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Scaling up learning analytics solutions:
Is privacy a show-stopper?
Tore Hoel
Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied
Sciences, Norway
@tore
LASI-ASIA.ORG – Seoul, Republic of Korea, September 19th 2016
Scaling up:
From the research labs to the classroom
2
Research Ethics General Ethics
Ethics & Privacy a Show-stopper?
3
Unlawful
Learning Analytics?
«learning analytics will be unlawful and the school owner will not
be able to maintain the most vital data protection principle: the
data principal (the student) will not have control of and a say
concerning the use of his or her own information»
(IKT-senteret, Norway = KERIS in Korea )
4
http://iktsenteret.no/ressurser/notat-laeringsanalyse
Lawfulness, Purpose limitation,
Data minimisation, Consent, etc.
cclicensed(BY)flickrphotobyDavidGoehring:http://flickr.com/photos/carbonnyc/33413040/
Ethics are increasingly important
5
Too much Big
Brother vision to
be appealing. There should be strong
discussion about the
Ethical concerns that
apply to each approach
to Learning Analytics
important that all aspects
of privacy and data
integrity and data control is
secure
Concerned about device
security, data protection,
transparency of policy, use of
data and ethics.
Continue to raise profile of
ownership and ethics around
data.
Examples from USA and
InBloom clearly
demonstrates that lack of
trust regarding how
private data is managed is
crucial
Users should be entitled to
know how their data are
interrogated and used and
for what reasons. This
should be made explicit and
easy to understand
Learning Analytics is being
used in schools with no
consideration of ethics, still
less consultation or informed
consent. This is likely to lead
to a backlash.
‘Visions of the Future’ run by www.laceproject.eu
What could go wrong?
6
Test scores, attendance records and daily grades
may not provide Gates with the entire picture he
desires to track our students. Taking prescriptive
learning and analytics to the next level, Gates
proposes using "galvanic" bracelets to measure
student engagement
https://sites.google.com/site/schoolbelongstothechildren/history-of-inbloom-in-jeffco
Nine states, 11 million students, $10 million
Relevant Questions
to be asked
7
8
Questions (Mason et al. 2016)
The ability for the user to withdraw consent at any time
Do students have the right to withdraw from data collection and analysis after previously giving their
consent?
Can all data regarding an individual (expect that necessary for statutory purposes) be deleted?
To what extent should students be able to access the analytics performed on their data?
What are the concerns when outsourcing the collection and analysis of data? Who owns the data?
To what extent do we provide students the option to update their data and provide extra (possibly
qualitative) data?
What data should students be able to view, i.e. what and how much information should be provided to the
student?
Are interconnected datasets a threat to personal and democratic principles?
What should students be told about the potential consequences of opting out of data collection and analysis
of their learning?
Can students be identified from metadata even if personal data has been deleted?
Questions (Slade 2016)
• Activities which should always be off-limits? (E.g., physical tracking
to locate students at any time? Non-study related online activity?
• Who “owns” student data? Personal and study data as a
commodity to be traded?
• Should all activities/applications come with full disclosure?
• Should applications only be used if they can be understood by
students?
• Should there be limits around the confidence levels of predictions
used to drive interventions? Should anything predictive be sense
checked for context by a human first?
• Should all students have equal “rights” to interventions?
• Availability of data (access to; completeness of; or the use of one
available dataset as a poor proxy for another, etc.)? 9
Ethics and Learning Analytics
• Knowing
• Not knowing
• Refusing to know
• Acting upon what you know
• Not acting upon what you know
• What responsibility is it to know?
• Can we un-know knowing…?
• And even if we knew and understood our students, do we have the will and the
resources to do something about what we (think we) know?
10
Imagecredit:http://www.iatropedia.gr/tag/opioucha-pafsipona/
What is the Law?
11
New European Data Protection Regulation
(GDPR) for the digital age
• Consent for processing data:
A clear affirmative action
• Easy access to your own
data (Data Portability)
• Data breaches (e.g.,
hacking): Notice without
undue delay
• Right to be forgotten
• Data protection by design
and Data protection by
default
12
Published May 2016 –
National law in all
European countries
from 2018
Each LA process is affected by GDPR
13
LA processes defined by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC36
Global Privacy Frameworks
• Global market for LA
tools
• EU regulations may
be more strict…
• Should privacy
frameworks
influencing Asian DP
laws be updated?
