Ap history exam study guide ch 1-20

AP History Exam Study Guide By Will Erickson

Aztecs Great mathematicians, made numerous human sacrifices, and built elaborate cities for lack of simple technology

Corn/ Maize Critical to early life Turned nomads into settlers

Christopher Columbus Persuaded Spain to give him 3 tiny ships, where he ventured west and ran into Bahamas (was looking for Indies, but found Americas)

Columbian Exchange Plants to Old World: Tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes, and potatoes Animals to New World: Cows, pigs, and horses Germs to New World: Smallpox, yellow fever, and malaria (90% killed by germs) To Caribbean: Sugar Cane

Treaty of Tordesillas Divided Americas into 2 for Portugal and Spain

Hernan Cortes Entered Tenochititlan amazed by its beauty , later captured it and introduced his culture

Sir Walter Raleigh Created colony in North Carolina

Roanoke Island England’s FIRST colony, later vanished

3 Things Needed To Colonize 1: Popular Monarch 2: Religious Unity 3: Nationalism

Primogeniture Only eldest sons could inherit land

Joint-Stock Company Allowed younger siblings chance for land

Surplus Population England was very overcrowded

Virginia Company of London Colonized in North America for gold

Jamestown Virginia Company of England’s colony Nasty conditions

Three D’s 1: Disease 2: Disorganization 3: Disposability

Tobacco/ John Rolfe John Rolfe: Saved economy and tobacco industry

House of Burgesses First government in colony

Act Of Toleration Protected Catholics from Protestants

Barbados Slave Code Reduced risk of slave rebellion

Georgia Savannah helped Georgia become 13th colony

John Calvin Leader who expanded on Martin Luther’s thoughts

Visible Saints Most devout Christians would only admit Visible Saints

Mayflower Compact Agreement signed to hold government Colonies settled in Plymouth Bay without authority

Great Migration 70,000 refugees left England (1630’s)

Roger Williams Questioned legality of colony’s charter Williams was forced to leave colony Built 1st Baptist Church (Religious Freedom) Built settlements in Rhode Island

Fundamental Orders Constitution for Connecticut river colony

New Haven New settlement Goal: Grand Seaport

New England Confederation 4 colonies founded to defend enemies

English Navigation Laws Goal: Make trade more efficient Smuggling= Result

Dominion of New England Included NY, East + West NJ Blow to Massachusetts

Salutary Neglect Navigation laws- weakly enforced

Pennsylvania/ Penn Quakers arise in mid 1600’s William Penn- earns large amount of land (Pennsylvania)

Women/ Chesapeake Settlers faced many diseases Life Expectancy down Immigrants mainly men (6:1 Ratio)

Indentured Servants Tobacco labor up White slaves worked for certain amount of money and time

Headright System Whoever paid the passage of a servant acquired 50 acres of land

Bacon’s Rebellion Nathaniel Bacon fed up with Gov. Berkley Bacon + other men attacked Indians and Berkley Bacon dies (disease) and Berkley returns and murders followers

Middle Passage The voyage to Americas from Africa

Southern Social Structure Social Structure Ladder… Rich Planters (owned slaves + land) Small farmers (1-2 slaves) Landless whites (Indentured Servants) Black Slaves

Salem 20 people killed after being accused of being a witch

Yankee Ingenuity Proud national trait of New England

Ethnic Makeup America: Melting Pot Germans: 6% Scots/Irish: 7% Other Euro Countries: .5% Africa: 20% Most mixed in world

Social Structure vs. Great Britain America= Opportunity Started to look more like Europe Black slaves- No Rights

Workaday America 90% of people- Agriculture Fishing, commerce, manufacturing, lumbering, and naval stores

Triangular Trade Trade routes with West Indies, North America, England, and Africa

Molasses Act 1733- Reduced trade between America and West Indies

Benjamin Franklin Walked 9 days giving word of Declaration of Independence

Taverns Social place for all statuses

Religion & Location Church of England: Official religion of 6 colonies

Great Awakening Religion- Down Jonathan Edwards: Stated the need for complete dependence on God’s grace Three lasting effects # Of Churches: Up Encouraged missionary work among Indians and some slaves 1st spontaneous mass movement of America

