Submit Search
Upload
Introduction and course schedule
•
1 like
•
572 views
Prabir Chatterjee
Follow
Panchayat Trg be
Read less
Read more
Education
Report
Share
Report
Share
1 of 21
Download now
Download to read offline
Recommended
3.5
3.5
Prabir Chatterjee
2.5
2.5
Prabir Chatterjee
1.4
1.4
Prabir Chatterjee
1.3
1.3
Prabir Chatterjee
3.6
3.6
Prabir Chatterjee
2.7
2.7
Prabir Chatterjee
3.4
3.4
Prabir Chatterjee
Drinking water
Drinking water
Suman Biswas
Recommended
3.5
3.5
Prabir Chatterjee
2.5
2.5
Prabir Chatterjee
1.4
1.4
Prabir Chatterjee
1.3
1.3
Prabir Chatterjee
3.6
3.6
Prabir Chatterjee
2.7
2.7
Prabir Chatterjee
3.4
3.4
Prabir Chatterjee
Drinking water
Drinking water
Suman Biswas
2.4
2.4
Prabir Chatterjee
Pratikraman (Abr.) (In Bengali)
Pratikraman (Abr.) (In Bengali)
Dada Bhagwan
Microbes-friends & foes-Sanjib Roy for class 8
Microbes-friends & foes-Sanjib Roy for class 8
SANJIB ROY
1.2
1.2
Prabir Chatterjee
MGNREGS - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
MGNREGS - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
MINTU DEBNATH
Social assistance programme
Social assistance programme
Suman Biswas
Rabindra drishtite practical vedanta
Rabindra drishtite practical vedanta
TARAKNATH TARAPHDAR
Class viii science -agriculcure
Class viii science -agriculcure
SANJIB ROY
Nrega
Nrega
Suman Biswas
Bengali Story - Amer meyebela
Bengali Story - Amer meyebela
Manojit Kumar Basak
Nsap
Nsap
Suman Biswas
Astabinayaka photo in words
Astabinayaka photo in words
Questkon Consultancy Service
Resource mobilization for gp employees(21st august)
Resource mobilization for gp employees(21st august)
Suman Biswas
Education
Education
Suman Biswas
1.6
1.6
Prabir Chatterjee
Fm for gp employees
Fm for gp employees
Suman Biswas
Brgf training g.p
Brgf training g.p
Suman Biswas
Fluorosis bengali
Fluorosis bengali
drdduttaM
Rural housing
Rural housing
Suman Biswas
Incremento de jornada laboral
Incremento de jornada laboral
Yohnny Carrasco
About me
About me
CierraBr
LE MORAL DES PROFESSIONNELS DE L'IMMOBILIER
LE MORAL DES PROFESSIONNELS DE L'IMMOBILIER
Monimmeuble.com
More Related Content
What's hot
2.4
2.4
Prabir Chatterjee
Pratikraman (Abr.) (In Bengali)
Pratikraman (Abr.) (In Bengali)
Dada Bhagwan
Microbes-friends & foes-Sanjib Roy for class 8
Microbes-friends & foes-Sanjib Roy for class 8
SANJIB ROY
1.2
1.2
Prabir Chatterjee
MGNREGS - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
MGNREGS - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
MINTU DEBNATH
Social assistance programme
Social assistance programme
Suman Biswas
Rabindra drishtite practical vedanta
Rabindra drishtite practical vedanta
TARAKNATH TARAPHDAR
Class viii science -agriculcure
Class viii science -agriculcure
SANJIB ROY
Nrega
Nrega
Suman Biswas
Bengali Story - Amer meyebela
Bengali Story - Amer meyebela
Manojit Kumar Basak
Nsap
Nsap
Suman Biswas
Astabinayaka photo in words
Astabinayaka photo in words
Questkon Consultancy Service
Resource mobilization for gp employees(21st august)
Resource mobilization for gp employees(21st august)
Suman Biswas
Education
Education
Suman Biswas
1.6
1.6
Prabir Chatterjee
Fm for gp employees
Fm for gp employees
Suman Biswas
Brgf training g.p
Brgf training g.p
Suman Biswas
Fluorosis bengali
Fluorosis bengali
drdduttaM
Rural housing
