After the War of 1812, Americans found themselves in a nationalistic mood, leading to the nearly-unanimous re-election of James Monroe as president in 1820. However, sectional controversies loomed over Henry Clay's economic development proposals and free and slave states debated Missouri's admission into the Union. By 1824, the nationalist spirit was on the wane as the first party system collapsed and sectional candidates vied for the presidency. For more PowerPoint presentations and instructional materials, visit www.tomrichey.net!

2. Explain how the Monroe
Doctrine and the concept of
Manifest Destiny affected the
United States’ relationships
with foreign powers...
Compare the economic
development in different
regions (the South, the North,
And the West) of the United
States during the early
nineteenth century, including
ways that economic policy
contributed to political
controversies.

5. 182018161812
180818041800
NOTE:
This is the last election in which
the Federalist Party participated
in a national election.

6. James Monroe (R-VA)
Fifth President of the U.S.
1817-1825
Last of the “Virginia Dynasty”
Continental Army Veteran
Former Antifederalist
“Era of Good Feeling”
Re-election nearly unanimous
http://www.whitehouse.gov/about/presidents/jamesmonroe

7. 182018161812
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NATIONALISM
1824

8. Henry Clay’s “American System”
1. National Bank
– First B.U.S. had expired in 1811
2. Internal Improvements
– Infrastructure (roads, bridges, canals)
3. Protective Tariff
– Build and protect domestic
manufacturing
The Economics of Nationalism
Jeffersonian or Hamiltonian?

9. Henry Clay’s “American System”
1. National Bank
– Second B.U.S. chartered in 1816
2. Internal Improvements
3. Protective Tariff
– Tariff of 1816
The Economics of Nationalism
Strict or Loose Construction?

10. Wait... There’s more!

11. Calhoun’s “Bonus Bill”
“for constructing roads and canals, and
improving the navigation of water courses, in
order to facilitate… internal commerce among
the several States, and to render more easy
and less expensive the means and provisions
for the common defense…”
Calhoun

12. QUESTION:
Is an election map always
an accurate measure of the
national political climate?

14. NORTH SOUTH WEST
Economy
Commerce
Manufacturing
Agriculture
Agriculture
Developing
Political
Leaders
Daniel
Webster
John C.
Calhoun
Henry
Clay
Political
Issues
Tariff (+)
Slavery (-)
Tariff (-)
Slavery (+)
Internal
Improvements

15. Henry Clay’s “American System”
The Economics of Nationalism
Who Benefits? Who doesn’t?
1. National Bank
– First B.U.S. had expired in 1811
2. Internal Improvements
– Infrastructure (roads, bridges, canals)
3. Protective Tariff
– Build and protect domestic
manufacturing

16. The Missouri
Question
The First Crisis of the Union
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS:
1. Are all states in the Union
equal, or are some “more
equal than others”?
2. Can Congress impose
conditions on new states that
all states don’t have to follow?

18. Tallmadge Amendment
(1819)
"And provided, That the
further introduction of slavery
or involuntary servitude be
prohibited…
and that all children born
within the said State, after the
admission thereof into the
Union, shall be free at the age
of twenty-five years."
Rep. James Tallmadge, Jr.
(R- NY)

19. Bicameralism at Work
“Concurrent Majority”
SENATE HOUSE
Passed
with
Tallmadge
Amendment
Passed
without
Tallmadge
Amendment
CONFERENCE

20. The Man of the Hour…
Henry Clay’s
Compromise Proposal:
1. Admit Maine as a Free State
2. Admit Missouri as a Slave State
3. Prohibit slavery in the
territories of the Louisiana
Purchase north of the 36˚30’
parallel.

23. 36˚30’

24. SLAVERY

25. The Sage of Monticello…
Slavery
Primary Source: Jefferson to John
Holmes, April 22, 1820
The
South

26. A South Carolina Perspective…
During the debate,
Charles Pinckney (SC)
defended slavery as a
positive good.
Pinckney’s opinions did not hold much
water outside of South Carolina at the
time, but as Northerners continued to
criticize slavery, more Southerners
began to defend the institution.
Pinckney’s Speech
Pinckney

27. Bicameralism at Work
“Concurrent Majority”
SENATE
Passed
Clay’s
Compromise
Passed
Clay’s
Compromise
HOUSE

28. Crisis Averted… Let’s Review
Henry Clay’s
Compromise Proposal:
1. Admit Maine as a Free State
2. Admit Missouri as a Slave State
3. Prohibit slavery in the
territories of the Louisiana
Purchase north of the 36˚30’
parallel.

29. The American Colonization Society
• Founded 1816
• Liberia
– Colony established in Africa
– Capital: Monrovia
Henry Clay
Charter Member
aka: The Society for the Colonization of Free People of Color of America

30. Notable Members of ACS
• James Madison (U.S. President)
• James Monroe (U.S. President)
• Daniel Webster (U.S. Senator)
• Stephen Douglas (U.S. Senator)
• Henry Clay (Speaker of the House)
• Francis Scott Key (The Star Spangled Banner)
• John Marshall (Chief Justice)

31. Membership Certificate signed by James Madison
Sold for
$928 in
2006
Madison served as
President of the ACS
from 1833-1836

33. The Cotton Gin
Mechanized
cotton
production
Eli Whitney
Of Massachusetts

35. From Harper’s Weekly (1869)

36. “King Cotton”
The South’s
dependence
on slavery
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
1830 1860
Cotton Production

37. The (in)Effectiveness of Colonization
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
3,000,000
3,500,000
4,000,000
4,500,000
1820 1860
Number of Slaves in
U.S.
Number of Freed
Slaves Colonized
2,500,000 / 12,000 = 208

38. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OuLWgVOLbG4

39. The Monroe Doctrine
“The American
continents… are
henceforth not to be
considered as
subjects for future
colonization by any
European powers. . .”
-- From Monroe’s
Seventh Annual Message
EUROPE: KEEP OUT!!!
READ MY
NEW
COLONIES

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1824
The end of
an era…