• Share the same
foundational DP
principles
14
OECD APEC EU: GDPR (Article 5 & 25)
Collection limitation Preventing harm Lawfulness, fairness and
transparency
Data Quality Notice Purpose limitation
Purpose specification Collection limitation Data minimisation
Use limitation Uses of Personal
Information
Accuracy
Security Safeguards Choice Storage limitation
Openness Integrity of Personal
Information
Integrity and confidentiality
Individual Participation Security Safeguards Accountability
Accountability Access & Correction
Accountability (Article 25) Data Protection by
Design and by Default
The LACE
DELICATE
Checklist
to
implement
trusted
Learning
Analytics
15
In the meantime – develop institutional policies on
Ethical use of Student Data for Learning Analytics
Example from
Open University,
UK, 2014
16
Thank you!
Hoel, T. (2016) Scaling up learning analytics solutions:
Is privacy a show-stopper?
Presentation a www.lasi-asia.org in Seoul, Korea, 19 September 2016
tore.hoel@hioa.no
@tore
17
These slides are provided under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Some images used may have different licence terms.

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Scaling up learning analytics solutions: Is privacy a show-stopper?

  • 1. Scaling up learning analytics solutions: Is privacy a show-stopper? Tore Hoel Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, Norway @tore LASI-ASIA.ORG – Seoul, Republic of Korea, September 19th 2016
  • 2. Scaling up: From the research labs to the classroom 2 Research Ethics General Ethics
  • 3. Ethics & Privacy a Show-stopper? 3
  • 4. Unlawful Learning Analytics? «learning analytics will be unlawful and the school owner will not be able to maintain the most vital data protection principle: the data principal (the student) will not have control of and a say concerning the use of his or her own information» (IKT-senteret, Norway = KERIS in Korea ) 4 http://iktsenteret.no/ressurser/notat-laeringsanalyse Lawfulness, Purpose limitation, Data minimisation, Consent, etc. cclicensed(BY)flickrphotobyDavidGoehring:http://flickr.com/photos/carbonnyc/33413040/
  • 5. Ethics are increasingly important 5 Too much Big Brother vision to be appealing. There should be strong discussion about the Ethical concerns that apply to each approach to Learning Analytics important that all aspects of privacy and data integrity and data control is secure Concerned about device security, data protection, transparency of policy, use of data and ethics. Continue to raise profile of ownership and ethics around data. Examples from USA and InBloom clearly demonstrates that lack of trust regarding how private data is managed is crucial Users should be entitled to know how their data are interrogated and used and for what reasons. This should be made explicit and easy to understand Learning Analytics is being used in schools with no consideration of ethics, still less consultation or informed consent. This is likely to lead to a backlash. ‘Visions of the Future’ run by www.laceproject.eu
  • 6. What could go wrong? 6 Test scores, attendance records and daily grades may not provide Gates with the entire picture he desires to track our students. Taking prescriptive learning and analytics to the next level, Gates proposes using "galvanic" bracelets to measure student engagement https://sites.google.com/site/schoolbelongstothechildren/history-of-inbloom-in-jeffco Nine states, 11 million students, $10 million
  • 8. 8 Questions (Mason et al. 2016) The ability for the user to withdraw consent at any time Do students have the right to withdraw from data collection and analysis after previously giving their consent? Can all data regarding an individual (expect that necessary for statutory purposes) be deleted? To what extent should students be able to access the analytics performed on their data? What are the concerns when outsourcing the collection and analysis of data? Who owns the data? To what extent do we provide students the option to update their data and provide extra (possibly qualitative) data? What data should students be able to view, i.e. what and how much information should be provided to the student? Are interconnected datasets a threat to personal and democratic principles? What should students be told about the potential consequences of opting out of data collection and analysis of their learning? Can students be identified from metadata even if personal data has been deleted?
