U08d1 Ethical Decision Making and Accountability Informed Consent is an area of legal and ethical obligation that sometimes leads to conflict in the health care setting. As a health care leader, we are responsible to be knowledgeable to the federal and state laws, regulatory bodies, policies and codes of ethics that apply around informed consent. The Oath of Hippocrates, better known as the Hippocratic Oath could perhaps be credited as being the birth of written medical ethics. The oath commits to preventing both harm and injustice to patients. Its statements even then address the issue and importance of confidentiality also. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 45 known as “the Common Rule” (1991) describes general requirements of basic ethical principles around informed consent. This rule was impacted upon all departments under HHS and directed at all considerations around the protection of human subjects in a variety of applications. Like many individual states, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts General Laws (MGL Title XVI Sec. 70E) also upholds this expectation of “informed consent to the extent provided by law”[DR3] . The American Medical Association (AMA) developed a Code of Ethics in 1847. Today this code has in this body Opinion 8.08 – Informed Consent. AMA describes that the patient must be armed with sufficient information to be considered ‘informed’ in order to justly enable the patient to consent. It holds that the physician is ethically obligated to provide for this. American Nurses Code of Ethics section 1.4 declares the nurses obligation to assure a patients right to self-determination or autonomy as a basis for informed consent in decision making around their health plan. It addresses the assessment of a patient’s decision making capacity as well as recognizing the patient’s personal values in considering this. Nurses by profession spend more time at the bedside with patients than any other caregiver. This opportunity gives light to patient perspectives and understandings which may not be evident to other practitioners. Nurses are often in situations as liaison between patients, families and physicians. In 1996 The American Counseling Association (ACA) credited Kitchener’s Moral Principals as a foundation of ethical guidelines. Autonomy, Justice, Beneficence, Non-maleficence and fidelity. These guiding principles help expose underlying issues in resolving an ethical dilemma (Kitchener, 1984). When examining an ethical dilemma using the Ethical Decision Making Model at a Glance: Identify the problem. Apply the ACA Code of Ethics. Determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma. Generate potential courses of action. Consider the potential consequences of all options, choose a course of action. Evaluate the selected course of action. Implement the course of action. By nature, ethical dilemmas do not usually have black and white answers. Utilizing these guiding princ ...

1. U08d1 Ethical Decision Making and Accountability
Informed Consent is an area of legal and ethical obligation that
sometimes leads to conflict in the health care setting. As a
health care leader, we are responsible to be knowledgeable to
the federal and state laws, regulatory bodies, policies and codes
of ethics that apply around informed consent.
The Oath of Hippocrates, better known as the Hippocratic Oath
could perhaps be credited as being the birth of written medical
ethics. The oath commits to preventing both harm and injustice
to patients. Its statements even then address the issue and
importance of confidentiality also.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)
Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) part 45 known as “the
Common Rule” (1991) describes general requirements of basic
ethical principles around informed consent. This rule was
impacted upon all departments under HHS and directed at all
considerations around the protection of human subjects in a
variety of applications.
Like many individual states, the Commonwealth of
Massachusetts General Laws (MGL Title XVI Sec. 70E) also
upholds this expectation of “informed consent to the extent
provided by law”[DR3] .
The American Medical Association (AMA) developed a Code of
Ethics in 1847. Today this code has in this body Opinion 8.08 –
Informed Consent. AMA describes that the patient must be
armed with sufficient information to be considered ‘informed’
in order to justly enable the patient to consent. It holds that the
physician is ethically obligated to provide for this.
American Nurses Code of Ethics section 1.4 declares the nurses
obligation to assure a patients right to self-determination or
autonomy as a basis for informed consent in decision making
around their health plan. It addresses the assessment of a
patient’s decision making capacity as well as recognizing the

2. patient’s personal values in considering this. Nurses by
profession spend more time at the bedside with patients than
any other caregiver. This opportunity gives light to patient
perspectives and understandings which may not be evident to
other practitioners. Nurses are often in situations as liaison
between patients, families and physicians.
In 1996 The American Counseling Association (ACA) credited
Kitchener’s Moral Principals as a foundation of ethical
guidelines. Autonomy, Justice, Beneficence, Non-maleficence
and fidelity. These guiding principles help expose underlying
issues in resolving an ethical dilemma (Kitchener, 1984).
When examining an ethical dilemma using the Ethical Decision
Making Model at a Glance:
Identify the problem.
Apply the ACA Code of Ethics.
Determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma.
Generate potential courses of action.
Consider the potential consequences of all options, choose a
course of action.
Evaluate the selected course of action.
Implement the course of action.
By nature, ethical dilemmas do not usually have black and white
answers. Utilizing these guiding principles and similar ethical
decision tree models help us work the issues objectively and
often guide us to the solution by means of the process.
References:
American Medical Association (AMA) Code of Ethics
http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/physician-resources/medical-
ethics/code-medical-ethics/opinion808.page
U.S. Department of Health and Human Resources (HHS)
Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects
http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/humansubjects/commonrule/
Massachusetts General Laws (MGL) 2014
https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleXVI/Ch

