This has led to several aircraft
being hijacked and people killed in the process. This is a safety
issue that has been reported for many years, but no change or

improvement has been put in place to control the same. African
society is aware of the fact that the aviation industry is not
doing well, but they lack the necessary resources to remedy the
situation. This calls for the outsourcing of consultants who
might also not provide the expected tangible results when
looked from an expound aspect.
Lack of Training
Most fresh students from the university are not provided with
the right orientation with regards to the importance of safety
and some of the ways it can be maintained. Most of the students
are only rooted in making a living for themselves having that
they are new in the industry. This is something common as most
air crashes are conducted by the fresh graduates. The African
airline is full of graduates, and most of them are not guided on
the best ways to pilot and the kind of rules that they are
supposed to follow at all times (Oster Jr, Strong & Zorn, 2013).
The airlines have regulations that are not strict when it comes to
training and handling of the new employees. The kind of
experience that the fresh graduates have is not at the right level,
and this contributes to the safety challenges in the African
aviation industry.
There is a need to conduct an assessment test to check and
ensure that all the staff in charge of safety in the African
aviation industry are well conversant with what is expected of
them. Training helps in instilling the right information and to
the staff. For instance, the airlines in the United States have
been structured in such a way that fresh graduates fly the planes
alongside qualified and experienced personnel. The African
aviation industry should adopt the same if at it all has the
mission of improving aviation safety when looked from a
profound aspect (Oster Jr, Strong & Zorn, 2013). Even though
some of the airlines in Africa offer training to the employees
and personnel, they fail to touch on safety. The staff is only
trained on how to fly the planes as well as how to handle the
passengers who are on board. The training that they offer is not
one that can be reliable as still many planes crash in the

process.
The other aviation safety challenge that needs to be controlled
and considered in this case is based on the uncertified aviation
training centers. There are several aviation centers in Africa
that are offering substandard training and education (Stolzer,
2008). All these centers need to be assessed to ensure that they
are offering whatever is expected of them. The aviation centers
have not been provided with the certification to offer training,
and that means they are producing quack pilots. The result is
that safety in the aviation industry is breached with more losses
of lives and property.
Uncontrolled Environment
Most of the aircraft are designed to be propelled by burning
some amount of fuel. The aircraft in the African aviation
industry has not been in the position to conduct the process
completely. Most of the explosions that occur are because
combustion has not taken place completely (Wiegmann &
Shappell, 2001). This is something that is supposed to be
checked and corrected before any flight takes off. The
negligence that is seen among the airline controllers makes the
aircraft to explode in a manner that would have been easily
managed. The aircraft also emit carbon which possesses as a
safety issue in the aviation industry.
There are several environment protection measures, but the
aviation industry in Africa is not in the position to adopt them.
Most leaders are never willing to ensure that the environment is
well protected (Stolzer, 2008). The environment protection
measures that they put in place have not been implemented as
the aircraft are still emitting harmful gases to the environment.
This possesses as a hazard that that if not controlled with lead
to adverse outcomes with regards to the climate. There is poor
control when it comes to the carbon offset segment that is used
in African aviation. The residents are still suffering from the
negative impacts that are caused by the carbon emissions from
aircraft that are not undergoing a complete combustion process.
The kind of interaction that the people have with the

environment is one that is based on conservation. This is
evident from countries such as Rwanda who have adopted the
Kyoto Protocols to ensure that environmental conservation is a
part of the people. This means that the airlines should also be
part of these project, but they have not signed on the same. The
airplanes burn fuel that when emitted to the environment affects
it drastically. Air pollution is an issue that is affecting people to
a great extent, and it can only be solved by ensuring the kind of
fuel that the airplanes are using is clean (Wiegmann & Shappell,
2001). The African nations are suffering from air pollution, and
this is evident from the respiratory infections that some of them
are developing. This is a safety challenge as it is affecting their
health in a way that they cannot control.
Having an uncontrolled environment is something that can be
sorted out if the right policies are put in place. The environment
is supposed to be protected so that the people who will be using
it in future can also gain positive aspects from it. This will be a
way of practicing intergenerational equity when looked from a
profound aspect. The airlines are useful as they help in the
generation of foreign exchange but still have a negative impact
on the environment when allowed to burn the wrong fuel
(Stolzer, 2008). Most of the aviation industries in Africa are not
keen on the kind of fuel that is burned by the aircraft. Also,
they have not put in place measures to ensure that the gas it
completely burned before being released to the atmosphere.
Some people have had to learn to tolerate the situation as it
cannot be solved single handily. Therefore this remains a
challenge that needs to be solved immediately.
Mitigation of Aviation Safety Challenges in Africa
The aviation safety issues in Africa need to be mitigated before
they get to levels where they cannot be controlled easily. For
the safety challenges to be mitigated in the African aviation
industry, the first thing is to allow the African Union to take
over (Stolzer, 2008). The African Union is a body that is made
up of representatives from all the African countries. They will
help in coming up with new laws to facilitate the provision of

