1) ECTS credits are based on the workload students need to achieve learning outcomes. Credits can transfer between programs if the degree institution recognizes the credits and learning outcomes. 2) Institutions recognize credits by certifying that learning outcomes from another institution satisfy their program requirements. Recognition decisions are based on learning outcomes, assessment methods, and validation. 3) Due to program diversity, exact credit equivalence is unlikely, so a flexible approach to fair recognition is recommended over perfect equivalence.