This document is about detail information about how to install MAC OS into computer. And overview information about Computer system and Hardware.

1. A
Project Report
On
OS Installation
Prepared By:
Vyas Pratik
(090570116066)

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OS Installation
MEFGI, RAJKOT Page 2
Index
Sr. No Title Page No
1 Mac OS installation 4
2 Requirement 11
3 What is Hardwar 12
4 Random Access Memory (RAM) 14
5 Mouse 14
6 Keyboard 15
7 Motherboard 15
8 Hard Disk 18
9 PC Case 19
10 Monitor
CRT Monitor 20
LCD Monitor 21
11 Reference 22

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Mac OS installation[1]
Step 1: Insert the Mac OS X Install discDouble-click the Install Mac OS X icon, and
then click Restart. The installer opens automatically when your computer restarts.
Double Click this icon on the
installation disk

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Click Restart to begin.

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Step 2: Follow the onscreen instructions
Select the language you want to use, and then click the forward arrow. The
Welcomescreen appears.
Click here for further process.

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Step 3: Select a destination
On the “Select a Destination” pane, select the volume on which you want to
installMac OS X. The screen tells you how much space is required for installation.
Select Destination & Click to
Continue

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Step 4: Select how you want to install Mac OS X
Click the Options button to select “Archive and Install” or “Erase and Install”.
One of thefollowing screens appears:
Select how you want to install Mac OS X, and then click OK. Click Continue when you’re
ready to proceed to the next pane.
Install Mac OS X
This option appears if you don’t have Mac OS X installed on your computer or you
havean early version of Mac OS X (v10.2.8) that can’t be upgraded. Select this option to
install Leopard on your computer.
Archive and Install
Select this option if you want to install a fresh system on your computer.
“Archive and Install” moves your existing Mac OS X system files to a folder named
Previous System, and then installs a new copy of Mac OS X on the selected volume.
Mac OS X–installed applications, such as Address Book and Safari, are archived, and
This is selected if Mac OS X
Isn’t installed.

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New versions are installed in the Applications folder.
Erase and Install
This method completely erases the destination volume, and then installs a new copy
ofMac OS X.
This is selected if
Mac OS X is already
Installed on the volume.

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Step 5: Select additional software packages to install
The default installation contains all the software you need to use Mac OS X.
However, the Mac OS X Install disc contains additional software—such as printer
drivers, fonts, and language translations—that you may want to install. To see the
available packages, click Customize on the Install Summary screen.
The Custom Install pane appears, as shown on the following page. Click the
arrowsto reveal specific components. Select the software you want to install, and
thenclick Done.
When you’re ready to install Mac OS X and the selected software, click Install on the
Install Summary screen.
Click the arrow to
Reveal components.
Only the selectedcomponents
willbe installed.

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Requirement:[2]
Mac OS X Recommended
Processor: Intel Core 2 Due, Core i3/i5/i7, or Xeon
processor
RAM 2 GB
OS Requirement OS Lion or later
Hard Disk space 7 GB of Space
Screen Resolution: 1024x768 pixels or higher
Graphics Card:  ATI: 4850, 4870
 OR NVIDIA: 9800

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What is Hardware[5]
Your PC (Personal Computer) is a system, consisting of many components. Some of
those components, like Windows XP, and all your other programs, are software. The stuff
you can actually see and touch, and would likely break if you threw it out a fifth-story
window, is hardware.
Not everybody has exactly the same hardware. But those of you who have a desktop
system, like the example shown in Figure 1, probably have most of the components shown in
that same figure. Those of you with notebook computers probably have most of the same
components. Only in your case the components are all integrated into a single book-sized
portable unit.
The system unit is the actual computer; everything else is called a peripheral device.
Your computer's system unit probably has at least one floppy disk drive, and one CD or DVD
drive, into which you can insert floppy disks and CDs. There's another disk drive, called the
hard disk inside the system unit, as shown in Figure 2. You can't remove that disk, or even
see it. But it's there. And everything that's currently "in your computer" is actually stored on
that hard disk.

