Vehicle accident detection system (VAD)

“VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION WITH GPS AND GSM
MODEM”
PROJECT SUBMITTED TO
Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai (India)
In partial fulfillment of award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
Electrical And Electronics Engineering
by
Anita Kumari Sushama Dewangan
Raheen Bakhsh Surendra Khairwar
Vimlesh Dewangan
Under the Guidence of
Mrs. Shilpa Mehto
Head Of Department
Electrical And Electronics Engineering
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Balco-Urga Ring Road, Vill. Jhagarha,Korba,Chhattisgarh
Session 2016

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KORBA (C.G.)
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
CERTIFICATE
This is to notify that
1) ANITA KUMARI
2) RAHEEN BAKHSH
3) SUSHAMA DEWANGAN
4) SURENDRA KHAIRWAR
5) VIMLESH DEWANGAN
Have completed their project on
“VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION WITH GPS AND GSM MODEM”
During the year 2015-16 under our supervision and guidance. This project
report is approved for submission towards partial fulfilment for the
award of Bachelor degree in
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University,Bhilai(C.G.)
PRINCIPAL Guided & Approved by:
Mr. B.S.CHAWLA Mrs. Shilpa Mehto
Head of Department
Electrical & Electronics Engineering
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KORBA

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, KORBA (C.G.)
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This is certifying that project work entitled:
VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION WITH GPS AND GSM
MODEM
NAME ROLL NO. ENROLLMENT NO.
Anita Kumari 3302512004 AL-5425
Raheen Bakhsh 3302512035 AL-6318
Sushama Dewangan 3302512047 AL-6330
Surendra Khairwar 3302512046 AL-6329
Vimlesh Dewangan 3302512051 AL -6334
Has been examined by undersigned as a part of examination for the award of Bachelor
degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering of Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekananda Technical
University, Bhilai (C.G.)
PRINCIPAL Guided And Approved By:
Mr. B.S.CHAWLA Mrs. Shilpa Mehto
Head of Department
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Institute of Technology,Korba

CERTIFICATE OF EXAMINER
This is to certify that the report of the project submitted is an outcome of the project work
entitled:
“VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION WITH GPS AND GSM
MODEM”
SUBMITTED BY:
NAME ROLL NO. ENROLLMENT NO.
Anita Kumari 3302512004 AL-5425
Raheen Bakhsh 3302512035 AL-6318
Sushama Dewangan 3302512047 AL6330
Surendra Khairwar 3302512046 AL-6329
Vimlesh Dewangan 3302512051 AL- 6334
Has been examined by the undersigned as a part of the examination for the award of
Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical & Electronics Engineering of Chhattisgarh
Swami Vivekananda Technical University, Bhilai (C.G.)
SIGN……………………. SIGN…………………………
INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER
NAME- NAME-
DATE- DATE-

DECLARATION
We, the undersigned, solemnly declared that the report of the project work entitled,
“VEHICLE ACCIDENT DETECTION WITH GPS AND GSM MODEM’’ is based on
our own carried out during the course of our study under the supervision of Mrs. Shilpa Mehto
(Head of Dept. of EEE).
We assert that the statement made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of our own
research work. We further declared that to the best of our knowledge and belief that this report
does not contain any part of the work which has submitted for the B.E. degree or any other
degree/diploma/certificate in the university.
(Signature of the student) (Signature of the student)
Name: …………………… Name: …………………
Enrollment no: …………… Enrollment no: ………….
(Signature of the student) (Signature of the student)
Name: …………………… Name: …………………
Enrollment no: …………… Enrollment no: …………
(Signature of the student)
Name: ……………………
Enrollment no: ……………

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We regard our deep sense of indebtedness and gratitude to Mrs. Shilpa Mehto, HOD
Department of Electrical and Electrical Engineering, Institute of Technology Korba (C.G.) for
suggesting knowledge and for his valuable guidance and encouragement in carrying out this
project successfully.
We pay our tributes to the technical staff of the department for providing us, with
valuable information and their co-operation during the course of the project work.
We finally wish to extend our sincere thanks to those personalities who motivates us
and have direct or indirect assistance in the preparation of this project work.
ANITA KUMARI
RAHEEN BAKHSH
SUSHAMA DEWANGAN
SURENDRA KHAIRWAR
VIMLESH DEWANGAN

