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The OSI model and TCP/IP
1.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Chapter 6 Computer Networks
2.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Understand the
rationale for the existence of networks.Understand the rationale for the existence of networks. Distinguish between the three types of networks: LANs,Distinguish between the three types of networks: LANs, MANs, and WANs.MANs, and WANs. After reading this chapter, the reader shouldAfter reading this chapter, the reader should be able to:be able to: OOBJECTIVESBJECTIVES List different connecting devices and the OSI layers inList different connecting devices and the OSI layers in which each device operates.which each device operates. Understand client-server models.Understand client-server models. Understand the OSI model and TCP/IP.Understand the OSI model and TCP/IP.
3.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 NETWORKS,NETWORKS, LARGE AND
SMALLLARGE AND SMALL 6.16.1
4.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Computer networksComputer
networks AA computer networkcomputer network is a combinationis a combination of systems connected throughof systems connected through transmission media.transmission media. Local area network (Local area network (LANLAN)) Metropolitan (Metropolitan ( 都市的都市的 ) area network) area network ((MANMAN)) Wide area network (Wide area network (WANWAN))
5.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Model and
protocolModel and protocol AA modelmodel is the specification set by ais the specification set by a standards organization as astandards organization as a guidelineguideline for designing networks.for designing networks. AA protocolprotocol is a set ofis a set of rulesrules thatthat controls the interaction of differentcontrols the interaction of different devices in a network or andevices in a network or an internetwork.internetwork.
6.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 OSI MODELOSI
MODEL 6.26.2
7.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 The Open
Systems InterconnectionThe Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model(OSI) model is a theoretical model that showsis a theoretical model that shows how any two different systems canhow any two different systems can communicatecommunicate with each other.with each other. Note:Note:
8.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-1 The
OSI model
9.
Figure 6-2 Flow of
data in the OSI model Header Header Header Trailer
10.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Seven layers
of OSISeven layers of OSI modelmodel Physical layerPhysical layer Data-link layerData-link layer Network layerNetwork layer Transport layerTransport layer Session layerSession layer Presentation layerPresentation layer Application layerApplication layer
11.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Physical layerPhysical
layer The physical layer is responsible forThe physical layer is responsible for transmitting atransmitting a bit streambit stream over aover a physical medium.physical medium. It encodes and decodes bits intoIt encodes and decodes bits into groups of bitsgroups of bits.. It then transforms a stream of bits intoIt then transforms a stream of bits into aa signalsignal..
12.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Data-link layerData-link
layer The data-link layer organizes bits intoThe data-link layer organizes bits into logical unitslogical units calledcalled framesframes.. The data-link layer is responsible onlyThe data-link layer is responsible only forfor node-to-node deliverynode-to-node delivery of the frame.of the frame. The data-link layer is oftenThe data-link layer is often responsible forresponsible for error handlingerror handling between two adjacent stationsbetween two adjacent stations..
13.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Network layerNetwork
layer The network layer is responsible forThe network layer is responsible for delivery of adelivery of a packetpacket between thebetween the original source and final destination.original source and final destination. UsingUsing logical addresses (IPlogical addresses (IP addresses)addresses) instead of physicalinstead of physical addresses.addresses. Example of IP addressExample of IP address 140.122.76.121 (4 Bytes)140.122.76.121 (4 Bytes)
14.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Transport layerTransport
layer The transport layer is responsible forThe transport layer is responsible for source-to-destination delivery of thesource-to-destination delivery of the entireentire messagemessage.. The transport layer is responsible forThe transport layer is responsible for breaking thebreaking the entire messageentire message intointo severalseveral packetspackets and delivery them to the networkand delivery them to the network layer.layer. The transport layer is responsible forThe transport layer is responsible for ensuring that the whole message isensuring that the whole message is transmitted.transmitted. If packets arriveIf packets arrive out of orderout of order, they must be, they must be reorganized.reorganized.
15.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Session layerSession
layer The session layer is designed to control theThe session layer is designed to control the dialogdialog between users.between users. TheThe synchronization (synchronization ( 同步的同步的 ) points) points divides a long message into smaller onesdivides a long message into smaller ones and ensure that each section is receivedand ensure that each section is received and acknowledged by the receiver.and acknowledged by the receiver. Most network implementationsMost network implementations todaytoday dodo notnot use a separate session layer, their servicesuse a separate session layer, their services are usually included in theare usually included in the applicationapplication layer.layer.