Rural housing
Suman Biswas
What's hot
(19)
2.4
2.4
Pratikraman (Abr.) (In Bengali)
Pratikraman (Abr.) (In Bengali)
Microbes-friends & foes-Sanjib Roy for class 8
Microbes-friends & foes-Sanjib Roy for class 8
1.2
1.2
MGNREGS - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
MGNREGS - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
Social assistance programme
Social assistance programme
Rabindra drishtite practical vedanta
Rabindra drishtite practical vedanta
Class viii science -agriculcure
Class viii science -agriculcure
Nrega
Nrega
Bengali Story - Amer meyebela
Bengali Story - Amer meyebela
Nsap
Nsap
Astabinayaka photo in words
Astabinayaka photo in words
Resource mobilization for gp employees(21st august)
Resource mobilization for gp employees(21st august)
Education
Education
1.6
1.6
Fm for gp employees
Fm for gp employees
Brgf training g.p
Brgf training g.p
Fluorosis bengali
Fluorosis bengali
Rural housing
Rural housing
Viewers also liked
Incremento de jornada laboral
Incremento de jornada laboral
Yohnny Carrasco
About me
About me
CierraBr
LE MORAL DES PROFESSIONNELS DE L'IMMOBILIER
LE MORAL DES PROFESSIONNELS DE L'IMMOBILIER
Monimmeuble.com
Gustavo téllez
Gustavo téllez
Tellez Gustavo
HAL : Retour d'expérience de l'Université Lille 3 par Cécile Malleret - MESHS...
HAL : Retour d'expérience de l'Université Lille 3 par Cécile Malleret - MESHS...
MESHS
Die Maske
Die Maske
human nation
Silva josé luis problemas de aprendizaje (2)
Silva josé luis problemas de aprendizaje (2)
jose luis silva maya
KEY-Unit 6 Quiz-0118
KEY-Unit 6 Quiz-0118
Thea Moore
Taxeo : la solution automatique de récupération de TVA étrangère lors des voy...
Taxeo : la solution automatique de récupération de TVA étrangère lors des voy...
lmeudec
challenge meccano 2015 tamponneuse
challenge meccano 2015 tamponneuse
jeanmoulinflines
Fnaim - Note de conjoncture Décembre 2014
Fnaim - Note de conjoncture Décembre 2014
Monimmeuble.com
Fòrum Àmbit Docència i Formació - L'activitat Professional del MIR
Fòrum Àmbit Docència i Formació - L'activitat Professional del MIR
Col·legi Oficial de Metges de Barcelona
Savoir etreprofessionnel
Savoir etreprofessionnel
Abderraouf HAMZAOUI
Le delta du danube
Le delta du danube
Corina Cristina Atofanei
P t1 tp1correction1
P t1 tp1correction1
Florence BOLOGNESI
Social Media auf der ganzen Welt
Social Media auf der ganzen Welt
Michael Ehlers
Europa Konsumbarometer 2014: Europas Verbraucher fordern das Beste aus virt...
Europa Konsumbarometer 2014: Europas Verbraucher fordern das Beste aus virt...
Vitamin B - PR im Dialog®
3. fórmula distribución de recursos educación superior.ppt 1
3. fórmula distribución de recursos educación superior.ppt 1
Presidencia de la República del Ecuador
Observatoire PROMOTELEC du confort dans l'habitat 2015
Observatoire PROMOTELEC du confort dans l'habitat 2015
Monimmeuble.com
James Albert
James Albert
fadyt
Viewers also liked
(20)
Incremento de jornada laboral
Incremento de jornada laboral
About me
About me
LE MORAL DES PROFESSIONNELS DE L'IMMOBILIER
LE MORAL DES PROFESSIONNELS DE L'IMMOBILIER
Gustavo téllez
Gustavo téllez
HAL : Retour d'expérience de l'Université Lille 3 par Cécile Malleret - MESHS...
HAL : Retour d'expérience de l'Université Lille 3 par Cécile Malleret - MESHS...