  • 9. Questions (Slade 2016) • Activities which should always be off-limits? (E.g., physical tracking to locate students at any time? Non-study related online activity? • Who “owns” student data? Personal and study data as a commodity to be traded? • Should all activities/applications come with full disclosure? • Should applications only be used if they can be understood by students? • Should there be limits around the confidence levels of predictions used to drive interventions? Should anything predictive be sense checked for context by a human first? • Should all students have equal “rights” to interventions? • Availability of data (access to; completeness of; or the use of one available dataset as a poor proxy for another, etc.)? 9
  • 10. Ethics and Learning Analytics • Knowing • Not knowing • Refusing to know • Acting upon what you know • Not acting upon what you know • What responsibility is it to know? • Can we un-know knowing…? • And even if we knew and understood our students, do we have the will and the resources to do something about what we (think we) know? 10 Imagecredit:http://www.iatropedia.gr/tag/opioucha-pafsipona/
  • 11. What is the Law? 11
  • 12. New European Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) for the digital age • Consent for processing data: A clear affirmative action • Easy access to your own data (Data Portability) • Data breaches (e.g., hacking): Notice without undue delay • Right to be forgotten • Data protection by design and Data protection by default 12 Published May 2016 – National law in all European countries from 2018
  • 13. Each LA process is affected by GDPR 13 LA processes defined by ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC36
  • 14. Global Privacy Frameworks • Global market for LA tools • EU regulations may be more strict… • Should privacy frameworks influencing Asian DP laws be updated? • Share the same foundational DP principles 14 OECD APEC EU: GDPR (Article 5 & 25) Collection limitation Preventing harm Lawfulness, fairness and transparency Data Quality Notice Purpose limitation Purpose specification Collection limitation Data minimisation Use limitation Uses of Personal Information Accuracy Security Safeguards Choice Storage limitation Openness Integrity of Personal Information Integrity and confidentiality Individual Participation Security Safeguards Accountability Accountability Access & Correction Accountability (Article 25) Data Protection by Design and by Default
  • 16. In the meantime – develop institutional policies on Ethical use of Student Data for Learning Analytics Example from Open University, UK, 2014 16
  • 17. Thank you! Hoel, T. (2016) Scaling up learning analytics solutions: Is privacy a show-stopper? Presentation a www.lasi-asia.org in Seoul, Korea, 19 September 2016 tore.hoel@hioa.no @tore 17 These slides are provided under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Some images used may have different licence terms.

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Læringsanalyse er definert som "registrering, innsamling, analyse og rapportering av data om elever i en kontekst, der målsettingen er å forstå og forbedre læringsprosessen og det sosiale miljøet der læring foregår". På denne nettsiden utdyper vi hva læringsanalyse er, hvordan den kan brukes og hvilke utfordringer den har. I dag er det et problem at data som er interessante for læringsanalyse, ofte er innelåst i programmer, institusjoner eller læringsressurser. En forutsetning for et vellykket arbeid med læringsanalyse må være at departement, skoleeiere og skoleledere arbeider for at datakildene åpnes, samtidig som personvernet ivaretas for de lærende som legger igjen dataspor. Når datakildene er åpne, noe som også innebærer mulighet for å bygge kommersielle tjenester på å analysere dataene, må det etableres standarder og felles dataformater for skolesektoren. I dag fins det minst to internasjonale initiativer for å bygge felles standarder for læringsanalyse, Caliper Analytics fra IMS og xAPI. Hvordan utføres læringsanalyse? Eksempel: Conexus Norske Conexus har siden 2001 etter eget utsagn har spesialisert seg på "produkter