Schools & Religion New England most interested in education Mostly male leaders were educated Emphasis: Religion and Language

John Peter Zenger Reported on government being corrupt, almost jailed Achievement for reporter’s freedom

3 Types Of Colonies Appointed by King Appointed by themselves Themselves under self-governing charters

New France Quebec founded in Canada French gain complete control over New France Valuable resource = beaver French goal- block Spain

Result of wars in N.A. England destroyed France and Spain, rewarded land Spanish commander cuts off ENG captain’s ear, sends it to King

Ohio Valley England: ventured westward France: Link Canada + Mississippi Valley

Congress of Albany Only 7 of 13 delegates (colonies) show up Goal: Greater colonial unity, bolter defense against France

Seven Years’ War Fought around world Frederick the Great- Defeated French, Austrian, + Russian armies France- Wasted strength

Proclamation of 1763 Prohibited settlement beyond Appalachians Mountains

Mercantilism Wealth- Power Gold- More exported then imported

Navigation Laws Aimed at Dutch, trying to trade in America

Sugar Act Increased duty on sugar imported from West Indies

Quartering Act Required America to supply food and housing to troops

Stamp Act Tax on most paper items

Stamp Act Congress 27 delegates (9 colonies) going to repeal Stamp Act

Declaratory Act Reaffirmed England had right to bind colonies in all cases

Townshend Act Small import tax, colonists still enraged

Boston Massacre Colonists fired upon by ENG soldiers

First Continental Congress 12 colonies met to discuss colonial grievances

Lexington & Concord England troops kill 8 Americans at Lexington, but cut off in/at Concord ENG + U.S.A officially at war

Positives/ Negatives of ENG POSITIVES Population: 3-1 over U.S. NEGATIVES Cockiness 2nd rate generals No desire to kill colonists

Positives/Negatives of U.S. POSITIVES G. Washington + Ben. Frank.- Great leaders Fighting for freedom NEGATIVES Soldiers- Disorganized

Olive Branch Petition 1775- Avoided war with England Reaffirmed America’s faith to England

Common Sense Thomas Paine Argued for American freedom from England Written so that common people could understand

Declaration Of Independence Declared that 13 British colonies were now independent Primarily written by Thomas Jefferson

Saratoga Americans won Turning point for U.S.

Yorktown American + French forces force English surrender

Treaty Of Paris Ended Revolutionary War America gained freedom

VA Statute For Religious Freedom Separated church and state Written by Thomas Jefferson

Republican Motherhood The crucial role of women in a free America

State Constitutions Created to govern states, writers worked tirelessly

Lack of Trading England: Made own goods America couldn’t trade with England or French West Indies

Articles of Confederation Written constitution for U.S. States get land Each state= 1 vote

Northwest Ordinance Territorial stages, 60,000 people = state Path to Statehood

Articles of Confederation +: Form of government, outlined constitution -: No power to regulate commerce, tax collection program

Land Ordinance NW land bought- National Debt

Ugly Duckling U.S. + ENG: Tension ENG: Kept trading posts in U.S. Spain: Claimed north of Gulf of Mexico + Florida French- Wanted debts payed off

Shay’s Rebellion Farmers demanded lighter taxes Daniel Shay raised small army Rebellion crushed

Mobocracy Fear of mass public disorder

Constitutional Convention Held in Philadelphia Saved by Alexander Hamilton Held in secrecy Each state= 1 vote Meant to agree on Constitution

C.C. Delegate Make-Up Most delegates- lawyers 55 Delegates All rich, young, but experienced Goals: Preserve union, ensure security of life

Small/Large State Plan “Large State” Plan: Both houses should be based on population “Small State” Plan: Equal representation in population + size

Great Compromise Equal representation 2 senators/ state

Electoral College Elects the president

3/5th Compromise Slavery citizenship debated 3/5th of a vote per slave

“We The People” First words of constitution

Anti vs. Federalists Anti-Federalists: Opposed stronger fed. gov’t Federalists: Influence of- rich-

