Forests, ecosystems services and poverty alleviation - World Bank
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This document discusses ecosystems services and their relationship to poverty alleviation. It begins by defining ecosystems services and categorizing them into supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural services. While provisioning services are declining globally, countries are seeing increased human well-being. This is likely due to people adapting to loss of services through increasing tree cover on farms. This provides resilience against impacts of ecosystem degradation. The document argues for new policies and research paradigms that recognize complex land-use systems and support smallholder adaptation through incentives for landscape management and secure land tenure.
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Forests, ecosystems services and poverty alleviation - World Bank
- 1. Forests, Ecosystems Services and Poverty Alleviation Charting a new research agenda Peter Dewees Forests Adviser World Bank
- 2. What are Ecosystems Services? “….the benefits which people obtain from ecosystems” Millenium Ecosystem Assessment 2
- 4. Ecosystems Services Stocks and Flows 4
- 5. Ecosystems Services Ecosystem Services as commodities 5
- 6. Ecosystems Services …which increase human well being 6
- 9. Conventional Wisdoms and stylized facts Time Environmental degradation Humanwell-being 9
- 10. What is happening to ecosystem services? Trend Ecosystem Services Provisioning Regulating Cultural Declining supply Fuelwood, genetic resources, fresh water, global fisheries, wild foods Local climate regulation, erosion control, water quality regulation, pest control, pollination Spiritual and religious values, aesthetic value Increasing supply Crops, livestock, agriculture Global climate regulation Tourism Mixed trends in supply Timber, cotton Water flow regulation, disease control Recreation 10
- 11. What is happening to human well-being? 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 Human Development Index Europe and Central Asia Latin America and the Caribbean World East Asia and the Pacific South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa 11
- 12. Why is there a disconnect? Some hypotheses We are not measuring the right things 12
- 13. Why is there a disconnect? Some hypotheses The only services that really matters are provisioning ones 13
- 14. Why is there a disconnect? Some hypotheses There is a time lag between when ecosystems decline and when we feel the impact 14
- 15. Why is there a disconnect? Some hypotheses Technology and innovation have helped people compensate for the loss of services 15
- 16. What is happening in rural landscapes? • Global forest cover is both degrading and declining; Source: FAO (2005). State of the World’s Forests. 16
- 17. Forest loss and degradation Drivers of Deforestation1 4 32 5 17 6
- 18. What is happening in rural landscapes? • Global forest cover is both degrading and declining; • In rural landscapes, tree cover as well as the number of trees on farms is increasing. Source: FAO (2005). State of the World’s Forests. 18
- 19. Transitions are underway 19
- 20. Trees on farms are increasing. Why? 20
- 26. Technology and innovation? What we are seeing is adaptation to the loss of ecosystem services on a grand scale with profound impacts on poverty 26
- 27. Supporting adaptation How can policy most effectively support adaptation at scale? 27
- 28. Policies to create incentives for better landscape management Humbo Assisted Natural Regeneration Project, Ethiopia 28
- 29. Policies to create incentives for better landscape management Loess Plateau, China 29
- 30. Policies which secure local rights to land, trees and forests are important 1975 2003 Landscape recovery in Galma, Niger, over 28 year period 30
- 31. Policies which secure local rights to land, trees and forests are important Parkland farming systems in West Africa 31
- 32. Zinder, southern Niger in the 1980s Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration 32
- 35. Impact of a single Faidherbia albida on crop growth 35
- 36. Trees on farms can build resilience Faidherbia Trial Results in Zambia Maize Yields (tons per ha) 2008 2009 2010 With Faidherbia 4.1 5.1 5.6 Without Faidherbia 1.3 2.6 2.6 Number of trials 15 40 40 36
- 37. Investing in ecosystem services Conservation Agriculture in Zambia: 100 Faidherbia trees per ha 37
- 38. Trees on farms can build soil carbon Carbon sequestration rates under different land management practices (kg ha-1 yr-1) in Africa 38
- 39. Impacts would be huge if these systems could be scaled up Adoption of systems like Faidherbia and Gliricidia on an additional 5 million ha: Value of nitrogen fertilizer produced by farmers $500 million per year Amount of additional maize produced 5 to 10 million tons per year Value of additional maize produced $1 to $1.5 billion Amount of additional carbon captured 30 to 50 million tons per year (valued between $450 million and $1.25 billion) 39
- 40. Old research paradigms focused on the forest… These boundaries have strongly influenced the forest research agenda in the past, but… 40
- 41. … rather than on complex land- uses at scale … new areas of emphasis will become increasingly important 41
- 42. We need new ways of looking at land-use…. … which better recognizes the complexities of land use systems and the ecosystems services which support them Natural Forest 4.1 billion ha Crop Land 1.5 billion ha Pasture & Rangelands 3.4 billion ha Wetlands 1.3 billion ha Deserts 1.9 billion ha Planted Forest 0.3 billion ha 42
- 43. Data for informing policy 43
- 44. Key data quality challenges •Data should be representative •Data can be aggregated •Definitions are credible •Data is up to date •Data is policy relevant •Data is addressing the right questions 44
- 45. Poverty alleviation, forests and trees •Role of household environmental income with respect to: • Productivity and consumption • Risk and vulnerability • Equality 45
- 46. Poverty alleviation, forests and trees •Policies and public finance • How to support farmer-based adaptation? • Identifying other points of entry: social safety nets 46