safety within the aviation industry. The other thing is that the
International Air Transport Association should chip in to ensure
that all aviation safety plans are implemented in the right
manner. The aviation system needs to be rejuvenated since it
has already deteriorated.
All African countries should also go ahead and adopt the
aviation standards of safety. These standards are accepted
globally, and that means that the African should be part and
parcel of the same. This will also see some of the foreign
investors coming up with ideas that will ensure that the safety
of those who are using the African airlines is maintained
(Accident Investigation Bureau, Nigeria, 2014). All the
countries that have airports and airstrips should also come up
with some laws that will be followed strictly to ensure the
safety of the Africans is maintained when looked from the
perspective of aviation.
The African Union should also appoint leaders who will
exclusively be in charge of aviation safety. These leaders will
also have their helpers to ensure that any nation that has gone
against the standards is barred from getting to other airlines.
Such strict rules will help in ensuring that all the nations are on
the right track and that they are well conversant with the fact
that safety is key. Technology has helped in solving many
problems, and in this case, it is also of much essence
(Wiegmann & Shappell, 2001). For instance, the use of
surveillance cameras is the best way to ensure that all those who
have malicious intents are identified and apprehended in time.
Tracing them is also easy as they will not engage in further
attacks before being controlled. This is an indication that
technology is essential and it should be embraced to deal with
the aviation safety challenges that are affecting the aviation
industry in Africa (Stolzer, 2008).
Most of the aircraft in the African aviation industry crash out of
engine failure. The engines are not designed to take flights for
long without undergoing any servicing. The best way to ensure
that the crashes have reduced and that safety is restored is by

assessing them before each flight. The flight attendants should
also have the ability to detect an engine failure is about to occur
so that landing can be done early before a crash. Many people
have died due to negligence that is seen among the officials in
the aviation industry (Accident Investigation Bureau, Nigeria,
2014). There is a need to train them and ensure that they are
aware of the right measure's to take when a malicious intent has
been detected from the other colleagues. This means that ethical
considerations will also have to be utilized in all the aviation
industries for the safety challenges to be eliminated.
Recommendations on reducing Aviation Safety Challenges in
Africa.
The aviation industry is structured in such a way that it not only
controls the aircraft but also ensures that the equipment and
resources used around the place are in the right condition. The
best thing is always to ensure that there is a checklist that will
facilitate an effective way of dealing with cases of insecurity
when they arise. The checklist also acts as a mitigation
document to facilitate a better way of dealing with the safety
issues that are affecting the aviation industry when looked from
an expound aspect (U.S. Government Accountability Office,
2009). There is always a need to ensure that the society is in
line with the regulations that have initiated by the aviation
industry as this is a step of ensuring that safety is maintained at
all times,
One of the most common ways to ensure that the aviation safety
challenges in Africa are mitigated is by being in line with the
needs of IATA. The IATA should take charge of the African
airlines because it is commonly known when it comes to the
incorporation of technology to deal with the way Airlines are
controlled. This body has all the resources that can be used to
do research that will provide the right data and information with
regards to aviation safety (Accident Investigation Bureau,
Nigeria, 2014). For instance, it will provide some of the
regulations that will ensure that all the languages are well
secured and that there is no aspect of theft coming into play.