Federalist Papers In favor of Constitution Supported federalists

Ratification Process Bitter, riots erupted in NY + Penn 4 final states join

Population/ 25 Years Doubled Cities emerge + grew

The Cabinet Not in Constitution Evolved by George Washington Members: Thomas Jefferson (secr. of state), Alexander Hamilton (treasury), and Henry Knox (War)

Rural/ Urban Population Rural: 90%

Judiciary Act of 1789 Organized Supreme Court Chief Justice- John Jay + 5 Associates

Bill Of Rights Protection for freedom of religion, speech, press, bear arms, trial by jury, and prevent cruel punishment

Hamilton/ “funding at par” Federal government paid off debt at face value + interest

Customs Duties/ Excise Tax How to get/collect money? – Taxes 1791- Excise Tax: domestic items (whiskey)

Bank of the U.S. Government- major stockholder + print $ Useful, but constitutional?

Strict vs. Loose Constructionism Strict Constructionist: Interpret constitution literally (Thomas Jefferson) Loose Constructionist: Loose and broad interpretation of constitution (Alexander Hamilton)

Whiskey Rebellion SW Pennsylvania Tarred + Feathered revenue officers Collections came to a halt 13,000 citizens rally to crush rebellion

Reign of Terror French king killed, church attacked Daily hangings French Revolution

Neutrality Proclamation U.S. neutral to war in France Self- Interest

Fallen Timbers Native Americans defeated, give up land

Treaty of Greenville U.S. gives $20,000 and hunting rights

Jay’s Treaty England: Left posts, paid ship damage America: Paid off Pre-Revolution debts (merchants)

Pickney’s Treaty U.S. + Spain America gained Florida and Mississippi

XYZ Affair Secret French officials demand $32 million $250,000 just to speak with French foreign minister

Convention of 1800 Peace between France + U.S. Back to normal (ships, $, etc.)

Alien & Sedition Act Alien Laws- President could deport illegal immigrants, never enforced Sedition Act- Reduced freedom of speech + press, deface law= fine and/or prison

Nullification Right to refuse laws No other states agree, 1803 adopted by Supreme Court

Election of 1800 James Adams vs. Thomas Jefferson

Naturalization Law- 1802 Reduced citizenship to 5 years in country Replaced Alien Laws

Excise Tax Repeal $1 Million in revenue

Candidate T.J. vs. President T.J. Contradicts himself 2 of him: 1) Scholarly private citizen 2) Harassed public officials

Judiciary Act Of 1801 Created 16 new judges + offices *Judicial Review*

John Marshall Chief Justice Shaped U.S. legal traditions

Marbury vs. Madison Madison sued for delivery of commission “Judicial Review”

Barbary States Pirates raided U.S. ships Tripoli declared war on U.S. (1801) U.S. quickly won

Louisiana Purchase $15 Million for land Napoleon needed money + couldn’t maintain land

Lewis And Clark Sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore acquired land

Orders In Council Closed Euro ports in French control

Embargo Act Forbid export of goods U.S. or foreign

Non-Intercourse Act Reopened trade with all nations except for Great Britain and France

Macon’s Bill No. 2 Reopened trade w/ world, if ENG + France repealed commerce restraints

Battle Of Tippecanoe William Harrison + army become heroes Tecumseh- alliance with ENG

Battle of the Thames General Harrison defeats England U.S. defends own soil

Plattsburgh 10,000 ENG prepared to invade NY U.S. managed to win on floating slaughterhouses (waterway)

Francis Scott Key/ Fort McHenry Francis Scott Key- Detained on ENG ship, wrote Star Spangled Banner Fort McHenry- Hit by ENG cannons, not captured

New Orleans U.S. wanted the city ENG- overconfident U.S. + Andrew Jackson won

Treaty Of Ghent ENG + U.S.- cease fighting, no grievances

Hartford Convention NE states meet on grievances Tension high, succession neared

Rush-Bagot Agreement ENG/U.S.- Limited navies on lakes

Nationalism Pride in one’s country

American System Network of roads and canals Brought country together economically, socially, and politically

Erie Canal Completed in 1825 in New York

Era Of Good Feelings Happy phase under Pres. James Monroe

Panic of 1819 Deflation, depression, bankruptcies, unemployment, bank failures, soup kitchens, + debtors prison