Die Maske
Die Maske
Silva josé luis problemas de aprendizaje (2)
Silva josé luis problemas de aprendizaje (2)
KEY-Unit 6 Quiz-0118
KEY-Unit 6 Quiz-0118
Taxeo : la solution automatique de récupération de TVA étrangère lors des voy...
Taxeo : la solution automatique de récupération de TVA étrangère lors des voy...
challenge meccano 2015 tamponneuse
challenge meccano 2015 tamponneuse
Fnaim - Note de conjoncture Décembre 2014
Fnaim - Note de conjoncture Décembre 2014
Fòrum Àmbit Docència i Formació - L'activitat Professional del MIR
Fòrum Àmbit Docència i Formació - L'activitat Professional del MIR
Savoir etreprofessionnel
Savoir etreprofessionnel
Le delta du danube
Le delta du danube
P t1 tp1correction1
P t1 tp1correction1
Social Media auf der ganzen Welt
Social Media auf der ganzen Welt
Europa Konsumbarometer 2014: Europas Verbraucher fordern das Beste aus virt...
Europa Konsumbarometer 2014: Europas Verbraucher fordern das Beste aus virt...
3. fórmula distribución de recursos educación superior.ppt 1
3. fórmula distribución de recursos educación superior.ppt 1
Observatoire PROMOTELEC du confort dans l'habitat 2015
Observatoire PROMOTELEC du confort dans l'habitat 2015
James Albert
James Albert
More from Prabir Chatterjee
Health System
Health System
Prabir Chatterjee
Safe water modified
Safe water modified
Prabir Chatterjee
Cycles in community health
Cycles in community health
Prabir Chatterjee
Medical Ethics Vivekananda Arogya Ddham
Medical Ethics Vivekananda Arogya Ddham
Prabir Chatterjee
Acute chest syndrome (sickle cell)
Acute chest syndrome (sickle cell)
Prabir Chatterjee
Comprehensive Primary Health Care
Comprehensive Primary Health Care
Prabir Chatterjee
Abhiskaar
Abhiskaar
Prabir Chatterjee
Cup that runneth over
Cup that runneth over
Prabir Chatterjee
Janani suraksha ii jcm
Janani suraksha ii jcm
Prabir Chatterjee
Maa ki suraksha jcm
Maa ki suraksha jcm
Prabir Chatterjee
Diabetic diet cmc
Diabetic diet cmc
Prabir Chatterjee
Ntui 18 12-2012
Ntui 18 12-2012
Prabir Chatterjee
Doctor and family!
Doctor and family!
Prabir Chatterjee
Nssk adibasi udj jetha murmu
Nssk adibasi udj jetha murmu
Prabir Chatterjee
29 th mela pratapur googowak' lagre enec competition
29 th mela pratapur googowak' lagre enec competition
Prabir Chatterjee
Nonadanga slum
Nonadanga slum
Prabir Chatterjee
Telephone 5 months dead
Telephone 5 months dead
Prabir Chatterjee
Malaria and kala azar ranchi 2012
Malaria and kala azar ranchi 2012
Prabir Chatterjee
Nest of corruption
Nest of corruption
Prabir Chatterjee
Hleg bengali
Hleg bengali
Prabir Chatterjee
More from Prabir Chatterjee
(20)
Health System
Health System
Safe water modified
Safe water modified
Cycles in community health
Cycles in community health
Medical Ethics Vivekananda Arogya Ddham
Medical Ethics Vivekananda Arogya Ddham
Acute chest syndrome (sickle cell)
Acute chest syndrome (sickle cell)
Comprehensive Primary Health Care
Comprehensive Primary Health Care
Abhiskaar
Abhiskaar
Cup that runneth over
Cup that runneth over
Janani suraksha ii jcm
Janani suraksha ii jcm
Maa ki suraksha jcm
Maa ki suraksha jcm
Diabetic diet cmc
Diabetic diet cmc
Ntui 18 12-2012
Ntui 18 12-2012
Doctor and family!
Doctor and family!