ABSTRACT
The main objective of our project is to provide an optimum solution to
the traffic hazards and the road accidents. According to this project
when a vehicle meets with an accident, immediately vibration sensor
will detect the signal and sends it to ARM controller. Microcontroller
sends the alert message through the GSM MODEM including the
location to police control room or a rescue team. So the police can
immediately trace the location through the GPS MODEM after
receiving the information.

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INDEX
CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Project Overview
1.2 Vehicle Tracking Features
1.3 Accident Alert System Features
1.4 Usage of Tracking in India
CHAPTER-2 BLOCK DIAGRAM
2.1 Block Diagram
2.2 Concept and Overview
2.3 Internal Circuit Diagram
CHAPTER-3 COMPONENT OVERVIEW
3.1 GPS
3.2 GSM
3.3 Microcontroller
3.4 Piezoelectric Sensor
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Theory and Modeling
3.4.3 Signal Conditioning
3.5 Max232
3.6 Resistors
3.7 Capacitor
3.8 Piezoelectric Buzzer
3.9 Op-amp Circuit
3.10 Liquid Crystal Display
CHAPTER-4 WORKING
4.1 Vehicle Tracking System Working
4.2 Accident Alert System Working
CHAPTER-5 RESULTS
CHAPTER-6 APPLICATIONS
CHAPTER-7 FUTURE SCOPE
CHAPTER-8 CONCLUSION
CHAPTER-9 REFERENCE

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1.1 Project Overview
The high demand of automobiles has increased the traffic
hazards and the road accidents. Life of the people is under high risk.
This is because of the lack of best emergency facilities available in
our country. This design is a system which can detect accidents in
significantly less time and sends the basic information to first aid
center within a few seconds covering geographical coordinates, the
time and angle in which a vehicle accident had occurred. This alert
message is sent to the rescue team in a short time, which will help in
saving the valuable lives. A Switch is also provided in order to
terminate the sending of a message in rare case where there is no
casualty, this can save the precious time of the medical rescue team.
When the accident occurs the alert message is sent automatically to
the rescue team and to the police station. The message is sent through
the GSM module and the location of the accident is detected with the
help of the GPS module. The accident can be detected precisely with
the help of both Micro Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) sensor
and vibration sensor. The angle of the rolls over of the car can also be
known by the message through the MEMS sensor. This application
provides the optimum solution to poor emergency facilities provided
to the roads accidents in the most feasible way.

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1.2 Vehicle Tracking Features
It is mainly benefit for the companies which are based on
transport system. Since it can show the position of all vehicles in real
time, so that they can create the expected data accordingly. These
tracking system can store the whole data where the vehicle had gone,
where did it stop, how much time it take at every stop and can create
whole data analysis. It is also used in buses and trains, to estimate
how far are they, how much time it takes for them to come to a
particular stop. These systems are used for data capture, data storage,
data analysis and finally data transfer.

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1.3 Accident Alert System Features
This system is based on new technology, its main purpose is to
detect an accident and alert to the control room, so the victim can find
some help. It can detect accidents the intensity of the accident
without any visual contact from control room. If this system is
inserted in every vehicle then it is easy to understand how many
vehicles are involved in a particular accident and how intense is it. So
that the help from control room will be according to the control
room. The present board designed has both vehicle tracking and
accident alert systems, which make it more valuable and useful. This
board alerts us from theft and as well as accident detection. It also
detects fire accidents by placing fire detector in one of the interrupt
pins.

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1.4 Usage of Tracking in India
Tracking in India is mainly used by transport systems, taxi
companies, traffic operators. Taxi operators use this to estimate how
far the vehicle is from a particular area and send this information to
call centres and they can inform general public about the distance of
the taxi location and time it takes to come to them. Another use is for
traffic police if this system is located in every vehicle they can
estimate the traffic by looking on the map and if any accident is
detected then they can route the traffic in to another way. This is how
tracking is useful because India is one of the busy traffic countries
and this system can control many of the traffic problems.