“Wildcat” Banks Pushed to the wall + foreclosed farms

Ohio Fever Cheap land out west Appealed to Euro immigrants

Cumberland Road Ran from Maryland to Illinois

Land Act Of 1820 Buyer could buy 80 acres of land for $1.25 an acre

Tallmadge Amendment No more slaves could be brought into Missouri slaveholders

Missouri Compromise Missouri- slave state Maine- free state 36’30”- Missouri Compromise line

McColluch vs. Maryland Maryland tried to destroy Bank of the U.S. by taxing its notes John Marshall defends bank

Cohens vs. Virginia Cohens accused of illegally selling lottery tickets

Gibbons vs. Ogden NY tried to grant monopoly of waterborne commerce between NY + NJ

Fletcher vs. Peck Georgia granted 35 million acres to private speculators

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward Questioned charter of college by King George III

Treaty Of 1818 America shared Newfoundland with England for fishing 10 year joint of Oregon country

Florida Purchase Treaty Spain gives Florida to U.S. for claims of Texas

Monroe Doctrine Stern warning to European powers No colonization Nonintervention

Russo-American Treaty of 1824 Restricted Russia’s advancement (Alaska)

Corrupt Bargain Full of presidential candidates, all leaders No candidate won the majority

John Quincy Adams As President Sarcastic, tactless, brilliant in foreign affairs Best secretary of state, worst president

Spoils System Rewarding political supporters with political positions

Jacksonian Democracy Every man is as good as his neighbor Each generation deserved its turn

Tariff Of 1828 Southern states protest Very high tariff

Denmark Vesey Aborted slave rebellion in Charleston

Nullies Tried to get 2/3rd vote for nullification in South Carolina legislation

Tariff Of 1832 + 1833 1832- Passed by Congress, fell short of South demands 1833- Favored by South

Force Bill Authorized president to use army and navy to collect taxes

Trail Of Tears Indian journey to Oklahoma and West Many died

Removal Act Removed all Native Americans east of Mississippi river

Seminole Indians Retreated to Everglades (Florida swamps) Fought for 7 years until leader was captured + surrendered

Bank War Clay + Webster showed Congress bill to renew Bank Of U.S. charter

Nicholas Biddle/ Biddle’s Panic Biddle- desperate Tried to create crisis by calling in Bank’s loans

Pet Banks/ Wildcat Banks Surplus funds placed in numerous state institutions Pet Banks- Where the $ was placed Wildcat Banks- Fly-by-night consisted of a few chairs and a suitcase full of printed notes

Specie Circular Required all public land to be purchased with metallic (“hard”) money

Panic of 1837 Inflation high after 2nd Bank of U.S. Specie Circular

Divorce Bill Divorced government from banking altogether

Austin/ Crockett/ Bowie/ Houston Pioneers who led Texas independence for U.S.

Alamo Pivotal battle in the Texas Revolution Mexico defeated

Election Of 1840 Martin Van Buren vs. William Henry Harrison Dems-Repubs/ Whigs Harrison won

Whigs Favored renewed bank, protective tariffs, and public school

Life On The Frontier Grim, poorly fed, bad housing, and seclusion Dependent on neighbors

Fur Trappers/ Rendezvous Fur traders began to feel pressured Rendezvous- Huge meeting with traders around mountains

Problems In The Cities Smelly slums, bad street lighting, bad water, rats, and sewage

Irish + German Immigrants 1.5 Million of each group Europe: No room

Nativists/ Know-Nothings Nativists- Rallied for political action, later created the “Know-Nothing” party

Industrial Revolution British inventors created series of machines for mass production

Samuel Slater Memorized textile machinery, snuck to U.S. and created spinning cotton thread

Eli Whitney Built cotton gin Efficiency up

New England As Ind. Center Attractive for manufacturers Dense population

Tariff Of 1816 Contest to control shape of economy

Sewing Machine/ Howe/ Singer Invented by Elias Howe, perfected by Issac Singer

Limited Liability/ Free Incorp. Businessmen could create corporations without applying for charter

Samuel F.B. Morse/ Telegraph Communication up

Worker Complaints Hours- Long Wages- Low Meals- Skimpy

Commonwealth vs. Hunt Ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies, provided their methods were honorable

