Adaptive potentials: examples of increased vulnerability, and how we can support the forests potential for coping with such
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Presentation by Erik D. Kjær, University of Copenhagen Boreal and temperate forest, Forest Day 3 Sunday, 13 December 2009 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Adaptive potentials: examples of increased vulnerability, and how we can support the forests potential for coping with such
- 1. Adaptive potentials: examples of increased vulnerability, and how we can support the forests potential for coping with such => How to prepare for the future? Picea abies CSO, Silkeborg Erik D. Kjær Danish Centre for Forest, Landscape and Planning, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen
- 2. Native species still fit? Some European examples
- 4. Quercus robur and Q. petraea http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html
- 5. Betula pendula and Betula pubescens http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/welcome.html
- 6. Pinus sylvestris Danish origin Abisco origin
- 7. Health 1.5 1.7 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.7 Landrace 2.9 Landrace Landrace Landrace Landrace Landrace Health Baltic Scotland Danish field trial, NW Jutland. Source: Kjær og Barner 1998 Scotland Letland Oscarhamn, S Sæverås, N
- 8. Hypothesis: Forest tree species accommodate large climatic variation by local adaptation rather than simple phenotypic plasticity
- 9. Climatic extremes – not only average temperature and rain Photo: Jørgensen, 1999 Species trial after the storm in 3-12. 1999
- 10. New pests and diseases Competition with new species An example
- 11. Ash dieback Photos: Iben Thomsen
- 12. Genetic variation is present! 100 100% = All dead! 90 80 ---- 70 Crown damage (%) 60 --- 50 40 -- 30 - 20 10 + ++ 0 2007 1 2008 2 2009 3 Development 2007-2009, 40 clones, 25 replications, established 1998
- 13. Genetic variation is present!
- 14. We need to support adaptation! What and how? Darwin, Wallace and the Red Queen...
- 15. Darwin-Wallace: ’survival of the fittest based on natural selection’ ’Species evolve to fit specific habitats though natural selection according to their fitness’ ’Selection and isolation’
- 16. The Red Queen Theory Species must continuously evolve adapt to maintain their evoluationary relevance....
- 17. The Red Queen Theory
- 18. The Red Queen Theory
- 19. The Red Queen Theory ’It takes all the running you can do just to stay in the same place’ Species must continuously evolve adapt to maintain their evolutionary relevance....
- 20. What we have learned so-far on the trees ability to ’run fast’ • Genetic patterns of differentiation are pronounced • Potential for adaption seem large if management are based on sound genetic principles • Many aspects are difficult to predict – especially new pests and pathogens
- 21. Support continued adaptation- How? • Effective natural selection – Level of genetic diversity, Generation intervals, population sizes, Ratio: regeneration/Mature trees • Gene flow and migration– Seed and pollen at the landscape level, movement and testing of germplasm (genetic pockets) Researchers: we need to understand adaptation and the role of genetic diversity Managers: we need to protect, support en encourage genetic processes Policy makers: we need to apply a dynamic view of species and genetic origins
- 22. Acknowledgements