Nssk adibasi udj jetha murmu
Nssk adibasi udj jetha murmu
29 th mela pratapur googowak' lagre enec competition
29 th mela pratapur googowak' lagre enec competition
Nonadanga slum
Nonadanga slum
Telephone 5 months dead
Telephone 5 months dead
Malaria and kala azar ranchi 2012
Malaria and kala azar ranchi 2012
Nest of corruption
Nest of corruption
Hleg bengali
Hleg bengali
Introduction and course schedule
1.
fË¢nrZ pq¡¢uL¡
nrZ plL¡l£ ü¡ÙÛÉ LjÑp§Q£l fËd¡e d¡l¡u pLlZ ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ pw−k¡Se 1
2.
1z i¨¢jL¡ (Introduction)
x ¢h¢iæ fË¡L«¢aL J je¤oÉL«a c¤−Ñk¡−Nl L¡l−Z œ²jhdÑj¡e ¢hfæ fª¢bh£, S¡¢a, pj¡S J j¡e¤−ol S£he J S£¢hL¡ ¢eu¢ja r¢aNËÙÛ qu z Na L−uL cn−L p¡l¡ fª¢bh£−a ¢hfkÑ−ul pwMÉ¡ hý…e −h−s−R z haÑj¡e Smh¡u¤ f¢lhaÑe pwœ²¡¿¹ cªø¡¿¹ HC Lb¡C fËj¡¢ea L−l −k c¤−Ñk¡N J ¢hfkÑ−ul f¢lpwMÉ¡e BlJ h¡s−h Hhw B−l¡ −hn£ −S¡l¡−m¡ q−h z ¢hfkÑu j¡e¤o, S¡¢a ab¡ pj¡−Sl Eæ¢a ab¡ pgma¡−L dÆwp L−l z ¢hfkÑ−ul j§m L¡le…¢ml Efl −hn£ L¡S e¡ qJu¡u HC ¢hfkÑu…¢m Millennium Development Goal Hl ph−Q−u hs h¡d¡ q−u c¡¢sy−u−R z Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) 2005 - 2015 −a h¡dÉa¡j§mL i¡−h ¢hfkÑu fËi¡h−L Lj¡−e¡l Hhw Eæu−el HL¢V Af¢lq¡kÑ Ef¡c¡e ¢qp¡−h ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ−L (Disaster Risk Reduction) pjÙ¹ LjÑp§Q£−a pwk¤š² Ll¡l Lb¡ hm¡ q−u−R z ¢hfkÑu Ty¥¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ −Lhmj¡œ ¢h‘¡e£, f¢l−hn¢hc Hhw p¡j¡¢SL EæueL¡l£−cl L¡S eu z ¢ÙÛ¢aÙÛ¡fL BbÑ - p¡j¡¢SL Eæue fË¢œ²u¡−aJ ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLl−el i¨¢jL¡ Ni£l z i¡lah−oÑ f’¡−ua hÉhÙÛ¡ (Panchayati Raj Institution / PRI) qm NË¡jÙ¹−ll fËn¡pe hÉhÙÛ¡ k¡ Eæue LjÑp§Q£ h¡Ù¹h¡ue Ll¡l SeÉ °al£ z HC hÉhÙÛ¡ Nea¡¢¿»L L¡W¡−j¡l HL¢V n¢š²n¡m£ Ef¡c¡e z NË¡j J pj¡S Eæu−e f’¡−ua …l¦aÆf§ZÑ i¨¢jL¡ f¡me L−l b¡−L z HC L¡l−eC, ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLl−el e£¢a…¢m−L a«ej§m Ù¹−ll Eæue fË¢œ²u¡u p¢Çj¢ma Ll−a q−h z Hja¡hÙÛ¡u f’¡−ua pcpÉ Hhw hÔL B¢dL¡¢lL−cl ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ J Eæu−el p−‰ a¡l pÇfÑL pð−å pjÉL ‘¡e b¡L¡ clL¡l z HC fË¢nrZ¢ÙÛ¢aÙÛ¡fL ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ fË¢œ²u¡l SeÉ HL¢V …l¦aÆf§eÑ fc−rf z HFA −a J HC HLC Lb¡l E−õM B−R z HR¡s¡J ÙÛ¡e£u j¡e¤−ol AwnNËq−el Lb¡J E−õ¢Ma B−R z HC fË¢nr−Zl fË¢nrLNZ ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ pð−å p−Qaea¡ hª¢Ü J rja¡ hª¢Ül j−a¡ hs E−Ÿ−nÉl p−‰ S¢sa z HC pq¡¢uL¡¢V fË¢nrZf¢lLÒfe¡ ab¡ f¢lQ¡me¡u pq¡ua¡ Ll−h z f’¡−ua pcpÉ ab¡ hÔL B¢dL¡¢lL−cl fË¢nr−Zl SeÉ huú ¢nr¡l e£¢a…¢m Ae¤ple Ll¡ q−u−R z HR¡s¡J fË¢nr−Zl SeÉ Ae¤L¨m f¢l−hn, fË−u¡Se£u p¡jNË£, fË¢nrZfÜ¢a ab¡ fË¢nr−Zl j§mÉ¡ue pð−åJ E−õM B−R z 2z fË¢nr−Zl hªqv E−ŸnÉ (Broad Objectives of the Training) x • haÑj¡e plL¡l£ LjÑp§Q£ / fËLÒf…¢m à¡l¡ ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ J a¡l LjÑ−rœ pð−å p−Qaea¡ hª¢Ü z • rja¡u−el j¡dÉ−j ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L J hÉhÙÛ¡fe¡ pð−å j¡e¤o−L fËÙ¹¥a Ll¡ z • plL¡l£ cçl, −hplL¡l£ pwÙÛ¡, p¡d¡le j¡e¤o ab¡ AeÉ¡eÉ Awn£c¡l−cl j−dÉ pjeÄu p¡de à¡l¡ ¢hfkÑ−u fËi¡¢ha j¡e¤o−cl ¢hfæa¡ Lj¡−e¡ z 3z ü¡ÙÛÉ −r−œ fË¢nr−Zl ¢h−no E−ŸnÉ (Specific Objective of training - Health Sector) x fË¢nrZ−n−o AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢hou…¢m pð−å hÉ¡MÉ¡ (Explain) Ll−a f¡l−he - L) ü¡−ÙÛÉl j§m Ef¡c¡e…¢m ¢h−noax ¢hfkÑ−ul f¢lfË¢r−a BO¡a, jªaÉ¥ Hhw a¡l L¡le 2
3.
M) ü¡ÙÛÉ −r−œ
¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLl−el f¢lLÒfe¡ J l©f¡u−el SeÉ f’¡−ua ab¡ AeÉ¡eÉ Awn£c¡l−cl i¨¢jL¡ fË¢nrZ−n−o AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢hou…¢m fËcnÑe (Demonstrate) Ll−a f¡l−he - L) ¢hfkÑu f¢lfË¢r−a ü¡ÙÛÉ T¥y¢L…¢m ¢Q¢q²aLlZ z ¢h−noax p¡d¡le −l¡−Nl J Seü¡−ÙÛÉl T¥y¢L, Af¤¢ø, jq¡j¡l£, Sm plhl¡q, jmj§œ ¢e×f¢š J jn¡ / j¡¢R ¢eu¿»Z CaÉ¡¢c z M) f’¡−ua à¡l¡ T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLl−el f¢lLÒfe¡ J a¡ l©f¡u−el SeÉ ü¡ÙÛÉ −r−œ T¥y¢L…¢m ¢h−nÔoe J ANË¡¢dL¡l ¢i¢š−a p¡S¡−e¡ z N) ¢h¢iæ fÜ¢a / Ef¡u hÉhq¡l L−l ü¡ÙÛÉ T¥y¢L ¢h−nÔoe Hhw B¢dL¡¢lL−cl a¡ S¡e¡−e¡ z O) ü¡−ÙÛÉl pjÙ¹ Ef¡c¡e…¢m−L p¢Çj¢ma L−l ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊ¡Ê pLlZ f¢lLÒfe¡ °al£ Ll¡ fË¢nrZ−n−o AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢hou…¢m pjbÑe (Advocate) Ll−a f¡l−he - L) ü¡ÙÛÉ −r−œ p¤¤ - AiÉ¡p…¢m