John Deere Created steel plow that broke stubborn soil

Cyrus McCormick Mechanical reaper

Lancaster Turnpike 62 mile highway Philly to Lancaster

Cumberland Road Highway from Maryland to Illinois (591 Miles)

Robert Fulton/ Clermont Steamboat craze set off Could go against current

Erie Canal 363 miles Buffalo to NY harbor

Iron Horse Railroads- Cheap, fast, + reliable

Deists 2nd Great Awakening new religion Believe in a supreme being Reject original sin concept

Unitarian God existed in only 1 person, not in orthodox trinity Stressed human goodness

Second Great Awakening Shattered and reorganized churches Converted people Movements- prison reform, women’s rights, and abolishing of slavery

Methodists/ Baptists Reaped most abundant harvest of souls by revivalism

Peter Cartwright Methodist “circuit speaker” fought oppressors

Charles Finney Best revival preacher Held giant gatherings

Mormons/ Smith/ Young Joseph Smith- 1830 Bringham Young led group to Utah

Horace Mann/ Noah Webster Campaigned for more and better schools Higher pay for teachers and expanded curriculum Webster- Wanted improved textbooks, created English dictionary

William McGuffey Grade school readers (textbooks) sold 122 million copies

U Of Carolina/ U Of Virginia Created with religious freedom No political influence

Dorothea Dix Travelled 60,000 miles to increase conditions of insane people Influence worked, now “mentally ill”

Temperance Society Wanted drinkers to vote to sign pledge Reformed drunkards emerge

T.S. Arthur/ Ten Nights Anti-alcoholic book described town ruined by bar

Mott/ Stanton/ Anthony Mott- Not recognized at ENG convention Stanton- Left “obey” out of marriage license Anthony- Huge advocate led to supporters called “suzyb’s”

W.R.C. / Seneca Falls Women’s Rights Convention Leaders met to create Dec. of Sentiments

Wilderness Utopias Communities of wilderness cooperation

Puritan View Of Art Sinful waste of time

New National Literature Washington Irving James Cooper William Bryant

Transcendentalism Rejected theory that all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses

King Cotton U.S. dependent on cotton (south)

Oligarchy Government influenced by a planter aristocracy

Cotton Economy Monopolistic Small farmers sold land

Southern Social Structure ¼ owned slaves Few southerners lived on plantations Landless whites- ¾ of southern whites

Slaves vs. Infrastructure Society’s basement Slave brought in despite import rule

American Colonization Society Tried to transport slaves back to Africa 15,000 went

Weld/ Garrison/ Douglass Weld- Self educated, spoke to rural farmers William Garrison- 26 year old wrote anti-slavery newspaper (The Liberator) Frederick Douglass- Lectured for anti-slavery despite threats

Gag Resolution Anti-slavery appeals tabled without debate

John Tyler & The Bank Bill Financial reform Establish a new national bank John Tyler- Vetoed bank twice

Tariff Bill Of 1842 32% on dutiable goods

Caroline American steamer carrying supplies attacked by Great Britain

Aroostook War War with Great Britain in Aroostook Valley

Annexation Of Texas Passed Congress in 1845 28th state 9 Years between interest and annexation

Oregon Fever/ Oregon Trail Oregon Fever- Restless pioneers in huge numbers travel in covered wagons along Oregon Trail

Walker Tariff Of 1846 Excellent revenue Heavy imports

Restoration Of Independent Treasury James Polk’s 2nd objective

Attack Across The Rio Grande Mexican troops cross river and attack Gen. Zachary Taylor + troops

Mexico City + Buena Vista Mexico City- U.S. won Buena Vista- Santa Anna and Mexico defeated

Treaty Of Guadalupe Hidalgo U.S. gained Texas + area west (Oregon/ California)

Slavocracy Mexican war caused by slavery “Evil Purposes

Free Soil Party Created by Anti-slavery supporters

Sutter’s Mill Gold was discovered in California Sparked gold rush

California Statehood Free state Passed the usual territory status

Sectional Balance Worrisome issue of free vs. slave state balance

Underground Railroad Runaway slaves assisted by Northern citizens

Harriet Tubman Slave from Maryland Rescued 300+ from Underground Railroad

Compromise Of 1850 South demanded new fugitive slave law Texas paid $10 Million Bloodhound Bill (runaway law) Slave/Free State California- new state