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2.1 Block Diagram
Figure 2.1 shows block diagram of vehicle tracking and accident
alert system. This shows the overall view of the vehicle tracking and
accident alert system circuit. The blocks connected here are LCD
display, GPS, GSM, Shock Sensor, Power supply, fire detector.
Fig. 2.1: Block Diagram

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2.2 Concept and Overview
This vehicle tracking system takes input from GPS and send it
through the GSM module to desired mobile/laptop using mobile
communication. Vehicle Tracking System is one of the biggest
technological advancements to track the activities of the vehicle. The
security system uses Global Positioning System GPS, to find the
location of the monitored or tracked vehicle and then uses satellite or
radio systems to send to send the coordinates and the location data to
Fig. 2.2: Overview of the System
the monitoring center. At monitoring center various software’s are
used to plot the vehicle on a map. In this way the vehicle owners are
able to track their vehicle on a real-time basis. Due to real-time
tracking facility, vehicle tracking systems are becoming increasingly
popular among owners of expensive vehicles.

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2.3 Internal Circuit Diagram
Fig. 2.3: Internal Circuit Diagram

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CHAPTER – 3
COMPONENTS OVERVIEW

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For designing this hardware many types of devices are used to make
it perfectly working. All the devices are purchased from different
manufacturers. These components are soldered on a soldering board.
The following list of hardware are required for this system.
 GSM
 GPS
 MICRO CONTROLLER AT89S52
 MAX232
 RS232
 LCD DISPLAY
 POWER SUPPLY
 SWITCH
 CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR
 LM7805
 LCD
 RESET BUTTON

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3.1 GPS - Global Positioning System
Global Positioning System (GPS) is a worldwide
radio-navigation system formed from the constellation of 24
satellites and their ground stations. Global Positioning System
tracking is a method of working out exactly where something is. A
GPS tracking system, for example, may be placed in a vehicle, on a
cell phone, or on special GPS devices, which can either be a fixed or
portable unit. GPS works by providing information on exact
location. It can also track the movement of a vehicle or person.
There are 24 satellites being used in the US GPS system at all
times. These satellites orbit the earth in such a way that at any given
time and location, at least four satellites are visible to a GPS driven
device. Each satellite is equipped with an extremely accurate atomic
clock so the satellite is always aware of the current time on Earth at
the Prime Meridian. The satellites are also aware of their own
positions with the assistance of ground stations that give continuous
updates. The 24 satellites orbit the earth transmitting their time and
position. These pieces of data are received by the antennas attached
to radio receivers inside a GPS device.
As a GPS device starts up, it must scan its radio tuner for very
faint GPS satellite signals. Once it has collected data (the position of
a satellite and the time the satellite sent the position) from at least
three satellites, a location fix can be made.

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Fig. 3.1: Global Positioning System
Differential Time of Arrival
Differential time of arrival is the method used to determine how far
each satellite is from a GPS device. Although each satellite transmits
its position and the time it was at that position, it takes time for that
signal to reach the Earth. The receiver contains a very accurate clock,
which can determine the difference in time between the current time
and when the satellite sent the signal. With this differential time and
the speed of radio waves, the distance from each of the three
satellites can be determined using the simple formula:
Rate x Time = Distance

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Trilateration
Trilateration is a method that is used to determine position on
Earth in three dimensions. GPS deals with three-dimensions rather
than two. Since the distance from the Earth to a satellite results in a
sphere rather than a flat circle, the calculation is a bit complex.
Using trilateration, rather than draw circles to determine
position we need to draw spheres. For example, if the first acquired
satellite is 25,000 miles from position one cannot simply draw a
circle around that satellite and determine a position 25,000 miles
from it. A sphere must be plotted, extending toward Earth and away
from Earth. A second satellite is calculated to be 25,001 miles from
position, resulting in another sphere. The two spheres intersect,
creating a perfect circle. A circular plane now exists, extending down
through the earth and out into space. A large number of potential
positions have now been eliminated, but there is not yet an exact
location. Many potential positions still exist and a third satellite is
needed to define a sphere that intersects with the two current spheres
resulting in two points that define possible position. One point is in
space and one is on earth. Since the world is roughly a sphere, the
point in space can be eliminated and the approximate position of the
GPS receiver is located on Earth. A fourth satellite is necessary to
account for altitude and provide an exact fix of the location. The
plotting of a fourth sphere provides the exact location and altitude of
the receiver at the time the four measurements were taken.