There is a need to realize the fact that there are instances when
the regulations are broken. The IATA will also provide some of
the measures that will be taken against those who are not
willing to comply with the policies.
The world is currently global, and that means data and
information can be shared from one nation to the other.
Technology has made everything to be much easier, and in that
case, there is a need to ensure that it is put in place in the
African aviation industry. Most African nations are laggards,
and this has made them take a lot of time before they adopt the
right and advanced technological process. The technologies are
promising, but they have not yet been adopted. The African
airlines should make an initiative f assessing the effectiveness
of the technologies before they think about adopting them
(Accident Investigation Bureau, Nigeria, 2014). The airlines
should employ personnel and consultants who will help in
adopting new ways of doing things. For instance, they will be in
a position to identify all the areas of weakness and correct them
as early as possible. This is most common in instances when an
airline is under attack. The technology will facilitate a faster
response, and the employees will not be in any danger.
Some African nations have been engaging in political and social
conflicts for an extended period. These are events that need to
be controlled for the aviation safety challenges to be mitigated.
For instance countries such as Somalia, Uganda and Sudan have
been engaging in war. In such countries, aviation safety can
only be put in place if there are systems to provide the right
time to fly (Accident Investigation Bureau, Nigeria, 2014).
Some airplanes have been bombed while in the air while others
have passengers hi-jacked. These are all events that can be
controlled if the control room provides the pilots with the right
time to fly. The right time to fly is when there are no conflicts
or animosities among the people. Landing the planes on land
that is characterized by war is always risky (U.S. Government
Accountability Office, 2009). This means that it is essential to
have effective communication and coordination between the

pilots and the people who are helping in the controlling of the
plane. All departments in the aviation industry should also work
together and share information concerning what they have in
mind.
The leadership in Africa should also be changed by focusing on
the needs of the people when looked from an expound aspect.
Most of the leaders have been in the position for my years, and
that means there are no changes in aviation policies (Accident
Investigation Bureau, Nigeria, 2014). The Africans should
amend their constitution and develop some strictness among
those who do not show any signs of responding to the safety
issues. Corruption is the order of the day in African, and that
means the all the funds that are set aside for safety are not used
appropriately. For this to come to an end restore safety at the
airports, new leaders have to be appointed or put into office.
The money brings in new ideologies the more the situation gets
streamlines.
It is all about doing an assessment and identifying the gaps that
need to be filled before heading to the next step. Any new idea
should be recorded and implemented in the future. Aviation is
an essential sector in the economy, and the government should
realize this and apply it in the right way. Any changes or
updates that have been set forth should be considered as some
of them will be life-changing. For instance, benchmarking other
counties aviation safety measures will be a good idea. American
airlines are always perfect, and Africans should also learn to
adopt the same to a great extent.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the aviation safety challenges in Africa are many,
and they can be solved or handled when the right measures are
put in place. Some of the aviation safety challenges that the
Africans are facing include many high instances of corruption,
insecurity, poor leadership, as well as lack of funds to handle
the needs of the airline users. All these challenges have been
accrued for an extended period, and there is a need to ensure
that they have been mitigated. The people in Africa are always

willing to comply with the aviation rules, but the problem
comes during implementation as well as the kind of leadership
that is subjected to them.
For the aviation challenges to be solved completely, the
government should come in and collaborate with the aviation
companies. The government has all that it takes when it comes
to funds as well as resources that are needed to provide safety
to the people. The government needs to help in the adoption of
new technologies so that will support the aviation industry. For
instance, it can appoint officials to oversee that the aviation
industry is operating well and it is respecting the needs of the
people. This will revolve around the way the people associate
with each other as well as the way they are engaging the airlines
when looked from an expound aspect.
A pilot survey will have to be conducted to get an idea of the
areas that need to be sorted out. The survey will take a short
while with interviews, observations, and questions being issued
out to deal with the matter at a higher level (Stolzer, 2008). All
the issues that are identified will need to be corrected before
they get out of hand. If safety issues are imminent in the
luggage and passenger protection area, then I will have to be
corrected before any business is conducted. The safety of
passengers is essential, and that means the airlines are supposed
to focus on them before undertaking any other initiative. The
aviation safety challenges in Africa are temporary, and
solutions will be devised by sorting out help from third parties
and organizations that are well conversant with the way the
aviation industries are supposed to operate.
References
Accident Investigation Bureau, Nigeria. (2014). Reports and
publications. Retrieved from
http://www.aib.gov.ng/publication.php
Aviation Safety Implementation Assistance Partnership
(ASIAP). (n.d). Retrieved on March 28, 2019 from
https://www.icao.int/safety/ASIAP/Pages/default.aspx