3. apter111/Section70e
American Nurses Association Nursing World Code of Ethics
http://nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ThePracticeofProf
essionalNursing/EthicsStandards/CodeofEthics.aspx
American Counseling Association (2014). ACA Code of Ethics.
Alexandria, VA: http://www.counseling.org/knowledge-
center/ethics#sthash.G8zpUV9i.dpuf
Report # 2 - Process:
Write a report about a recently developed non-metallic process.
For this report, we will also consider that recently means within
the last 5 years. The length of the report needs to be between 1
½ to 2 pages in length. Include your references immediately
after your last paragraph.For both reports, use the help sheet
posted in the course documents folder to guide you with the
formatting requirements. Reports are due in person during class
/ lab time. You can turn in your reports earlier than the due
date. Good luck on your research. I look forward to reading
your papers.
In making any material, either metallic or non-metallic, a
specific process is supposed to be followed. Following a well
defined process will ensure that the required final product is
attained. The process that is followed when making non-
metallic material is different than that which is followed when
making metallic material. The reason is that, making of these
two materials requires different elements for example, when
making metallic material, metallic elements are used in the
manufacturing process. On the other hand, when making non-
metallic material, non-metallic elements are used. In the
developing this different material, different temperatures are
required. An example of the non-metallic process is the process
that is followed when making ProTek Pipe Shoe. The process

4. was developed in the year 2011 when the development of
ProTek Pipe Shoe started.
When making ProTek Pipe Shoe, Static Mixers (EX-200) are
used in the mixing of the various elements. It is an engineered
device to provide continuous mixing of fluid materials
(Symposium on Durability Testing of Nonmetallic Materials., &
Herling 2011). Our static mixers are used in conjunction with
the epoxy adhesive to ensure that the different parts are mixed
thoroughly enough for the base and accelerator to fully react to
ensure maximum adhesion. Standard epoxy is also used in the
manufacturing process. This is a flexible, two-part, room
temperature curing epoxy with high overlap shear strength. It is
excellent for bonding most substrates and is resistant to
chemicals, shocks and extreme temperatures. This part in the
manufacturing process is good in bonding and it enhances
adhesion between the different elements that are used in the
manufacturing ProTek Pipe Shoe. These two steps in the process
are good in enhancing bonding of the different parts of the
materials that are mixed (Dishongh & McGrath, 2011).
In the process a manual dual applicator is also used. This is a
robust, metallic applicator that allows for the epoxy to be
dispensed easily and reliably at a constant ratio. The applicator
removes issues with human error and cleanliness and will allow
for a consistent installation every time (Dishongh & McGrath,
2011). This therefore ensures that there is accuracy in the
making of the material since this step eliminates human errors.
This Manual Dual Component Applicator is also known as EX-
500.In the process, corrosion is eliminated by the use of
banding clips. When making ProTek Pipe Shoe, a stainless steel
bands are used for security since it will eliminate corrosion that
may come about because of the contact with the liquid. The use
of stainless steel enhances longevity of the material. Banding
tools are also helpful in the installation of the ProTek Pipe
Shoe. The tool is also used in the installation of the banding
clips. They tool is used because it is light and easy to use.
Silicone Sealant is also used to ensure that contaminants that

5. may cause corrosion are kept out of the piping system. It is used
with ProTek pipe shoe in combination with stainless steel
bands. Ratchet straps are also used in the installation of the
ProTek Pipe Shoe since it secure pressures that ensures that the
epoxy is distributed evenly.
References
Dishongh, T. J., & McGrath, M. (2011). Wireless sensor
networks for healthcare applications. Boston: Artech House.
Symposium on Durability Testing of Nonmetallic Materials., &
Herling, R. J. (2011). Durability testing of nonmetallic
materials. West Conshohocken, Pa: ASTM International.