som samler inn, analyserer og presenterer data for å øke kunnskap." Firmaet har produktet Vokal, som samler resultater fra kartlegging og vurdering i ett system, legger til rette for tilpasset opplæring og gir en helhetlig rapportering til rektor og skoleeier. Vokal sies å være tatt i bruk av lærere i 75 % av norske grunnskoler. Vokal er basert på data som eleven selv frigir eller som eleven har generert via bruk av skolepålagte læringsressurser, og dette er grunnlaget for tilbakemeldinger på individnivå. Foresatte har fullt innsyn i hvilke data om eleven som Vokal nyttiggjør seg. Conexus bruker Knewton til progresjonsanalyse i de enkelte fag. På skole- og klassenivå blir data aggregert, og det legges også til anonymiserte data fra andre kilder, som Statistisk Sentralbyrå, Elevundersøkelsen, nasjonale prøver og kartleggingsprøver. Vokal-analysene brukes til oppfølging i fagene, og det gjøres av personvernhensyn ingen kartlegging av sosial aktivitet. Conexus er nøye med å påpeke at Vokal bare er et støttesystem, og at det er læring og pedagogikk som står i høysetet. Eksempel: Studix og MatAdapt Studix er et norsk selskap som utvikler digitale læringsressurser for matematikk og naturfag. Deres målsetting er at elevens valg og arbeid i ressursen skal brukes til å skape et læringsløp tilpasset den enkelte elev. For å lage en slik ressurs trengs det informasjon om hva eleven gjør og en database for å sette informasjonen i sammenheng og gi en anbefaling. Dette er læringsanalyse som brukes for å lage en adaptiv læringsressurs. Studix er i en utviklingsfase, men har inngått et samarbeid med Utdanningsetaten i Oslo kommune for å prøve ut programvaren i 2015. Etter en pilotering i 2015 er målsettingen å ha en utrulling i stor skala i 2016. I forsøket vil de sammenlikne elever som har tilgang til den digitale ressursen med elever uten tilgang. Ved gjennomføring i stor skala er det planlagt å bruke en gruppe på 1000 elever, hvor halvparten bruker ressursen. Prosjektet er ambisiøst og har knyttet til seg flere kunnskapsmiljøer. Denne type programvare har behov for kompetanse innen statistikk, pedagogikk/didaktikk og informatikk. Norges forskningsråd har gitt Studix 6 millioner i støtte til et innovasjonsprosjekt for å utvikle læringsressursen. Forsøket vil ha følgeforskning fra NIFU. Eksempel: Course Signals fra Perdue University Eksempel: Empirisk studie av MOOC-videoer Læringsanalyse og personvern Jisc, et forsknings- og kompetansesenter for britisk høyere utdanning, publiserte i november 2014 en interessant gjennomgang av læringsanalyse i høyere utdanning i Storbritannia. Ti universiteter og høyskoler ble intervjuet, og rapporten konkluderer med at det fortsatt er langt igjen før sektoren forstår og utnytter læringsanalyse som et verktøy. Det er få institusjoner som har en helhetlig tilnærming, og mange begynner først nå å vurdere hvordan de kan utnytte de store datamengdene de samler inn til beste for studentene og sin egen drift. I tillegg er det få institusjoner som har aktiviteter rundt læringsanalyse på tvers av organisasjonen. Det er også stor spredning i valg av analyseverktøy. Rapporten fra Jisc om læringsanalyse i høyere utdanning inneholder et kapittel om etiske og juridiske spørsmål. Her pekes det på en motsigelse i arbeidet med læringsanalyse: På den ene siden er studentene forholdsvis komfortable med at informasjon om dem blir innsamlet for å gi bedre læring, og de er allerede vant til at personvernet svekkes gjennom bruken av kommersielle tjenester. På den andre siden gjør europeisk personvernlovgivning det nødvendig for institusjonene å øke informasjonssikkerheten og fokusere på samtykke ved innhenting av data. Læringsanalyse er tenkt brukt på store datasett hvor opplysninger om elever, lærere og (i noen grad) foreldre/foresatte hentes fra og sammenstilles på tvers av ulike datakilder som eies eller driftes av forskjellige private eller offentlige virksomheter. Karakteropplysninger i det skoleadministrative systemet kan for eksempel koples sammen med opplysninger om elevaktiviteter registrert i læringsplattformen og ved bruk av nettbaserte læringsressurser. Disse opplysningene kan deretter