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Fig. 3.2: Global Positioning System Operation
Fig. 3.3: Simplified GPS Receiver Block Diagram

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3.2 GSM – Global System for Mobile Communication
GSM is used as a media which is used to control and monitor the
vehicle or person from anywhere by sending a message. It has its
own deterministic character. Thereby, here GSM is used to monitor
and control the vehicle or person by sending a message through GSM
modem. Hence it is considered as highly efficient communication
through the mobile which will be useful in industrial controls,
automobiles, and appliances which would be controlled from
anywhere else. It is also highly economic and less expensive; hence
GSM is preferred most for this mode of controlling.
A GSM modem is a specialized type of modem which accepts a SIM
card, and operates over a subscription to a mobile operator, just like a
mobile phone. From the mobile operator perspective, a GSM modem
looks just like a mobile phone.
When a GSM modem is connected to a computer, this allows the
computer to use the GSM modem to communicate over the mobile
network. While these GSM modems are most frequently used to
provide mobile internet connectivity, many of them can also be used
for sending and receiving SMS and MMS messages

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Fig. 3.4: Global System for Mobile Communication
GSM/GPRS MODEM is a class of wireless MODEM devices that
are designed for communication of a computer with the GSM and
GPRS network. It requires a SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card
just like mobile phones to activate communication with the network.
Also they have IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity)
number similar to mobile phones for their identification. A
GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the following operations:
1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.
2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.
3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.

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Fig. 3.5: Global System for Mobile Communication Module
3.3 Microcontroller
Here in this system, micro controller used is AT89S52. Mainly micro
controller consists of CPU, memory and various I/O pins, and the
speed of this micro controller is enough to execute the program in
real time. This particular micro controller is chosen because the
experiment requires minimum of 8-bit micro controller. This
microcontroller contains 4KB flash memory inbuilt in it, this
memory is enough to dump our code in to the microcontroller. This
micro controller contains 40 pins .The 40 pins of microcontroller has
different properties and usage they are shown in Fig. 3.6
Features
• Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
• 8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
• 256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
• 32 Programmable I/O Lines
• Three 16-bit Timer/Counters

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• Eight Interrupt Sources
• Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
• Low-power Idle and Power-down Modes
Fig. 3.6: Pin Diagram of Microcontroller AT89S52

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3.4 Piezoelectric Sensors
3.4.1 Introduction
The word piezo comes from the Greek word piezo, meaning to press
or squeeze. Piezoelectricity refers to the generation of electricity or
to electric polarity in dielectric crystals when subjected to
mechanical stress and conversely, the generation of stress in such
crystals in response to an applied voltage . In 1880, the Curie
brothers found that quartz changed its dimensions when subjected to
an electrical field and generated electrical charge when pressure was
applied. Since that time, researchers have found piezoelectric
properties in hundreds of ceramic and plastic materials. Many
piezoelectric materials also show electrical effects due to
temperature changes and radiation.
3.4.2 Theory and Modeling
The basic theory behind piezoelectricity is based on the electric
dipole. At the molecular level, the structure of a piezoelectric
material is typically an ionic bonded crystal. At rest, the dipoles
formed by the positive and negative ions cancel each other due to the
symmetry of the crystal structure, and an electric field is not
observed. When stressed, the crystal deforms, symmetry is lost, and a
net dipole moment is created. This dipole moment forms an electric
field across the crystal. In this manner, the materials generate an
electrical charge that is proportional to the pressure applied. If a
reciprocating force is applied, an ac voltage is seen across the

