Ch01 history of pharmacy

Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
All rights reserved.
The Pharmacy Technician: Foundations and Practices
Mike Johnston, Karen Davis, and Jeff Gricar
The Pharmacy Technician
FOUNDATIONS AND PRACTICES
Chapter 1
History of Pharmacy
Practice

Figure 1.2
Ancient humans and medicine.
(Used with permission of Pfizer, Inc. Images by Robert Thom. All rights reserved.)

Ancient Mesopotamia
• Earliest known record of apothecary
practice, approximately 2,600 BCE
• Healers combined roles of priest,
pharmacist, and physician
• Clay tablets recorded symptoms of illness,
prescriptions, and instructions for
compounding remedies

Ancient China
• Legendary Emperor Shen Nung
researched the medicinal value of herbs,
testing many of them on himself,
approximately 2,000 BCE
• Shen Nung wrote the first Pen T-Sao, or
native herbal, recording 365 drugs
• In modern times, Shen Nung is still
worshipped as the patron god of Chinese
drug guilds

Ancient Egypt
• Two classifications of workers: echelons
and chiefs of fabrication
• Echelons were gatherers and preparers of
drugs, similar to modern pharmacy
technicians
• Chiefs of fabrication were the head
pharmacists

Papyrus Ebers
• Most important ancient pharmaceutical
record
• Written in 1,500 BCE
• A collection of 800 prescriptions;
specifically mentions 700 unique drugs

Ancient India
• The Charaka Samhita recorded more than
2,000 drugs
• Written as early as 1,000 BCE
• Meaning “compendium of wandering
physicians,” the Charaka Samhita was the
work of multiple authors

Ancient Greece
• Terra Sigilata, or "sealed earth", was the
first therapeutic agent to bear a trademark
• Originated in Greece before 500 BCE
• Composed of sacred clay that was
blessed, refined, shaped into uniform
tablets, impressed with an official seal,
sun-dried, and then distributed
commercially

Theophrastus
• One of the greatest early Greek
philosophers and natural scientists
• Observed and wrote extensively on the
medicinal qualities of herbs
• Known as the father of botany
• His unusually accurate observations and
writings date to about 300 BCE

Use slide of Figure 1.3, “Hippocrates of
Cos,” from the textbook
Figure 1.3
Hippocrates of Cos.
(Stock Montage/Hulton Archive/Getty Images.)

Hippocrates
• Greek physician who lived between 460
BCE and 377 BCE
• Known as the father of medicine
• Commonly regarded as one of the most
notable figures in medicine of all time
• Rejected the widely held views that illness
was connected to mystic or demonic
forces and positioned medicine as a
branch of science

Hippocrates (cont.)
• Published more than 70 writings related to
the practice of medicine and apothecary
• Hippocratic Oath: physicians pledge to “do
no harm”

Theory of Humors
• Connects personal health to harmony
among four bodily fluids, known as
humors
• Each humor also related to a mood or
personality characteristic
– Blood (happiness)
– Phlegm (lethargy)
– Yellow bile (irritability)
– Dark or “black” bile (melancholy)

Ancient Rome
• Mithridates VI developed poisons,
preventives, and treatments around 100
BCE
• Used himself and prisoners as subjects on
which to test poisons and antidotes
• During the first century CE, Pedanios
Dioscorides wrote De Materia Medica,
which was used by medical professionals
as late as the sixteenth century

Galen
• Practiced and taught both pharmacy and
medicine during 130–200 CE
• His principles of preparing and
compounding medicines reigned in the
Western world for 1,500 years
• His name still is associated with the class
of pharmaceuticals compounded by
mechanical means: galenicals

Use slide of Figure 1.4, “The first
apothecaries,” from the textbook
Figure 1.4
The first apothecaries.

Development of the Apothecary
• In 8th century, Arab practitioners
separated the arts of the apothecary and
physician
• The first apothecaries, or privately owned
drug stores, appeared in Baghdad
• Arab apothecaries developed new
medicines
• Traveling Muslims brought the new
system of pharmacy to Europe and Africa

Use slide of Figure 1.5, “The first
pharmacopoeia,” from the textbook
Figure 1.5
The first pharmacopoeia.