sammenstilles med opplysninger om digitalt elevsamarbeid eller elektronisk kommunikasjon mellom elever, lærere og foreldre/foresatte. Læringsanalyse medfører derfor utfordringer for personvern. Grunnen til dette er todelt: For det første baserer læringsanalyse seg i stor grad på informasjon om enkeltpersoner som skoleeier registrerer (for eksempel karakteropplysninger) og elektroniske spor som elever og lærere etterlater seg ved bruk av digitale verktøy og ressurser. Spørsmålet er hvor langt skoleeier kan gå i å registrere, sammenstille og analysere slike opplysninger uten at det kommer i konflikt med aktørenes rett til personvern. For det andre er behandlingen av informasjon om enkeltpersoner og elektroniske spor som kan knyttes til bestemte personer rettslig regulert. Selv om informasjon og elektroniske spor kan anonymiseres, er det et viktig poeng at opplysninger som anvendes i læringsanalyse kan knyttes til bestemte elever, lærere eller foreldre/foresatte. Det betyr at skoleeier behandler personopplysninger, og bruken av læringsanalyse vil derfor være underlagt reglene om personvern i personopplysningsloven med forskrift. Det er derfor viktig at skoleeier har de nødvendige ressursene og den riktige kompetansen til å etterleve disse reglene. For å ivareta retten til personvern – og for å etterleve reglene i personopplysningsloven med forskrift – må skoleeiere som ønsker å anvende læringsanalyse avklare en del spørsmål. Det er skoleeier, og ikke hver enkelt skole, som er ansvarlig for at personvernet og lovligheten ivaretas. Før læringsanalyse tas i bruk må skoleeier ta stilling til følgende hovedspørsmål: Lovlig grunn: Personopplysninger kan bare brukes til læringsanalyse dersom skoleeier kan vise til en lovlig grunn for bruken. Hvilke av de lovlige grunnene som nevnes i personopplysningsloven gir skoleeier anledning til å benytte opplysningene til læringsanalyse? (I personopplysningsloven nevnes tre lovlighetsgrunner: samtykke fra den som opplysningene gjelder, lov- eller forskriftshjemmel og nærmere definerte nødvendighetsgrunner). Formålsbegrensning: Personopplysninger kan bare brukes til det formålet som læringsanalyse er ment å ivareta – økt læringsutbytte for elevene. Hvordan skal skoleeier sørge for at opplysningene bare anvendes til læring og ikke til andre formål, for eksempel til å kontrollere elever eller lærere? Dataminimalitet: Bare de personopplysningene som er relevante i læringsarbeidet kan anvendes i læringsanalyse. Hvor går grensen mellom opplysninger som er relevante for læring og opplysninger som ikke er det, men som det likevel kan være interessant å registrere og analysere? Datakvalitet: Personopplysningene skal være av en slik kvalitet at læringsanalysen faktisk bidrar til økt læringsutbytte. Hvordan skal skoleeier kontrollere at kvaliteten på opplysningene er god nok til å ivareta dette formålet, spesielt dersom læringsanalysen involverer mange eksterne system- eller tjenesteleverandører? Lagring og sletting: Personopplysningene skal slettes når de ikke lenger bidrar til økt læringsutbytte, dersom de ikke er arkivverdige. Hvor lenge kan skoleeier og eventuelle eksterne system- eller tjenesteleverandører lagre registrerte opplysninger, og når slutter opplysningene å være relevante for det videre læringsarbeidet? Rettigheter: Elever, lærere og foreldre/foresatte har rett til informasjon om hvordan skoleeier håndterer personopplysninger som anvendes i læringsanalyse. De kan også kreve innsyn i, retting eller sletting av sine egne opplysninger. Hvordan skal skoleeier sørge for at disse rettighetene ivaretas? Informasjonssikkerhet: Personopplysningene som anvendes i læringsanalyse skal sikres mot uautorisert tilgang, endring, skade, ødeleggelse eller utilgjengelighet. Hvordan skal skoleeier sørge for tilfredsstillende sikring av opplysningene? Uten at disse spørsmålene er avklart og tilfredsstillende besvart, er det sannsynlig at anvendelsen av læringsanalyse både vil være lovstridig og at skoleeier ikke greier å ivareta det mest sentrale personvernprinsippet: at den som personopplysningene gjelder skal sikres kontroll med og medbestemmelse over bruken av egne opplysninger.