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terminals of the device. Piezoelectric sensors are not suited for static
or dc applications because the electrical charge produced decays with
time due to the internal impedance of the sensor and the input
impedance of the signal conditioning circuits. However, they are
well suited for dynamic or ac applications.
3.4.3 Signal Conditioning
Normal output voltages from piezoelectric sensors can vary
from micro-volts to hundreds of volts, and signal conditioning
circuitry requirements vary substantially. Key items to consider
when designing the amplifier are:
• Frequency of operation
• Signal amplitude
• Input impedance
• Mode of operation
The following discussion assumes that the sensor output needs
a moderate amount of amplification, and that the desired signal levels
are in the 3V to 5V range for full scale. Typically, the high
impedance of the sensor requires an amplifier with high-input
impedance. JFET or CMOS input op-amps, like the TLV2771, are
natural choices. Two circuits are used for signal conditioning. Figure
3.7 shows charging mode amplification of the piezoelectric sensor.
Voltage mode amplification is used when the amplifier is very close

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to the sensor. Charge mode amplification is used when the amplifier
is remote to the sensor.
Fig. 3.7: Charge Mode Amplifier Circuit
Fig. 3.8: Piezoelectric Sensor

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3.5 MAX232
The MAX220–MAX249 have two internal charge-pumps that
convert +5V to ±10V (unloaded) for RS-232 driver operation. The
first converter uses capacitor C1 to double the +5V input to +10V on
C3 at the V+ output. The second converter uses capacitor C2 to
invert +10V to -10V on C4 at the V- output. A small amount of
power may be drawn, except on the MAX225 and
MAX245–MAX247, where these pins are not available. V+ and V-
are not regulated, so the output voltage drops with increasing load
current. Do not load V+ and V- to a point that violates the minimum
±5V EIA/TIA-232E driver output voltage when sourcing current
from V+ and V- to external circuitry. When using the shutdown
feature in the MAX222, MAX225, MAX230, MAX235, MAX236,
MAX240, MAX241, and MAX245–MAX249, avoid using V+ and
V to power external circuitry. When these parts are shut down, V-
falls to 0V, and V+ falls to +5V. For applications where a +10V
external supply is applied to the V+ pin (instead of using the internal
charge pump to generate +10V), the C1 capacitor must not be
installed and the SHDN pin must be tied to VCC. This is because V+
is internally connected to VCC in shutdown mode.

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RS-232 Drivers
The typical driver output voltage swing is ±8V when loaded
with a nominal 5k½ RS-232 receiver and VCC = +5V. Output swing
is guaranteed to meet the EIA/TIA- 232E and V.28 specification,
which calls for ±5V minimum driver output levels under worst-case
conditions. These include a minimum 3k½ load, VCC = +4.5V, and
maximum operating temperature. Unloaded driver output voltage
ranges from (V±1.3V) to (V±0.5V). Input thresholds are both TTL
and CMOS compatible. The inputs of unused drivers can be left
unconnected since 400k½ input pull-up resistors to VCC are built in.
The pull-up resistors force the outputs of unused drivers low because
all drivers invert. The internal input pull-up resistors typically source
12μA, except in shutdown mode where the pull-ups are disabled.
Driver outputs turn off and enter a high-impedance state where
leakage current
is typically microamperes (maximum 25μA) when in shutdown
mode, in three-state mode, or when device power is removed.
Outputs can be driven to ±15V. The power-supply current typically
drops to 8μA in shutdown mode. The MAX239 has a receiver
three-state control line, and the MAX223, MAX225, MAX235,
MAX236, MAX240, and MAX241 have both a receiver three-state
control line and a low-power shutdown control. The receiver
TTL/CMOS outputs are in three-state mode whenever the three-state
enable line is high ( for the MAX225 /MAX235 /MAX236

