course material

1. Bed bugs and public health
The paper should include: II. Introduction Define an interesting question(s) Describe its
dimensions- its significance for the area, its relationship to broader questions in in pure or
applied biology such as medicine or agriculture, implications for understanding other fields
of biology, etc Outline how you intend to address different aspects of the question(s) by
defining subtopics and linking them with a compelling logic. III. Subtopics ? use subheadings
and write about each aspect. These sections will form a major portion of the paper IV.
Overview-summary- Conclusion ? review the evidence and clarify what you have discovered
or learned. Include a section about what is still unknown and where the research might go
or what additional information you would want about the topic V. Literature cited ? include
a well formatted citation section. If you use web sources (it is likely a few will be necessary,
make sure you use the correct citation style for internet sources, here is one source of
information _________________ I know you all can write fairly well, so I expect that grammar,
spelling and basic organization will be fine, especially if you get someone to check it for you.
However this paper is hard work and perhaps unlike anything you have been asked to do
before. It will take many hours of careful reading and writing to produce a high quality
paper. I will especially look for the use of citations in the paper to support your statements. I
will give a much better grade to a paper that has only 1500 words but cites 20 papers from
primary literature showing the has student synthesized the information than I will to a
4000 word paper with 8 citations from web sites that are clearly not from the primary
literature. I will value your paper more if it supports a statement with citations to several
papers than a paper that simply restates what you read in each journal article ?say one or
two paragraphs per paper. Please feel free to ask any questions as you go. Here is an
example of the style of writing I have in mind from a former student in my lab, Woody
Woods. The paper is in part about the metabolic costs of fireflies flashing., a good
comparative physiology subject. Notice the citations early in these first two paragraphs of
the paper that document the big ideas. Notice that Photinus is italicized. If you google the
paper you can get the entire PDF on line. Also note the form of the citation Woods Jr., W.A.,
H. Hendrickson, J. Mason, and S. M. Lewis. 1997. Energy and predation costs of firefly
courtship signals. The American Naturalist. 170:702-708. Mate choice in many animals
favors those individuals exhibiting the most conspicuous visual, acoustic, or olfactory
signals (Andersson 1994). Signal costs play a critical role in sexual selection theory because
they are required to prevent the runaway evolution of exaggerated courtship signals as well
as to maintain signal reliability (Grafen 1990; Maynard Smith and Harper 2003). Signal

2. costs could arise through diverse mechanisms, including immediate reductions in signalers?
fitness through parasitism or predation (Cade 1975; Tuttle and Ryan 1981; Zuk and Kolluru
1998) or indirect fitness reductions caused by heightened energy expenditure. However,
few studies have quantitatively assessed the multiple costs that might be incurred by
courtship signals (Kotiaho 2001). Even among the well studied acoustical signals produced
by arthropods and amphibians, most studies have focused on either energy or predation
costs (e.g., Cade 1975; Prestwich et al. 1989; Zuk et al. 1995). Indeed, multiple costs have
been measured in only a few species (Tuttle and Ryan 1981; Bucher et al. 1982; Kotiaho et
al. 1998), making it difficult to determine the relative importance of different cost
categories. Bioluminescent signals are used by diverse organisms, including numerous
arthropods, polychaetes, mollusks, and fishes (Wilson and Hastings 1998; Herring 2000).
Surprisingly, however, the costs associated with bioluminescence have not been quantified.
In Photinus fireflies, courtship relies on rhythmic, precisely timed bioluminescent flashes
that are emitted by a light-producing lantern located on ventral abdominal segments (Lloyd
1966; Carlson and Copeland 1985). Male Photinus fireflies emit bioluminescent signals in
two courtship contexts. Males signal as they fly in search of females; once a female
responds, males generally land and engage in a lengthy courtship dialogue with females
(Vencl and Carlson 1998; Demary et al. 2006). Within Photinus species, males vary in the
pulse duration and pulse rate of their courtship signals, with coefficients of variation
ranging from 10% to 20% for flash timing parameters; females prefer signals with longer
flash durations or faster flash rates when choosing their mates (Branham and Greenfield
1996; Cratsley and Lewis 2003; Michaelidis et al. 2006). P.S high quality paper and simple
writing please and the references should be only refworks and google scholars. Thank you