Hooper, B. J. & O’Hare, D. P. (2013). Exploring human error in
military aviation flight safety systems using post-incident
classification systems. Journal of Aviation, Space and
Environmental Medicine, 84(8), 803–813
IATA. (n.d.). IATA Releases 2018 Airline Safety Performance.
Retrieved on March 28, 2019, from
https://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2019-02-21-01.aspx
International Civil Aviation Organization. (2008). Skills
shortage in aviation fields in Africa, Special Africa-Indian
Ocean (AFI) regional air navigation meeting, Durban, South
Africa
Munene, I. (2016). An application of the HFACS method to
aviation accidents in Africa. Aviation Psychology and Applied
Human Factors.
Oster Jr, C. V., Strong, J. S., & Zorn, C. K. (2013). Analyzing
aviation safety: problems, challenges, opportunities. Research
in transportation economics, 43(1), 148-164.
Republic of Cameroon. (2007). Technical investigation into the
accident of the B737-800 registration 5Y-KYA operated by
Kenya Airways that occurred on the 5thof May 2007 in Douala
(Decision No. 099/PM). Douala, Cameroon
Rinefort, F. C. & Petrick, J. A. (2012). The challenge of
managing safety in Africa. International Journal of Business and
Social Science, 3, 19–23.
Stolzer, A. (2008). Safety management systems in aviation.
Surrey, UK: Ashgate
U.S. Government Accountability Office. (2009). International
aviation: Federal efforts help address safety challenges in
Africa, but could benefit from assessment and better
coordination. (Report GAO-09-498). Washington, DC:
Government Printing Office
Wiegmann, D. A. & Shappell, S. A. (2001). A human error
analysis of commercial aviation accidents using the Human
Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) (Report
DOT/FAA/AM-01/3). Washington, DC: Government Printing
Office.

ASCI 316 SWOT
ASCI 316 S-W-O-T SAMPLE
I
N
T
E
R
N
A
L
STRENGTHS WEAKNESSES
(Examples)
1. Ease of control
2. Flight duration
3. Low maintenance
requirements
4. Payload capacity
(Examples)

1. Short flight time
2. Difficult to operate
3. Unstable in windy conditions
4. expensive
E
X
T
E
R
N
A
L
OPPORTUNITIES THREATS
(Examples)
1. High demand for service
2. Upgradable technology
3. Low overhead and start-up
costs
(Examples)
1. Accidents that cause damage

2. Technology outdate quickly
3. Lack in specific capabilities
ANALYSIS: In the case of the course project, you will be able
to determine
which component is the best selection. In this area you analyze
and
synthesize the S-W-O-T to come to a selection.
Strengths and weaknesses
are both on the top row and
both refer to internal factors or
in this case Platform or
Sensor/Payload specific
factors.rs.
Opportunities and threats are in
the bottom row and both refer
to external factors. In regard to
platform or sensor/payload, the
“external factors” does not
directly relate. Consider this

area in relative to the impact the
component might have on your
business.
Undergrad Capstone
490 Series
Introduction
Effective July 2018 Term
Capstone
Updated effective with 1 July 2018 term
Most undergrad Capstone courses have been updated/revised
This presentation applies to ASCI 490, AMNT 490, BSSM 490,
SCTY 490, and UNSY 490
Exception TRAN 490
Course is Unchanged because of teachout
The Capstone Is:
The culminating event in the student’s degree program in which
the student brings together all his or her learning in a research
project that is focused on a current problem in the student’s
degree program.
What Is UG Research
The application of the three higher order learning skills of
analysis, evaluation, and synthesis, and the practical skill of
critical thought, to gather existing data and other information to
extend the information into new uses and concepts.

Term Paper VS Research Paper
In a term paper the student gathers information and data,
organizes it logically, and reports it back to the reader
In a research paper the student also gathers information and
data, but then he/she applies analysis, evaluation, synthesis, and
critical thought to extend that information into new uses and
concepts
Capstone
Capstone in general
Instructional course not an assessment course
Capstone Policy Guide found in the Capstone Resource Center
is unique for each degree program – length is 15 to 17 pages
Capstone
Concept of course - overview
Course provides a building block approach
Assignments in the first 3 Modules will assist the student in the
formulation of the research project
Templates provided for all requirements
These are found in the Capstone Resource Center
Capstone
Building block approach (five major items)
Topic selection
Development of reference listing
Expand reference listing into an annotated bibliography
Develop an outline for research project based upon annotated
bibliography
Conduct critical analysis of research project using a SWOT

analysis
SWOT analysis will be required in the PowerPoint presentation
of the project
Capstone
Topic Selection
Topic of project must be a current problem associated with the
student’s degree program
Faculty will assist the student in the selection of an appropriate
topic for the research project
Capstone
Reference Listing
Reference listing developed
APA format
Minimum of 10 references from peer reviewed documents or
government sites
This listing can be expanded later as needed
Capstone
Annotated bibliography
Student will take the developed and approved reference listing
and expand into an annotated bibliography
Each reference will have a paragraph or two explaining
information that will be contributed to the project
Capstone
Project outline
Student will develop an outline to guide the project

