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4. All organic compounds consist of carbon and hydrogen.
Many also contain oxygen and nitrogen
Other elements may also be present.
Phosphorous, halogens and/or metals
Most compounds are composed of carbon chains
bonded with hydrogen
5. H H H H H
| | | | |
H-C–C–C–C–C–H
| | | | |
H H H H H
A carbon / hydrogen chain (organic)
H H H H H
| | | | |
H-C–C–C–C–C–O-H
| | | | |
H H H H H
A carbon / hydrogen chain containing oxygen
6. Carbon can make four (4) bonds
Hydrogen can make one (1) bond
Oxygen can make two (2) bonds
Nitrogen can make three (3) bonds
Sulfur can make two (2) bonds
Halogens can make one (1) bond
|
– N–
–C–
|
|
- S–
H–
Cl -
-O-
7. Carbon can make single, double or triplebonds
Hydrogen can make only single bonds
Oxygen can make single or double bonds
|
–C–H
| –C=O
|
–C=O
| |
|
C–O-C
| |
C N
8. Nitrogen can make single, double or triplebonds
Sulfur can make single or double bonds
Halogens can make only single bonds
| |
H– N – H -C–S–C-
| | |
H
–C=S
–C=N |
| |
- C - Br
C N |
9. Naming Organic Compounds
Meth = 1 C
Eth = 2 C
Prop = 3 C
But = 4 C
Pent = 5 C
Hex = 6 C
Hept = 7 C
Oct = 8 C
Study this
Non = 9 C
Slide and
Dec = 10 C
then click here
To continue
10. Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Alkanes – All single bond between carbons
(name ends in “ane”)
Alkenes – contains double bonds between carbons
(name ends in “ene”)
Alkynes – contains triple bonds between carbons
(name ends in “yne”)
11. Naming hydrocarbons starts with selecting the longest
Chain (even around corners).
H H H H H H
| Not 5 C| chain
| | | |
H-C–C–C–C – C–C-H
|
| | 7C |
| | H
c Name starts
H H H
h H H-C-H with “hept” (7C)
a
|
i All single bonds
n H- C–H Name ends with
| “ane”
H Heptane
12. Naming the Side Chain
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
H-C–C–C–C – C–C-H
|
| | | | | H Side Chain
H H H H H-C-H
|
H- C–H
|
H
13. Some Common Side Chains
H H H H
| | |
H- C- C -C - |
H -C -H
| | |
H H H |
Propyl Methyl
C3 H7 CH3
H
H H H H |
| | | | H -C -H
H- C- C -C -C - |
| | | | H- C -H
H H H H |
Butyl Ethyl
C4 H9 C2 H5
14. Methyl Heptane
H H H H H H
| | | | | | H
|
H-C–C–C–C – C–C-H H -C -H
|
| | | | | H |
H H H H H-C-H Methyl
|
H- C–H
| But where is the methyl
Group attached?
H
15. 3 methyl heptane
H H H H H H
Methyl group is
| | | | | | attached to the
H-C–C–C–C – C–C-H third carbon thus
| 3 methyl heptane
| | | | | H
H H H H H-C-H
|
H- C–H Count from the
Short end of
|
The chain
H
16. Two side chains
H
The first methyl
|
H -C -H group is on
H | H H H H the second
Carbon counting
| | | | | |
from the short
H-C–C–C–C – C–C-H end!
|
| | | | | H
The second methyl
H H H H H-C-H group is on
the fifth
|
Carbon counting
2, 5 dimethyl H- C–H from the short
heptane end!
|
H
17. Alkenes (Double bonds)
H H H H H H
| | | | | |
H-C–C–C–C = C–C-H
|
| | | | H
H H H H
A six Carbon chain – “hex”
2 hexene
Alkene – ends in “ene”
Double bond on second Carbon
From shortest end of chain
18. Alkene with two side groups
H
|
H -C -H
H | H H H H
| | | | | |
H-C =C–C–C – C–C-H
|
| | | H
H H H-C-H
|
2, 5 dimethyl H- C–H
1 heptene
|
H
19. Alkynes (triple bond)
Longest chain
8 Carbons
H H H H H H (oct)
| | | | | |
Triple bond
H-C–C–C–C – C–C–C C-H on C atom 1
| (“yne”)
| | | | |
H
H H H H H-C-H
| 2 Carbon
Side chain
4 ethyl 1 octyne H- C–H (ethyl) on
| C atom 4
H
21. |
Common
O -H Organic
Hydroxyl
Groups
– N–H
|
H
Amine
–C=O
|
O
|
Ester Linkage
22. –C=O | |
|
-C–O–C-
O -H | |
Carboxyl Ether Linkage
–C=O
–C=O N–H
C
|
| |
H
Carbonyl Amide
23. Some functional groups are combinations of smaller
functional groups
| | –C=O
–C=O
| + -C–O–C- = O
|
| | |
Carbonyl Ether Linkage Ester Linkage
24. | –C=O –C=O
O -H + | = |
Hydroxyl Carbonyl O -H
Carboxyl
–C=O
C – N–H
– N–H
+ –C=O =
|
| |
| H
H
Amine Carbonyl Amide
25. Compounds Containing Functional Groups
Alcohols
-O-H H
Ethyl |
End in “ol”
C2 H5 H -C -H
|
H- C -H
|
O-H
Ethyl Alcohol
Ethanol
R –OH
R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain
Common name
Grain alcohol
26. Compounds Containing Functional Groups
H
|
ketones H -C -H
–C=O |
C=O
| |
H -C -H
End in “one” |
H- C -H
|
H
R– C = O
Methyl ethyl ketone
|
R Butanone
R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain 2 butanone is incorrect
Since counting from either
end would put the carbonyl
On the second Carbon
27. Compounds Containing Functional Groups
Aldehydes
H
–C=O |
| H -C -H
H |
End in “al” H - C=O
R – C=O
Ethyl Aldehyde
|
H Ethanal
R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain
Common name
Acetaldehyde
28. Compounds Containing Functional Groups
Acids
–C=O H
| |
H -C -H
O -H |
End in “oic” C=O
|
R– C = O O -H
| Acetic Acid
O -H
Ethanoic Acid
R = a Carbon/ Hydrogen chain
Common name
Vinegar
29. Structural Isomers
Same formula but different arrangement of atoms
H H H H H H H
| | | | | | |
H- C- C -C -C -H H- C- C -C -H
| | | | | | |
H H H H H | H
H–C–H
Butane |
C4 H10 H
Methyl Propane
C4 H10
35. Cis and Trans Isomers
Double bond
cis-butenedioic acid trans-butenedioic acid
(maleic acid) (fumaric acid)
“cis” like scissors (next to) “trans” across form