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Constructing Realities
The Problem of Reality
The Problem of Reality

• Reality is dependent on social reasoning and
  social practices
The Problem of Reality

• Reality is dependent on social reasoning and
  social practices

• Medical knowledge sets out to create diseases
  by constructing classification criteria which are
  socially derived
The Problem of Reality

• Reality is dependent on social reasoning and
  social practices

• Medical knowledge sets out to create diseases
  by constructing classification criteria which are
  socially derived

• Medical theorising reflects social theorising
The Problem of Reality

• Reality is dependent on social reasoning and
  social practices

• Medical knowledge sets out to create diseases
  by constructing classification criteria which are
  socially derived

• Medical theorising reflects social theorising
• Perceptions of the body and disease change over
  time
Medicalisation
Medicalisation
• Medicine has increasingly deposed
  competing knowledge bases
Medicalisation
• Medicine has increasingly deposed
  competing knowledge bases
 • Sex
Medicalisation
• Medicine has increasingly deposed
  competing knowledge bases
 • Sex
 • Interpersonal relationships
Medicalisation
• Medicine has increasingly deposed
  competing knowledge bases
 • Sex
 • Interpersonal relationships
 • Childbirth
Hierarchy of Scientific Research
Hierarchy of Scientific Research




          Case Study
Hierarchy of Scientific Research




         Cohort Study



          Case Study
Hierarchy of Scientific Research


  Randomised Control Study



         Cohort Study



          Case Study
Hierarchy of Scientific Research


Reliability
                Randomised Control Study



                       Cohort Study



                        Case Study
Hierarchy of Scientific Research


Reliability
                Randomised Control Study



                       Cohort Study



                        Case Study
                                                Authenticity
Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
What is observed




Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
What is observed
Questions to be asked




Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
What is observed
Questions to be asked
Structure of Inquiry




Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
What is observed
Questions to be asked
Structure of Inquiry
Form of Interpretation




Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
Science
                         Measureable
What is observed
Questions to be asked    Observable
Structure of Inquiry     Controllable
Form of Interpretation    Testable




Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
Science
                         Measureable
What is observed
Questions to be asked    Observable
Structure of Inquiry     Controllable
Form of Interpretation    Testable




Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
Science
                                Measureable
What is observed
Questions to be asked    Felt   Observable
Structure of Inquiry            Controllable
Form of Interpretation           Testable




Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
Science
                                Measureable
What is observed
Questions to be asked    Felt   Observable
Structure of Inquiry            Controllable
Form of Interpretation           Testable



                                 Thought




Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
Science
                                Measureable
What is observed
Questions to be asked    Felt   Observable     Implied
Structure of Inquiry            Controllable
Form of Interpretation           Testable



                                 Thought




Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
Constructed


                                 Science
                                Measureable
What is observed
Questions to be asked    Felt   Observable     Implied
Structure of Inquiry            Controllable
Form of Interpretation           Testable



                                 Thought




Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
Medical Evidence: Paradigm Shift
Medical Evidence: Paradigm Shift
Medical Evidence: Paradigm Shift




 Pathophysiology
Medical Evidence: Paradigm Shift




   Medical training +
common sense evaluation


   Pathophysiology
Medical Evidence: Paradigm Shift




   Medical training +
common sense evaluation


    Pathophysiology


   Clinical experience
Medical Evidence: Paradigm Shift


  Individual expertise


   Medical training +
common sense evaluation


    Pathophysiology


   Clinical experience
Medical Evidence: Paradigm Shift


  Individual expertise        Rules of evidence



   Medical training +     Pathophysiology necessary
common sense evaluation        but not sufficient



    Pathophysiology             Reproducible



   Clinical experience           Systematic
Medical Knowledge and
   Social Relations
Medical Knowledge and
   Social Relations
• Disease categories may reinforce
  social relations
Medical Knowledge and
   Social Relations
• Disease categories may reinforce
  social relations
 • Anorexia Nervosa and sexual
    development
Medical Knowledge and
   Social Relations
• Disease categories may reinforce
  social relations
 • Anorexia Nervosa and sexual
    development
 • Attention Deficit Disorder
Counting the Dead
“We are still unable to count the dead in the vast majority
of the world’s poorest countries” (Evans and Stansfield
2003)
Less than 10 Sub Saharan African Countries can produce
‘useable mortality data’ (Evans and Stansfield 2003)