16.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Presentation layerPresentation
layer The presentation layer is concerned withThe presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics of thethe syntax and semantics of the informationinformation exchangedexchanged between two systems.between two systems. It deals with the fact that different systemsIt deals with the fact that different systems useuse different coding methodsdifferent coding methods.. Compress (Compress ( 壓縮壓縮 ) and decompress () and decompress ( 解壓縮解壓縮 )) datadata Encrypt (Encrypt ( 加密加密 ) and decrypt () and decrypt ( 解密解密 ) data) data Most implementations doMost implementations do notnot use ause a presentation layerpresentation layer today,today, their services aretheir services are usually included in other layer.usually included in other layer.
17.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Application layerApplication
layer The application layer enables theThe application layer enables the useruser to access the network.to access the network. It definesIt defines common applicationscommon applications thatthat can be implemented to make the jobcan be implemented to make the job of the userof the user simplersimpler.. Will be discussed later…Will be discussed later…
18.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 CATEGORIESCATEGORIES OFOF NETWORKSNETWORKS 6.36.3
19.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-3 Categories
of networks
20.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-4 LANs
21.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Local area
networkLocal area network Bus topologyBus topology When a station sends a frame to anotherWhen a station sends a frame to another computer,computer, allall computer receiver the framecomputer receiver the frame and check its destination address.and check its destination address. Star topologyStar topology Hub (all, like a bus) v.s. switch (one)Hub (all, like a bus) v.s. switch (one) Ring topologyRing topology When a computer needs to send a frame toWhen a computer needs to send a frame to another computer, it sends it to itsanother computer, it sends it to its neighborneighbor..
22.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-5 MAN
23.
Figure 6-6 WAN
24.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Wide area
networkWide area network WAN is the connection of individualWAN is the connection of individual computers or LANs over acomputers or LANs over a large arealarge area.. A person using a telephone line toA person using a telephone line to connect to an ISP is using a WAN.connect to an ISP is using a WAN. ISP: internet service providerISP: internet service provider
25.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 CONNECTINGCONNECTING DEVICESDEVICES 6.46.4
26.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-7 Connecting
devices
27.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-8 Repeater
A repeater is an electronic device and operateA repeater is an electronic device and operate only in theonly in the physical layerphysical layer of theof the OSIOSI model.model. A repeater canA repeater can regenerateregenerate the signal andthe signal and sendsend it to the rest of the network.it to the rest of the network.
28.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Repeaters operate
at the first layerRepeaters operate at the first layer (physical layer) of the(physical layer) of the OSI model.OSI model. Note:Note:
29.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-9 Bridge
30.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 BridgesBridges In
bus topology, a bridge is a trafficIn bus topology, a bridge is a traffic controller.controller. It can divide a long bus into smallerIt can divide a long bus into smaller segments so that eachsegments so that each segmentsegment isis independentindependent trafficwise.trafficwise. The bridge uses aThe bridge uses a tabletable to decide if theto decide if the frame needs to be forwarded to anotherframe needs to be forwarded to another segment.segment. With a bridge,With a bridge, two or more pairstwo or more pairs of stationsof stations cancan communicate at the same timecommunicate at the same time..
31.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Bridges operate
at the first twoBridges operate at the first two layerslayers (physical layer and data-link layer)(physical layer and data-link layer) of the OSI model.of the OSI model. Note:Note:
32.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-10 Switch—one
kind of dynamic bridge
33.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-11 Routers
in an internet
34.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Routers operate
at the first threeRouters operate at the first three layerslayers (physical, data-link, and network(physical, data-link, and network layer)layer) of the OSI model.of the OSI model. Note:Note:
35.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 RoutersRouters Whereas
aWhereas a bridgebridge filters a frame basedfilters a frame based on theon the physicalphysical address of the frame, aaddress of the frame, a routerrouter routes a packet based on theroutes a packet based on the logicallogical address of the packet.address of the packet. Whereas aWhereas a bridgebridge may connectmay connect twotwo segments of a LANsegments of a LAN, a, a routerrouter can connectcan connect two independent networkstwo independent networks..