Annotated bibliography if properly developed will be an
important source document for the outline development
Outline will guide the student in the writing of the project
Capstone
Research and writing of the project is conducted in Modules 4
through 7
Student must provide a weekly update during each module as to
progress
The weekly update must contain a copy of the project developed
to date
In Module 6 the student can do a self analysis of his/her project
by using the Turnitin tool-no faculty input is required
Project is due in Module 7
Must be posted in Activities 7.2 and 7.3
Faculty will not grade the project until it is posted in both
Activities 7.2 and 7.3 and the PowerPoint presentation has been
posted and orally presented in Module 8
A preliminary grade on the project will not be provided
Capstone
SWOT Analysis (Developed in Module 8)
Details and guidance are provided within the first module of the
course outlining details of the required SWOT analysis
This is a student critical analysis of his/her project
A template is provided to document the analysis for inclusion
within the PowerPoint presentation in Module 8
Capstone
PowerPoint Presentation (Module 8)
Requirements
Develop SWOT analysis

Should be a one or two slide critical analysis developed by
student of the project
This must be included/presented within the PowerPoint
presentation – 1 or 2 slides
Develop PowerPoint Presentation
This should only include the overall scope of project as it
relates to the understanding of the Core Program Outcomes, one
slide for each PO should be sufficient. The final slide or two
will be the SWOT analysis developed by student
PowerPoint will be graded using the presentation rubric
Oral presentation (accomplished via Eagle Vision)
Presentation should be no more than 15 minutes in length
Graded using the project rubric
This is a requirement for successful completion of the course
Capstone
Student feedback
Mandatory Requirement
Detailed written comments must be provided, the purpose is to
enhances student learning
Oral debriefing is also an effective tool to supplement the
written comments
This can be accomplished after the oral presentation has been
given by the student (A suggestion is to schedule 30 minutes for
each student on Eagle Vision).
Capstone
Imaging
Faculty will provide a clean copy of the final project and the
rubric to Imaging for inclusion in the student’s official records
Capstone

Questions/comments should be directed to your faculty member
Faculty can/will help with problem that are course related
Running head: SHORTENED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER 1
2
SHORTENED TITLE OF YOUR PAPER
Assessing the Implications and Challenges Associated with the
Development and
Implementation of the MRO Maintenance Overhaul System
by
John A. Smith
A Research Project
Submitted to the Worldwide Campus
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
Of Course XXXX 490, The Aviation Xxxxxxxxxxx Capstone
July 2018

Abstract
[According to the APA manual, the abstract is a “brief,
comprehensive summary of the contents of the article”.
Abbreviations should be spelled out. Citations should be
avoided unless absolutely necessary. The abstract should be
approximately 150-250 words. You are highly encouraged to
read the APA Manual, Section 2.04, which covers effective
abstract writing. The abstract, and your entire paper, should be
in Times New Roman 12 pt double-spaced, except for figures
and tables, which should conform to APA guidelines found in
Chapter 5. Unlike the body of the paper, the abstract is not
indented. The abstract for the paper should be in the present or
past tense.]
Keywords: Add appropriate keywords here
[Title of your paper appears here. As per APA, no
“introduction” heading is needed since the position in the paper
makes its purpose clear]
[The introductory section should include a discussion of why
the problem under investigation is important. You are highly
encouraged to read Section 2.05 of the APA Manual, which
addresses how to write a good introduction. Also, read Section
3.11 of the APA Manual concerning Outlines. Make sure you
support any assertions or identification of “facts” with relevant
and credible reference citations. It is good practice to use
supporting citations as it lends credibility to what you are
stating. Add citations throughout document when you state
something that is not your own original thought. If you do not
cite a source and it is not your original thought it is
PLAGIARISM.]
Possible APA Level 1 Heading (See Section 3.03 of APA Guide,
Levels of Heading)
Possible APA Level 2 Heading
Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
xxxxx. Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx.

Possible APA Level 2 Heading
Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
xxxxx xxxxx
Possible APA level 3 heading. Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xx xxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxx.
xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxx xx xxxxxxx
xxxxxxxxxx.
xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx.
Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx.
xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx.
Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx.
xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx.
xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx. Xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx
xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx xxxxx.
References
Add relevant reference citations that support your work,
including any assertions or identification of “facts.”

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