                                                              9

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Constructing Realities

  • 2. The Problem of Reality
  • 3. The Problem of Reality • Reality is dependent on social reasoning and social practices
  • 4. The Problem of Reality • Reality is dependent on social reasoning and social practices • Medical knowledge sets out to create diseases by constructing classification criteria which are socially derived
  • 5. The Problem of Reality • Reality is dependent on social reasoning and social practices • Medical knowledge sets out to create diseases by constructing classification criteria which are socially derived • Medical theorising reflects social theorising
  • 6. The Problem of Reality • Reality is dependent on social reasoning and social practices • Medical knowledge sets out to create diseases by constructing classification criteria which are socially derived • Medical theorising reflects social theorising • Perceptions of the body and disease change over time
  • 7.
  • 9. Medicalisation • Medicine has increasingly deposed competing knowledge bases
  • 10. Medicalisation • Medicine has increasingly deposed competing knowledge bases • Sex
  • 11. Medicalisation • Medicine has increasingly deposed competing knowledge bases • Sex • Interpersonal relationships
  • 12. Medicalisation • Medicine has increasingly deposed competing knowledge bases • Sex • Interpersonal relationships • Childbirth
  • 14. Hierarchy of Scientific Research Case Study
  • 15. Hierarchy of Scientific Research Cohort Study Case Study
  • 16. Hierarchy of Scientific Research Randomised Control Study Cohort Study Case Study
  • 17. Hierarchy of Scientific Research Reliability Randomised Control Study Cohort Study Case Study
  • 18. Hierarchy of Scientific Research Reliability Randomised Control Study Cohort Study Case Study Authenticity
  • 20. What is observed Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
  • 21. What is observed Questions to be asked Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
  • 22. What is observed Questions to be asked Structure of Inquiry Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
  • 23. What is observed Questions to be asked Structure of Inquiry Form of Interpretation Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
  • 24. Science Measureable What is observed Questions to be asked Observable Structure of Inquiry Controllable Form of Interpretation Testable Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
  • 25. Science Measureable What is observed Questions to be asked Observable Structure of Inquiry Controllable Form of Interpretation Testable Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
  • 26. Science Measureable What is observed Questions to be asked Felt Observable Structure of Inquiry Controllable Form of Interpretation Testable Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
  • 27. Science Measureable What is observed Questions to be asked Felt Observable Structure of Inquiry Controllable Form of Interpretation Testable Thought Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
  • 28. Science Measureable What is observed Questions to be asked Felt Observable Implied Structure of Inquiry Controllable Form of Interpretation Testable Thought Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
  • 29. Constructed Science Measureable What is observed Questions to be asked Felt Observable Implied Structure of Inquiry Controllable Form of Interpretation Testable Thought Thomas Kuhn: Paradigms
  • 32. Medical Evidence: Paradigm Shift Pathophysiology
  • 33. Medical Evidence: Paradigm Shift Medical training + common sense evaluation Pathophysiology
  • 34. Medical Evidence: Paradigm Shift Medical training + common sense evaluation Pathophysiology Clinical experience
  • 35. Medical Evidence: Paradigm Shift Individual expertise Medical training + common sense evaluation Pathophysiology Clinical experience
  • 36. Medical Evidence: Paradigm Shift Individual expertise Rules of evidence Medical training + Pathophysiology necessary common sense evaluation but not sufficient Pathophysiology Reproducible Clinical experience Systematic
  • 37. Medical Knowledge and Social Relations
  • 38. Medical Knowledge and Social Relations • Disease categories may reinforce social relations
  • 39. Medical Knowledge and Social Relations • Disease categories may reinforce social relations • Anorexia Nervosa and sexual development
  • 40. Medical Knowledge and Social Relations • Disease categories may reinforce social relations • Anorexia Nervosa and sexual development • Attention Deficit Disorder
  • 41. Counting the Dead “We are still unable to count the dead in the vast majority of the world’s poorest countries” (Evans and Stansfield 2003) Less than 10 Sub Saharan African Countries can produce ‘useable mortality data’ (Evans and Stansfield 2003) 9