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The floppy drive and CD drive are often referred to as drives with removable
media or removable drives for short, because you can remove whatever disk is currently in
the drive, and replace it with another. Your computer's hard disk can store as much
information as tens of thousands of floppy disks, so don't worry about running out of space
on your hard disk any time soon. As a rule, you want to store everything you create or
download on your hard disk. Use the floppy disks and CDs to send copies of files through the
mail, or to make backup copies of important items.
This following list represents a basic set of hardware found in most PCs.
 Random Access Memory (RAM)
 Muse
 Keyboard
 Motherboard
 Hard Disk
 Monitor
 Speaker

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Random Access Memory (RAM)[3]
There's too much "stuff" on your computer's hard disk to use it all at the same time.
During the average session sitting at the computer, you'll probably use only a small amount
of all that's available. The stuff you're working with at any given moment is stored in random
access memory (often abbreviated RAM, and often called simply "memory"). The advantage
using RAM to store whatever you're working on at the moment is that RAM is very fast.
Much faster than any disk. For you, "fast" translates to less time waiting and more time being
productive.
Mouse[3]
Obviously you know how to use your mouse, since you must have used it to get here.
But let's take a look at the facts and buzzwords anyway. Your mouse probably has at least
two buttons on it. The button on the left is called the primary mouse button, the button on the
right is called the secondary mouse button or just the right mouse button. I'll just refer to
them as the left and right mouse buttons. Many mice have a small wheel between the two
mouse buttons, as illustrated.

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Keyboard[3]
Like the mouse, the keyboard is a means of interacting with your computer. You
really only need to use the keyboard when you're typing text. Most of the keys on the
keyboard are laid out like the keys on a typewriter. But there are some special keys like Esc
(Escape), Ctrl (Control), and Alt (Alternate). There are also some keys across the top of the
keyboard labeled F1, F2, F3, and so forth. Those are called the function keys, and the exact
role they play depends on which program you happen to be using at the moment.
Motherboard[4]
The motherboard is the main circuit board in a PC. It contains all the circuits and components
that run the PC.

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Major Components found on the motherboard are:
CPU - the Central Processing Unit is often an Intel Pentium or Celeron processor. It is the
heart of every PC. All scheduling, computation and control occurs here.
BIOS - Basic Input Output System is a non-volatile memory that contains configuration
information about the PC. It contains all the code required for the CPU to communicate with
the keyboard, mouse video display, disk drives and communications devices.
When a PC is powered on it uses the BIOS 'boot code' to set up many required functions that
bring the PC to a point where it is ready to work.
RTC - the Real Time Clock chip keeps date, day and time in a 24 hour format just like
your watch. The PC uses this clock to 'time stamp' files as they are created and modified.
When you print a file it time stamps the pages as they are printed.
Chip Set - these are large chip(s) that integrate many functions that used to be found in
separate smaller chips on the motherboard. They save space and cost.
The functions performed by these chip sets often broken into two devices with one providing
an interface from the CPU to the memory and the other providing controllers for IDE, ISA,
PCI and USB devices (see below).
Primary Connectors found on the motherboard are:
 Power - A 20 pin connector accepts a plug from the power supply. This plug carry
DC power to all the circuits on the motherboard.
 Keyboard - A Mini-din 6-pin (round) connector found at the back of the motherboard
is where the keyboard plugs in.
 Mouse - A Mini-din 6-pin connector found next to the keyboard connector is where
the where the mouse plugs in.
 Display - This connector is not integrated into the motherboard but is included in this
list since its function is absolutely necessary. It is a 15-pin, D-shell type connector
found on a video card that plugs into the AGP connector of the motherboard (see
below).
 IDE - stands for Integrated Drive Electronics. These are 40 pin connectors that
provide a place to connect the ribbon cables from the drives (hard and CD/DVD). All
data between the motherboard and the drives is carried in these cables. They are not
accessible unless the PC cover is removed.