Fugitive Slave Law Of 1850 South could hunt slaves in North Could take issue to court Judges paid 2X for convicting slaves

Death Of The Whigs Winfield Scott- mistake Whigs split over slavery issue

Popular Sovereignty People get to choose state’s status (free/slave)

Clayton- Bulwer Treaty ENG creeping up on sea Conflict avoided with treaty

Slavocrats Looked south for expansion

Ostend Manifesto U.S. secret proposal to buy Cuba for $120 million Cuba declined

Treaty Of Wanghia China/U.S. opened commerce in Pacific

Commander Matthew Perry Entered Edo Bay in 1853, requested free trade and friendly relations Would return later for their reply

Treaty Of Kanagawa Perry returned, signed treaty Provided fair treatment and free trade

Kansas-Nebraska Act Nebraska Territory split into 2 states

Uncle Tom’s Cabin Showed cruel splitting of families through slavery

Harriet Beecher Stowe Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Shawnee Mission Place where slavery supporters set up government

Topeka Capital of free-soil Kansas

Bleeding Kansas Anti/Pro Slavery conflict in Kansas Small fights

John Brown Obsessively dedicated to abolishing slavery Killed men and raided Harper’s Ferry

Pottawatomie Creek 5 men killed (supposedly pro-slavery) by John Brown

Lecompton Constitution People could vote pro or anti-slavery Many free-soilers boycotted poll

Senator Sumner Attacked after giving an anti-slavery speech

Representative Brooks Attacked Sumner until his cane broke

Know-Nothing Party Hated immigration Millard Filmore

Dred Scott Case Black slave had lived in Illinois and Wisconsin for 5 years Wanted freedom

Panic Of 1857 Gold rush inflated currency Unemployment + Hunger

Tariff Of 1857 Reduced duties to 20% on dutiable goods

Lincoln/ Douglas Debates Abraham Lincoln + Stephen Douglas debate for Illinois senate seat

Freeport Doctrine Douglas argued that slavery would stay down if people voted it down

Harper’s Ferry John Brown captured a weapons warehouse in Virginia Planned to arm slaves Later captured (by Robert E. Lee)

N & S Dem. Party Democrats split North- Stephen Douglas South- John Breckinridge

Republican Platform Low tariff Immigration Transportation/ RR Appealed to non-southern group

C.S.A. Confederate States of America Made up of southern states

Jefferson Davis President of C.S.A.

Crittenden Compromise Slavery prohibited north of 36’30” Lincoln rejected proposal

Fort Sumner Union on way to fort South attacks w/ cannons and open fire South seized fort

Border States Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia Could go to U.S.A. or C.S.A.

Butternut Region Southern Ohio, Indiana, + Illinois

General Robert E. Lee Offered to lead north, stayed loyal to his home state (Virginia) Right-hand man- Stonewall Jackson

+/- Of C.S.A. +: Motive to fight, talented officers, fought on homeland, “bred” to fight -: No factories, lack of supplies, weak economy

+/- Of U.S.A. +: Controlled sea, 22 million people, immigrant support, traded supplies with Europe -: Trouble with top general

King Cotton Dethroned Productive in pre-year years, surplus in ENG, operatives thrown out of work

Laird Rams 2 Confederate warships being constructed in ENG Made of iron ENG bought ships at last minute for royal army

Lincoln’s Wartime Actions Accused of being “simple Susan” Proclaimed blockade Increased size of fed. Army $2 million for war

Draft vs. Volunteers Rich boys could avoid war 90% of Union troops were volunteers

$300 Men Amount needed to avoid draft

New York City Riots Poor mob ran through city wreaking havoc

North’s Financing Of The War Tobacco + alcohol tax Morill Tariff Act Paperback money created Sale of bonds

South’s Financing Of The War $400 million in bonds 10% tax on farm produce Printed blue-backed $

North’s Economic Boom More factories Protective tariffs Millionaires emerge

Ap history exam study guide ch 1-20

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