Development of the Pharmacopeia
• The first pharmacopeia, the Nuovo
Receptario, was published in Florence,
Italy, in 1498
• One of the earliest constructive
collaborations between the Guild of
Apothecaries and the Medical Society

The First Anglo-Saxon Organization for
Pharmacists
• The Guild of Grocers monopolized trade in
drugs and spices
• In 1617, King James I formed a separate
company for apothecaries

The First Apothecary in the American
Colonies
• Apothecaries from Europe were largely
unwilling to emigrate to the American
colonies
• John Winthrop, first Governor of
Massachusetts Bay Colony and founder of
Boston, sought advice from English
apothecaries and physicians

The First Apothecary in the American
Colonies (cont.)
• In 1640, Winthrop began selling imported
European medicines and medicines
derived from native New England plants

The 18th Century
• America’s first female pharmacist,
Elizabeth Marshall
• America’s first hospital, Philadelphia, 1751
– Founded by Benjamin Franklin
– The hospital’s pharmacy began operations in
1752

The 18th Century (cont.)
• John Morgan, pharmacist and physician
– Advocated written prescriptions
– Advocated for the independent practice of the
two professions

The 18th Century (cont.)
• America’s first Apothecary General,
Andrew Craigie
– Duties included procurement, storage,
manufacture, and distribution of the Army's
drugs
– Also developed an early pharmaceutical
wholesaling and manufacturing business

The 19th century
• America’s first college of pharmacy, the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy
• The American Pharmaceutical Association
– Founded to meet the needs for better
intercommunication among pharmacists
– Set standards for education and
apprenticeship
– Began quality control over imported drugs

Use slide of Figure 1.6, “The father of American
pharmacy, William Procter, Jr.,” from textbook
Figure 1.6
The father of American pharmacy, William Procter, Jr.

The 19th century (cont.)
• The father of American pharmacy, William
Procter, Jr.
– Graduated from the Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy in 1837
– Operated a retail pharmacy
– Served as professor of pharmacy for 20 years
– Was a leader in founding the American
Pharmaceutical Association
– Editor of the American Journal of Pharmacy
for 22 years

The 19th century (cont.)
• The United States Pharmacopoeia
– Published in 1820
– First book of drug standards to achieve
national acceptance
• The father of modern genetics, Gregor
Mendel

The 20th century
• The American Council on Pharmaceutical
Education
– Founded in 1932 to establish standards for
pharmacy education
– Initially established standards for
baccalaureate degree in pharmacy; added
the doctor of pharmacy standards as an
alternative

Evolution of the Pharmacist’s Role
• The traditional era (1900–1930):
formulating and dispensing drugs derived
from natural sources
• The scientific era (1930–1960):
development of new drugs; scientific
testing; mass production of synthetic
drugs and antibiotics

Evolution of the Pharmacist’s Role
(cont.)
• The Clinical Era (1960–1990):
pharmacists expected to dispense drug
information, warnings, advice, and
suggestions to patients
• The Pharmaceutical Care Era (current
era): practice of pharmacy focused on
ensuring positive outcomes for drug-
related therapies

Biotechnology
• Drugs are produced using living
organisms such as yeast, bacteria, or
mammalian cells
• The majority are manufactured through
recombinant DNA technology
– A human gene capable of triggering specific
protein production is inserted into a living
organism and cultured in a laboratory

Biotechnology (cont.)
• The majority are manufactured through
recombinant DNA technology
– The organism incorporates the gene into its
cell structure, and begins producing the
desired protein (drug)
• The majority of drugs being so developed
are tested for use in the treatment of
cancer or cancer-related conditions

Use slide of Figure 1.7, “DNA and
pharmacogenomics: The future of pharmacy,”
from the textbook
Figure 1.7
DNA and pharmacogenomics: The future of pharmacy.

Pharmacogenomics
• Predicts whether a patient will have a
severe, negative reaction to a prescribed
medication
• Simple, rapid DNA test used
• May aid in selection of better medications
for patient
• Still in development

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