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 FDD connector - it is similar in function to the IDE connector. It is a 34 pin ribbon
connector that carries data between the motherboard and any floppy drive installed in
the PC. Not accessible with PC cover on.
 DRAM - Dynamic Random Access Memory connectors for SIMM and DIMM type
memory modules. Not accessible with chassis cover on.
 Serial Connectors
o Standard Serial Connector - This connector has been around in PCs since
they first appeared. It was originally located on ISA expansion type cards (see
below). Today it is an integral part of newer motherboards. It is a 9- pin, D-
shell connector that allows you to connect external devices with serial ports to
your PC. The maximum data rate is 115 KB/s.
o USB - Universal Serial Bus This is a relatively new serial bus. Originally
specified as low speed, 1.2 Mb/s, it was enhanced to full speed, 12Mb/s. The
latest version 2.0 is specified as high speed, 400 MB/s.
Someday USB will completely replace the standard serial connector that has
been the workhorse serial port in earlier PCs. USB is now a standard
connector on all new motherboards.
Unlike serial and parallel ports, the USB port is designed to power devices
connected to it. The devices must be low power devices and must be able to
reduce their current draw to less than 0.5uAmps when commanded to do so by
the PC.
 Parallel Connectors
o Centronix or Standard Parallel - This connector has been around in PCs
since they first appeared. It has 37-pins and is now integrated on new
motherboards. It is usually used to connect your printer to the PC and moves
data at about 1MB/s.
o SCSI - Small Computer System Interface moves data at a maximum of up to
80Mb/s. It not integrated into most PC motherboards. It can be added to a PC
as an Expansion card (see below). Some printers and hard disk drives use
SCSI interfaces.
 Expansion Card Connectors - The CPU connects to expansion card connectors
through one of the chip set ICs mentioned above. They are located on the
motherboard near the rear of the PC. These connectors allow special function cards to
plug into and work with the PC.
Before motherboards integrated the serial and centronix connectors they were found
on expansion boards that plugged into ISA slots.
Most PCs have the following expansion connector types:

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o ISA - Industry Standard Architecture connectors have been around since 1980
and first appeared in the IBM XT PC. This type of slot still appears on some
newer motherboards so that older expansion boards can still be used.
However, many motherboards no longer have ISA connectors on them.
o PCI - Peripheral Component Interconnect is a newer and faster interface that
accepts all expansion cards that have a PCI interface.
o AGP - Accelerated Graphics Port is a connector that is designed to work with
video cards. Your video display plugs into and is controlled by one of these
video cards. Many modern video cards offer enhanced 3D-graphics and fast,
full motion video.
The Hard Disk[4]
All of the information that's "in your computer", so to speak, is stored on your
computer's hard disk. You never see that actual hard disk because it's sealed inside a special
housing and needs to stay that way. Unlike RAM, which is volatile, the hard disk can hold
information forever -- with or without electricity. Most modern hard disks have tens of
billions of bytes of storage space on them.

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PC Case[4]
The PC case is a thin sheet metal enclosure that houses the motherboard, power supply and
various drives (HDD, FDD, CD, DVD).
The motherboard and power supply mount to the floor at the rear of the case. The drives
(hard, floppy and CD/DVD) mount in enclosures called drive bays at the front of the case.

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Monitor[4]
 CRT Monitors
1. Up until recently, CRTs (Cathode RayTubes) were the only type of displays
for use with desktop PCs. They are relatively big (14" to 16" deep) and heavy
(over 15 lbs).
2. They are available in screen sizes from 14" to 21". A 17" display means that it
is 17" measured diagonally from one corner of the tube to the other. The actual
viewing area is smaller than 17" (about 16") since the electron gun can't sweep
completely to the tube edge.
3. CRTs send a stream of electrons at the screen, which is charged to about
25,000 volts. As they strike it they cause phosphor on the backside of the
screen to glow creating light which you see. The electron stream is sweep back
and forth and up and down at about 60 sweeps per second and turned off and
on at the right time to make text and graphics images appear.
4.
5. Data is transferred to the display on a cable with a 15-pin D-shell connector
that plugs into a connector on the video card which in turn plugs into one of
the PC's expansion slots.

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 LCD Monitors
1. Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) technology has been used in laptops for some
time. It has recently been made commercially available as monitors for
desktop PCs.
2. LCDs have no electron gun and are therefore not very deep like CRTs. The
text and images you see are created by a back light behind the panel, that
shines through pixels (picture elements). Each pixel is made up of three
chambers red, green and blue. The chambers in each pixel must be opened
enough and in the proper proportion to produce the correct brightness and
color.
3.
For an LCD to provide a screen resolution 1024 x 768 pixels (SVGA), it must
have 786,432 (1024 x 768) pixels. In TFT (Thin Film Transistor) type LCDs,
each pixel is controlled by a tiny transistor that opens and closes the chambers
in each pixel.
4.
Data is transferred to the display on a cable with a 15-pin connector that plugs
into a mating connector on the video card seated in an expansion slot in the
PC.

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Reference:
1] www.secondlife.com
2] www.apple.guide.com
3] www.computerhelpatoz.com
4] www.coolnerds.com
5] www.pccomputernotes.com