1) Encryption algorithms are used to encrypt messages sent over networks to protect the confidentiality of the data. 2) Authentication ensures the identity of the sender by verifying they are who they claim to be. Digital signatures are used for this by hashing messages. 3) Digital certificates bind public keys to identities, allowing messages signed with private keys to be verified and decrypted using the public keys. This validates messages were not forged.

1. How are encryption, authentication, digital signatures, and digital certificates each used to ensure
security?
Solution
1)when we send an data throufh the netwrok the the message will be encrypted through some
encrypted algorithmsand then check for the whether sender is the right person or not
2) then the didgittal signature i s used to verify the message that whteher the message is
encrypted or not by using hash values and the finally the didgital certificate is used to combine
the public keys these public keys are used to decrypt the message . if there where no certifivates
the messages were easily forged
1(encrypted) 2(authentication) 3(validating message)
sender--->>--message send->-(encrypted)--->--authentication----->>---checking of encryption
(digital signature)-->---
4(decrypting using public key) 5( message recieved)
-->--public key bind(didgital certificate)------->>-----------------(reciever)