36.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 GatewaysGateways AA
gatewaygateway is a connecting device thatis a connecting device that acts as a protocol converter.acts as a protocol converter. A gateway is usually a computerA gateway is usually a computer installedinstalled with the necessary software.with the necessary software. Today the termToday the term gatewaygateway is usedis used interchangeably with the terminterchangeably with the term routerrouter. The. The distinction between the two terms isdistinction between the two terms is disappearing.disappearing.
37.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-12 Connecting
devices and the OSI model
38.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 THE INTERNETTHE
INTERNET ANDAND TCP/IPTCP/IP 6.56.5
39.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 ProtocolsProtocols TCPTCP:
Transmission control protocol: Transmission control protocol UDPUDP: User datagram protocol: User datagram protocol IPIP: Internet protocol: Internet protocol FTPFTP: File transfer protocol: File transfer protocol SMTPSMTP: Simple mail transfer protocol: Simple mail transfer protocol POP:POP: Post office protocolPost office protocol HTTPHTTP: Hypertext transfer protocol: Hypertext transfer protocol
40.
Figure 6-13 TCP/IP and
OSI model
41.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-14 IP
addresses in dotted-decimal notation Network layerNetwork layer
42.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-15 Client-server
model Application layerApplication layer
43.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Client-server modelClient-server
model Client:Client: an application program running onan application program running on a local machinea local machine Server:Server: an application program runningan application program running on a remote machineon a remote machine A client requests a service from a server.A client requests a service from a server. The server program is always running,The server program is always running, and the client program runs only whenand the client program runs only when needed.needed.
44.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-16 FTP FTP
---- Client-server modelClient-server model
45.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 FTP --FTP
-- Client-server modelClient-server model FTP was designed to resolve twoFTP was designed to resolve two problems:problems: Different coding systems in useDifferent coding systems in use One machine may use ASCII, and other may useOne machine may use ASCII, and other may use UnicodeUnicode Different file formats in useDifferent file formats in use
46.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-17 SMTP/POP SMTP
---- Client-serverClient-server modelmodel
47.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-18 Email
address violet@ice.ntnu.edu.tw
48.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-19 TELNET--
a general client-server modela general client-server model Local login v.s. remote loginLocal login v.s. remote login TELNET is a general client-server program onTELNET is a general client-server program on the Internet that allow remote loginthe Internet that allow remote login
49.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-20 URL http://www.ice.ntnu.edu.tw/~violet ftp://140.122.77.121 HTTPHTTP
URL: Uniform resource locatorURL: Uniform resource locator A special kind of addressing using by HTTPA special kind of addressing using by HTTP
50.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 WWWWWW WWW:
World wide webWWW: World wide web Hypertext: home pageHypertext: home page BrowserBrowser Document TypesDocument Types Static documentsStatic documents Dynamic documentsDynamic documents Active documentsActive documents
51.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-21 Browser
52.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Figure 6-22 Categories
of Web documents Static documentsStatic documents HTML: Hypertext Markup LanguageHTML: Hypertext Markup Language Dynamic documentsDynamic documents CGI: Common Gateway Interface (Perl)CGI: Common Gateway Interface (Perl) Active documentsActive documents Java languageJava language
53.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 Key termsKey
terms Active documentActive document Application layerApplication layer BridgeBridge BrowserBrowser Bus topologyBus topology ClientClient Client-server modelClient-server model Computer networkComputer network Connecting devicesConnecting devices Data-link layerData-link layer Dotted-decimal notationDotted-decimal notation Dynamic documentDynamic document EmailEmail HTMLHTML HTTPHTTP InternetInternet Internet addressInternet address InternetworkInternetwork Internet protocol (IP)Internet protocol (IP) IP addressIP address LANLAN Lical loginLical login MANMAN ModelModel Network layerNetwork layer
54.
©Brooks/Cole, 2003 NodeNode
Node-to-node deliveryNode-to-node delivery OSIOSI Physical addressPhysical address Physical layerPhysical layer Presentation layerPresentation layer ProtocolProtocol Remote loginRemote login RepeaterRepeater Ring topologyRing topology RouterRouter SegmentSegment ServerServer Session layerSession layer SMTPSMTP Source-to-destination deliverySource-to-destination delivery Star topologyStar topology Static documentStatic document SwitchSwitch Synchronization pointSynchronization point TELNETTELNET TopologyTopology TrailerTrailer TCPTCP TCP/IPTCP/IP Transport layerTransport layer URLURL UDPUDP WebWeb WANWAN WWWWWW
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