This presentation was delivered by CIFOR Director General Peter Holmgren to the Indonesian Heritage Society in February 2016.
The topics discussed include the history, causes, and eventual solutions to Indonesia's fire hotspots.
Call Girls In Faridabad(Ballabgarh) Book ☎ 8168257667, @4999
Burning issues: Global and local effects of indonesian haze
1. Peter Holmgren, Director General, CIFOR
16 February, 2016
BURNING ISSUES: GLOBAL AND LOCAL
EFFECTS OF INDONESIAN HAZE
2. OUTLINE
• Fires: Past & Present
• Indonesian fires: Hotspots & Media
• Causes
• Facts and Effects
• Toward solutions
3. CIFOR WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1993
- AN INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION WITH A GLOBAL REACH
CIFOR envisions a more equitable world
where forestry and landscapes
enhance the environment and
well-being for all
4.
5. HUMAN RESOURCES
240 staff representing dozens of countries
Network of Associates, 77 MOUs with partner orgs
13. FIRE MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES
PREVENTION IS MUCH MORE EFFECTIVE THAN SUPPRESSION
• Appropriate use and management of fire will promote
sustainable livelihoods
• Human health and security will be improved by minimizing the
adverse effects of fire
• The traditional uses of fire should remain as a practice for those
communities and be adapted to the current environment
• The destructive impacts of unplanned fires on lives, property and
resources should be minimized, if not totally prevented
• The interactions of climate change with vegetation cover and fire
regimes should be understood and appropriately considered
• Fire should be managed to ensure properly functioning and
sustainable ecosystems
• All fire management activities should be based on a legal
framework and supported by clear policy and procedures
• Multistakeholder approach, International cooperation,
Knowledge transfer
Source: FAO 2006. www.fao.org/forestry
17. WHAT ARE HOTSPOTS?
• Indications of fires from satellites
• Typically 1x1 km resolution
• Typically daily
• High probability but no certainty of
detecting fires
• Can not be used to estimate area
or intensity of fires
• Lower accuracy for less hot fires
(such as peat fires)
3 Oct 2015
19. WHY THE EMPHASIS ON INDONESIAN FIRES?
• Long-standing conflict in Indonesia between land development and
nature protection
– Conservation agenda vs. Development agenda
– Conflicts over land tenure and rights
• Climate change negotiations
– REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest
Degradation)
– Timing of the Paris conference in December 2015
• Peat fires make more smoke
– Singapore is located downwind
– More media attention
20. SIMPLIFIED STORIES OF HOTSPOTS AND CONCESSIONS
• Some reporting based only on
– Hotspots from satellites
– Plantation concession maps from Jakarta
• Simplified analyses
– Assumption that concession owners / corporations are the main culprits
and that plantations in general are bad
– Fuels a Northern environmentalism agenda
• Examples of headlines
– “613 hotspots found in pulpwood concessions within three weeks”
(EEPN 2012)
– “Palm oil companies must come clean on Indonesian fire hotspots”
(Greenpeace 2013)
– In a week Riau hotspots notches 1605 as 474 found in pulp
concessions (Eyes on the forest 2014)
– Illegal fires put 'sustainable' palm oil in the hot spot (EIA 2013)
22. HOTSPOTS IN CONCESSIONS? NOT THAT SIMPLE.
Fires: by whom
and where
Inside concessions Outside
concessions
By “corporations” 25%
By “communities” 23%
Illegal at
federal/
national
level
Source: Gaveau et al. (draft) Who is responsible for Indonesia’s fires in
concessions? Satellites can mislead: Policy makers beware.
