PHILOSOPHY

1. Lecture 3
(History of the
Past)
Brief Historical
PHILOSOPHY
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2. THE PHILOSOPHICAL EPOCH
 ESSENTIAL POSIT:
 the identity of each epoch to which has
its own characteristics
 the evolutionary phase or development
of the human mind in the history
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3. Ancient Philosophy
 philosophical activities of the early Greek world
 operated over a period some 1000 years from
middle of the 1st millennium B.C to the middle of
the 1st millennium A.D
 Pre-Socratic period is characteristically
COSMOCENTRIC which speaks of non perceptible
items such as numbers, deities and universal kinds.
 Pre-Socratics proposed bold theories on the
largest possible scale
 the analysis and evolution of patterns of reasoning
and argument
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4.  the importance of understanding in the
pursuit of good life
 the need to analyze the nature of the
human person
 the importance of the concept of justice
in defining the nature of a political system
 they used their reason to understand the
world, without appealing to religion,
revelation, authority or tradition
 they taught other people to use their own
reason, and think for themselves
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5. MEDIEVAL PHILOSOPHY
 the term medieval refers to the Middle
Ages , the time in European history
between classical antiquity and the
Italian Renaissance, from about 500 A.D
to about 1350
 theocentric in its character
 during the decline of Greco-Roman
civilization, Western philosophers turned
their attention from the scientific
investigation of nature and the search for
happiness in this world, to the problem of
salvation and life in another, better world
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6.  the torch of civilization in Western Europe
was carried mainly by the Christian
Church, where thought were conducted
under the context of Christian doctrines
 by the 3rd century A.D, Christianity had
spread throughout the Roman Empire.
 The religious teachings of the gospels
were combined by the Fathers of the
Church with many of the philosophical
concepts of the Greek and Roman
schools.
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7.  The tendency of philosophers during this
period was to seek orthodoxy as well as truth.
Nearly all medieval thinkers- Jewish, Christian
and Muslim-were determined merge or
synthesize philosophy with religion.
 Islamic civilization performed the function of
preserving the culture of classical antiquity,
particularly the philosophy of Aristotle
 Their thoughts were mire imposing than
informative due to the prevalence and
dominance of paganism and barbarism
 Much of what we now regard as Christian
doctrine had its origins in Greek and
Hellenistic philosophy
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8. 1700-1900
1600
1500

9. Towards the EPOCH
1700 1800 1900
Industrial RevolutionFrench Revolution

10. Industrial Revolution
Renaissance
Reformation
Scientific Revolution
Civil Revolution
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
1700 1900

11. Middle Ages & Renaissance Period
1. Humanistic and devoted to history
2. Christian theology were taken up by
intellectual leaders
3. Humanism as the most significant
aspect of ancient philosophy

12. MODERN PHILOSOPHY
 characteristically anthropocentric
 RENAISSANCE and REFORMATION
 The Renaissance was a literary and
cultural movement that spread through
western Europe in the 14th and 15th
centuries
 Representation of the transitional period
for philosophy from medieval synthesis to
modern analysis
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13.  The 15th and 16th centuries were a period of
radical social, political and intellectual
developments.
 The explorations of the world, the Reformation
with its emphasis on individual faith the rise of
commercial urban society, and the dramatic
appearance of new ideas in all areas of
culture stimulated the development of a new
philosophical world view
 Reject the scholastics excessive reliance on
the authority of earlier scholars and
theologians
 Challenged ecclesiastical authority and
made individual believers responsible for their
own relation to God,
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14.  Renaissance thinkers proposed an
analogous elimination of all appeals to
authority in education and science
 Emphasized the value of the classics for
their own sake, rather than for their
relevance to Christianity
 Educational practiced was revolutionized
by the recovery of ancient doctrines, the
rejection of institutional authority and
renewed emphasis on individual freedom
 Philosophers drifted away from abstract
speculations in life after death and
developed an intense interest in the
visible world and in knowledge derived
from concrete sensory experiencePrepared by RPC 2014©

15.  Political institutions, ethical principles
ceased to be regarded as reflections of
divine command and came to be seen
as practical devices created by humans
 PHILOSOPHICAL VIEW: experience and
reason became the sole standards of
truth
 Conspicuous rise in the individualism and
secularism: the areas of humanism,
religious reformation, politics and
skepticism
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16. ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHY
 Term used to described the trends in thought
during 18th century before French Revolution
of 1789-1799
 The period of a new enlightened reason,
science and respect for humanity, ( rom
darkness and ignorance to light)
 New discoveries in science and the spirit of
cultural relativism
 The power of human reason, the us of
judicious reason, progress in knowledge, in
technical achievement and in moral values.
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17.  Most Enlightenment thinkers did not
renounce religion altogether, some
accept DEISM, the existence of God but
rejecting the practice of Christian
Theology
 Worldly happiness was placed before
religious salvation
 No fixed ideas but new methods of
thought, explored new ideas in different
ways
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18. 1700-1800
Mid 18th
Century
Capitalism
Civil Revolution
Industrial Revolution

19. French Revolution and
the Industrial Revolution
 the breakup of the old order—an order that had
rested on kinship, land, social class, religion, local
community and monarchy

20. CONTEMPORARY PHILOSOPHY
 Literally means “the philosophy of our
time”
Evolutionary Philosophy- the late 19th
Century
• Second half of 19th century was based more on biology
and history rather than mathematics and physics
• Shifted to new ideologies in science, politics and
sociology
• The growth of industrial prosperity, population and
urbanization
• Growth of working class, labor movement
• Advances in Science, increasing secularization (
transformation of society) and growth of materialism
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21. A New World Order- Transition
to the 20th Century
 Imperialism, industrialization and
advancements in technology and
production
 Rise of nationalism, militarism and political
alliances
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22. Made the biggest advances
on two fronts of philosophy:
1. Radical appraisal of the nature of human
knowledge – an attempt to understand the
human condition in a universe no longer seen as
created by God
2. Seeks to express allegiance to rigor and
precision, science, logical techniques and
perhaps most distinctively of all- careful
investigation of language as the best means of
investigating concepts
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23. THANK YOU!
REFERENCES:
Dr. Alex Tenorio: Lecture in Introduction to
Philosophy (2005)
Images: Google image
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