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/MAX239–MAX241), and in high-impedance mode whenever the
shutdown control line is high. When in low-power shutdown mode,
the driver outputs are turned off and their leakage current is less than
1μA with the driver output pulled to ground. The driver output
leakage remains less than 1μA, even if the transmitter output is back
driven between 0V and (VCC + 6V). Below -0.5V, the transmitter is
diode clamped to ground with 1k½ series impedance. The transmitter
is also zener clamped to approximately VCC + 6V, with a series
impedance of 1k½. The driver output slew rate is limited to less than
30V/μs as required by the EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 specifications.
Typical slew rates are 24V/μs unloaded and 10V/μs loaded with 3½
and 2500pF.
RS-232 Receivers
EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 specifications define a voltage level
greater than 3V as a logic 0, so all receivers invert. Input thresholds
are set at 0.8V and 2.4V, so receivers respond to TTL level inputs as
well as EIA/TIA-232E and V.28 levels. The receiver inputs
withstand an input overvoltage up to ±25V and provide input
terminating resistors with nominal 5k½ values.

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Fig. 3.9: RS-232
3.6 RESISTORS
A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose
an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals
in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law:
V = IR
Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic
circuits. They are extremely commonplace in most electronic
equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds
and films, as well As resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity
alloy, such as nickel/chrome).

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Fig. 3.10: Resistor
The primary characteristics of resistors are their resistance and
the power they can dissipate. Other characteristics include
temperature coefficient, noise, and inductance. Less well-known is
critical resistance, the value below which power dissipation limits
the maximum permitted current flow, and above which the limit is
applied voltage. Critical resistance depends upon the materials
constituting the resistor as well as its physical dimensions; it's
determined by design. Resistors can be integrated into hybrid and
printed circuits, as well as integrated circuits. Size, and position of
leads (or terminals) are relevant to equipment designers; resistors
must be physically large enough not to overheat when dissipating
their power.

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3.7 CAPACITORS
A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component
consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric. When a
voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an
electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and
produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is
greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated conductors.
Fig. 3.11: Capacitors
An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value,
capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the
electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between
them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small
amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an
equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field
strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage. The properties of
capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency and
quality factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating

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frequency in a digital logic circuit, energy capacity in a high-power
system, and many other important aspects.
Fig. 3.12: Principle of Capacitance
3.8 Piezoelectronic Buzzers
FEATURES
 The PS series are high-performance buzzers that employ
uniform piezoelectric elements and are designed for easy
incorporation into various circuits.
 They feature extremely low power consumption in comparison
to electromagnetic units.
 Because these buzzers are designed for external excitation, the
same part can serve as both a musical tone oscillator and a
buzzer.
 They can be used with automated inserters. Moisture-resistant
models are also available.
 The lead wire type (PS1550L40N) with both-sided adhesive
tape installed easily is prepared.

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Fig. 3.13: Buzzers
APPLICATIONS:
Electric ranges, washing machines, computer terminals,
various devices that require speech synthesis output.
3.9 Op-Amp Circuits
The operational amplifier (op amp or OA for short) is perhaps
the most important building block for the design of analog circuits.
Combined with simple negative feedback networks, op-amps allow
engineers to build many circuits in a simple fashion, at low cost and
using relatively few discrete component. Op amps are differential
amplifiers, and their output voltage is proportional to the difference
of the two input voltages. The op-amp's schematic symbol is shown
in the figure 3.14. The two input terminals, called the inverting and
non-inverting, are labeled with - and +, respectively. Most op amps
are designed to work with two supplies usually connected to positive
and negative voltages of equal magnitude (like the uA741 which
works with 15V ). Some, however, work with a single-voltage
supply. An example is the LM358.

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Fig. 3.14: Op-Amp
3.10 Liquid Crystal Display
LCD is the display device which is of 16x2 size and it has
yellow Background light. This LCD is connected to microcontroller.
The following figure 3.15 is the interfacing diagram of LCD with
microcontroller AT89S52.
Fig. 3.15: LCD Interfacing with AT89S52

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To enable terminal latch of LCD high to low pulse is sent and
RS bit is enabled. Once the latch is enabled the data is transferred
through the interfacing pins parallel and the LCD shows the display
on it. These LCD are easy to program and they are economical too.
LCD interfacing with microcontroller is very easy. Here in our
vehicle tracking project LCD displays the output i.e. latitude and
longitude of the vehicle. The following figure 3.16 shows the LCD
display of latitude and longitude.
Fig. 3.16:- LCD Display