33% of
Concession
used by
commu-
nities
52%
One in-depth study of fire proponents, draft findings
=100% of
361,000 ha
burnt area
studied
23. SO HOW DID MEDIA REPORT?
• Add picture of kalimantan here (irresistible news)
24. NORTHERN HEADLINES WERE OFTEN ABOUT
CO2 EMISSIONS AND HABITATS
• How Indonesia's Fires Made it the Biggest Climate Polluter (Bloomberg 29
Oct)
• Southeast Asia's haze crisis: A 'crime against humanity’ (CNN 29 Oct)
• How to Save Indonesia’s Forests (NYT 23 Oct)
• Indonesian forest fires on track to emit more CO2 than UK (The Guardian 7
Oct)
• South East Asia haze: Orangutans at risk in Indonesia fires (BBC 19 Oct)
• Indonesia- Massive Fires and Carbon Emissions (Canada Free Press (19
Jan)
• Haze threatens Singapore Formula 1 race (BBC 16 Sep)
• With Latest Fires Crisis, Indonesia Surpasses Russia as World’s Fourth-
Largest Emitter (WRI 29 Oct)
• Indonesia’s Fire Outbreaks Producing More Daily Emissions than Entire
US Economy (WRI 16 Oct)
26. THE HUMANITARIAN ASPECTS
• Indonesia haze fueling major health problems (CNN 28 Oct)
• Scientists warn of health damage from Indonesia’s haze fires (Reuters 12 Nov)
• South East Asia haze: Deadly cost of Indonesia’s burning land
• Life under Indonesia’s choking haze (Al Jazeera 9 Dec)
• Don’t inhale: Scientists look at what the Indonesian haze is made of (CIFOR 21
Oct)
But what is the media interest today?
Searches on “haze”
nothing in Jakarta Post, since late October 2015
The Straits Times, one article about air travel refunding January 2016
30. ROOT CAUSES OF FIRE
1. The fires are man-made
– They are agriculture fires!
– Representing agriculture investments
– and local development aspirations
2. Mismatch between sector policies
3. Tenure and illegal land market
– Unclear land tenure and in-secure
concession areas
– Illegal land transactions
– Conflicts: Community vs. state vs.
corporate
4. Bad practices of agricultural and
plantation development
– Corporate/contractors/workers
– Communities
5. Land politics
• Patronage network between business
and government
• Land politics for local elections
31. Village head & officers
$88 (13%)
Land claimant
$29 (4%)
Tree cutting $77(12%)
Slashing $96 (14%)
Marketing team $38
(6%)
Total Benefit
Slash & cut
$665/ha
Organizer $338 (51%)
Insecure tenure: Illegal land market
Source: Purnomo et al. Fire Economy and
Network in Riau: An analytical approach
32. Village head & officers $88
(10%)
Land claimant,
$38 (4%)
Tree cutting $77 (9%)
Slashing $96 (11%)
Marketing team,
$54 (6%)
Total Benefit
$856/ha
Organizer $486 (57%)
Burning $15 (2%)
Farmer cheap/free land $2 (0.2%)
Fire provides
benefits to some
people
Source: Purnomo et al. Fire Economy and
Network in Riau: An analytical approach
33. Village head & officers
$88 (3%)
Land claimant,
$38 (1%)
Tree cutting
$77 (3%)
Slashing
$96 (3%)
Marketing team,
$54 (2%)
Total Benefit
$3,077/ha
Organizer
$1567 (51%)
Burning
$15 (1%)
Cheap/free land $2
(0.1%)
Oil Palm development
$992 (32%)
Oil palm growing wage
$147 (5%)
Three-year oil
palm
Source: Purnomo et al. Fire Economy and
Network in Riau: An analytical approach
34. PATRONAGE NETWORKS
Social network analysis: Local elites/cukong who organize
farmers are the most influential actors in land transactions.
Connected to Corporate actors.
36. FIRE AND HAZE 2015
2.6 million ha of land burnt and
$15-30 billions of economic
losses
43 million people exposed to
haze
½ million victims of acute
respiratory infections
19 people reported dead
25,000 fire and security
personnel deployed to
suppress fires
38. TOXICITY
• CIFOR Scientists in Central
Kalimatan in October 2015
measuring toxicity
• Indonesia’s Meteorological Bureau
(BMKG) recorded record air
pollution levels of 2000 micrograms
per cubic meter (less than 30 is
healthy air)
• 200 micrograms per cubic meter in
Singapore for three days
39. TOXIC SMOKE FROM PEAT FIRES
The 2015 peat fires produced high concentrations of toxic carbon monoxide. Normal
concentrations are 100 parts per billion (ppbv), MOPPIT satellite measured in October
2015, CO concentrations >1,300 ppbv
Stevens and Allen NASA
CO poisoning include:
- Heart failure
- birth defects
Photo by Aulia Erlangga/ CIFOR
40. TOXIC SMOKE FROM PEAT FIRES
The 2015 peat fires produced unprecedented concentrations of Particulate Matter
(soot) in the air. Normal concentrations are 30µg m-3. BMKG measured concentrations
>500µg m-3 for two months, and peaks >2000µg m-3 for several weeks
Health effects include:
- lung cancer
- cardiovascular disease
- asthma
- birth defects.
Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika
41. Area Peat (ha) Non-peat (ha) Total %
Sumatra 267,974 565,025 832,999 40%
Kalimantan 319,386 487,431 806,817 39%
Papua 31,214 321,977 353,191 17%
Sulawesi 30,912 30,912 1%
Bali and Nusra 30,162 30,162 1%
Jawa 18,768 18,768 1%
Maluku 17,063 17,063 1%
618,574 1,471,338 2,089,912 100%
30% 70%
Hot spots, Oct 2015
(NASA 2015)
LAPAN, November 2nd 2015
Note that total area of Sumatra + Kalimantan
is 102 Mha, so about 2% were burnt in 2015.
Hotspot indications are visually exaggerated
SUMMARY OF AFFECTED AREAS
42. (84% on peat)
FIRES TARGET IDLE DRAINED PEAT LANDS
Gaveau et al. in review
Forest Cemetery in Riau: shrubs ands wood
debris: forest was cleared a few years prior
by massive illegal logging
Fire is a land clearing tool to expand
Oil palm agriculture in unproductive
areas
43. CALCULATING CO2 EMISSIONS FROM FOREST
CONVERSION TO OIL PALM PLANTATION
-
Flux change approach
11.8 ± 0.7 Mg CO2-eq ha-1yr-1, or
294 ± 18 Mg CO2-eq ha−1 over 25 yrs
Stock change approach
2221 ± 269 Mg CO2-eq ha-1
(maximum peat depth was 3 m)
Note:
C losses from multiple fires during
land preparation are not included
Net emissions from protected PSF
12 Mg CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1
46. A “wicked” environmental problem because...
• No easy or technical solutions, especially on peatland
• Lack of evidence on which solutions would be most effective
• Hotly contested, political issue, multiple scales, sectors and actors
47. PEATLAND RESTORATION AGENCY
Presidential Decree No.1/2016
Reports to the President, supported by
cross-sectoral Technical Expert
Committee including:
Provincial Governors
Director-Generals from Ministries
of Environment & Forestry;
Agriculture; Agrarian & Spatial
Affairs; National Development
Planning; Coordinating Ministry of
Economic Affairs
To restore 2 million hectares of
peatland by 2020 in Riau, Jambi,
South Sumatra, West Kalimantan,
Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan
and Papua provinces
48. SOME REQUIRED OUTCOMES
Direct
Drastically reduced
Conversion of forests into agriculture
Use of fire in agriculture
Cultivation on peatland
Improved
Opportunities for sustainable rural livelihoods and income
Indirect
Improved health
Reduced losses for businesses across many sectors
Reduced risks in food production
Improved markets and value chains for sustainable products
Reduced emissions of greenhouse gases
49. SOME POSSIBLE ACTIONS BEYOND RESTORATION
Public investments (fiscal policies to address needs of rural people -
schooling, healthcare, job creation, incentives for non-fire agriculture),
Engagement by banks and financial institutions to curb inappropriate
investments (Indonesia and abroad) by conditioning financial services,
Deeper engagement with/by corporations active in large-scale land use,
Easing bureaucracy and raising accountability of public institutions and
government,
Reforms of land use policies and spatial planning to reduce commercial use
of peatlands,
Targeted public awareness campaigns (education, TV, media, social
networks), to promote sustainable development perspectives, promotion of
alternative technologies/investments in agriculture, reforms of enforcement
practices
50. TAKE-HOME
• These are agriculture fires,
– they are man-made and
– keep coming back
• The attention span is short
• Impact on health and livelihoods are
the most serious
• Solutions must address a wide
spectrum of development issues
– and will take time
Number of international & regional recruited staff : 66
With 45 in HQ Indonesia and 21 outside Indonesia
Number of national recruited staff : 127
With 108 in HQ Indonesia, and 19 outside Indonesia
National Staff
Indonesian : 108
Burkinabe : 4
Cameroonian : 14
Peru : 1
Peatland Restoration Agency geaded by Nazir Foead, formerly of WWF Indonesia
Priority areas for peatland restoration:
Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan
Musi Banyuasin and Ogan Komering Ilir, South Sumatra
Kepulauan Meranti, Riau