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4.1 Vehicle Tracking System Working
This system takes input from GPS and which goes into rs232.
This Rs232 sends data into max232 and it converts the data format
and sends it to the Rx (receiver pin) of microcontroller and this
microcontroller stores this data in USART buffer and the data stored
is sent again through Tx pin into max232 this max 232 sends the data
into GSM via rs232. This is how vehicle tracking works using GSM
and GPS. The lcd interfaced to the microcontroller also shows the
display of the coordinates. This lcd display is only used to know the
working condition of the vehicle tracking system.
4.2 Accident Alert System Working
Accident in the sense it could be collision of two vehicles or
fire accident inside the vehicle. These piezo sensors are attached to
the car on all sides of the vehicle and they all are connected to the OR
gate .OR gate is used because to detect at least one sensor is high .the
output from the or gate is connected to the interrupt pin of
microcontroller and whenever this pin 12 is high the micro controller
sends the message about the accident.

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RESULT:
Whenever accident or theft of the vehicle is occurred then the
device sends message to given mobile device.
Message for theft :
“Vehicle alert
latitude: 2400.0090, N
longitude: 12100.0000, E
time: 12:00”
Message for accident :
“Accident alert
latitude: 2400.0090, N
longitude: 12100.0000, E
time: 12:00”
This system shows the location of vehicle on the lcd connected
to it also just to make sure the working condition of the
microcontroller.
Fig. 5.1:Output Displayed on Lcd

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Applications:
Commercial fleet operators are by far the largest users of vehicle
tracking systems. These systems are used for operational functions
such as routing, security, dispatch and collecting on-board
information. These are also used for fire detector in large vehicles
like train, bus etc. because the vehicle like train contains large
number of people and the sending alert of fire accident can save
many lives. The applications for this project are in military,
navigation, automobiles, aircrafts, fleet management, remote
monitoring, remote control, security systems, tele services, etc.
• Fleet monitoring
• Vehicle scheduling
• Route monitoring
• Driver monitoring
• Accident analysis

42
FUTURE SCOPE:
 We can monitor some parameters of vehicle like overheat or
LPG gas leakage.
 We can dial an emergency call if the vehicle goes out of a
certain/pre-decided track.
 This system can be interfaced with vehicle airbag system that
prevents vehicle occupants from striking interior objects such
as the steering wheel or window.
Fig. 7.1: Chart Indicating Analysis of Accidents Occured
50%
10%
10%
7%
23%
Due to
accidents
Unintentional
deaths
Suicides
Other causes
Reductions in
deaths

44
Conclusion:
Vehicle tracking system makes better fleet management and
which in turn brings large profits. Better scheduling or route planning
can enable you handle larger loads within a particular time. Vehicle
tracking both in case of personal as well as business purpose
improves safety and security, communication medium, performance
monitoring and increases productivity. So in the coming year, it is
going to play a major role in our day-to-day living. Main motto of the
accident alert system project is to decrease the chances of losing life
in such accident which we can’t stop from occurring. Whenever
accident is alerted the paramedics are reached to the particular
location to increase the chances of life. This device invention is much
more useful for the accidents occurred in deserted places and
midnights. This vehicle tracking and accident alert feature plays
much more important role in day to day life in future.

46
REFERENCES:
www.8051projects.com
www.wikipedia.org
www.atmel.com
www.tatateleservices.com
www.roseindia.net
1) R.S GAONKAR Microprocessor architecture programming
and Application” WILEY EASTERN LTD, NEWDELHI
2) KRISHNA KANT “Microprocessor and microcontroller”
EASTERN COMPANY EDITION NEW DELHI 2007
3) DANIEL .W.LEWIS “Fundamental of embedded software
“prentice Hall of India, 2004
4) WILLIAM STALLING “Wireless communication and
Networks”, 2nd edition, 2005 prentice hall of India

Vehicle accident detection system (VAD)

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