Ae¤ple à¡l¡ ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊ¡Ê pLlZ−L p¢œ²u Ll¡ z M) plL¡l£ fËLÒf / LjÑp§Q£…¢m−a ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ−L p¢Çj¢ma Ll¡ z 4z AwnNËqeL¡l£ (Participants) x HC fË¢nrZhªqv i¡−h ¢ae fËL¡l Awn£c¡l−cl à¡l¡ ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ l©f¡u−el mrÉ ¢e−u B−u¡¢Sa z • f’¡−ua pcpÉ • hÔL B¢dL¡¢lL Hhw • plL¡¢l Hhw −hplL¡l£ Ù¹−ll fË¢nrL HC ¢ae Ù¹−ll Awn£c¡l−cl fË−aÉ−Ll ¢iæ LjÑ−rœ J ¢iæ −h¡dn¢š² qJu¡u a¡−cl p¤Qe¡l ¤ fË−u¡SeJ ¢iæ z −k abÉ HC pq¡¢uL¡u −cJu¡ B−R a¡ pL−ml fË−u¡Se−L j¡b¡u −l−M °al£ z HLSe fË¢nrL ¢qp¡−h AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl p¢WL abÉ −cJu¡ Bfe¡l LaÑhÉ z plL¡¢l B¢dL¡¢lL−cl SeÉ hÉ¡MÉ¡ J −Lp ØV¡¢X B−R z f’¡−ua pcpÉ−cl SeÉ Ec¡qle ül©f ¢LR¥ f§−hÑ l©f¡¢ua OVe¡l ¢hhle£ Hhw fË¢nrL−cl SeÉ −k −L¡−e¡ lLj AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl SeÉ fË−k¡SÉ abÉ z A¢d−hne f¢lLÒfe¡l pju fË¢nrL AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl −h¡dn¢š² J fË¢nrZfË−u¡Se£ua¡l Efl ¢i¢š L−l Efk¤š² abÉ…¢m −h−R ¢e−a f¡−le z HL¢V fË¢nr−Zl SeÉ AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl BcnÑ pwMÉ¡ 25 Hl −hn£ e¡ qJu¡C i¡−m¡ z H−a fË¢nrL AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl k−bø eSl ¢c−a f¡−le Hhw B−m¡Qe¡…¢m AwnNËqej§mL qu z c¤C −b−L ¢aeSe fË¢nrL b¡L−m A¢d−hne…¢m i¡N¡i¡¢N L−l −eJu¡ k¡u Hhw HLSe fË¢nrL fË¢nrZ−cJu¡L¡m£e AeÉ fË¢nrLl¡ ¢LR¥re ¢hnË¡j f¡−he z a¡l¡ pL−m ¢j−m HL−œ −L¡−e¡ EfÙÛ¡fe¡, hš²«a¡ ¢Lwh¡ AwnNËqej§mL B−m¡Qe¡ Ll−a f¡−le z fËL«af−r ph−Q−u hs pñ¡hÉ pjpÉ¡ q−a f¡−l k¢c Hl¡ pL−m fË¢nr−e e¡ b¡−Le z AeÉ hs pjpÉ¡ q−a f¡−l k¢c fË¢nrZ−n−o AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ fË−u¡Se£u c¡¢uaÆ ¢e−a A¢eµR¥L h¡ ApjbÑ b¡−Le z a¡C fË−u¡S−e ¢LR¥ −hn£ pju m¡N−mJ AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl a¡−cl i¢hov c¡¢uaÆ pÇf−LÑ q¡−a - Lm−j ¢nr¡ ¢c−a q−h z 3
4.
nrZfܢa 5z fˢnrZfܢa J
Ef¡u (Method and Tools) Lb¡u h−m, j¡e¤o ¢LR¥ −n¡e¡l fl a¡l 20 % j−e l¡−Me, 40 % j−e l¡−Me - k¡ ay¡l¡ −c−Me J −n¡−ee Hhw 80 % j−e l¡−Me - k¡ ay¡l¡ ¢e−Sl¡ q¡−a Lm−j L−l −c−Me z HC Ec¡qle Ae¤p¡−l fË¢nrZfÜ¢a−a ¢hn¡m f¢lhaÑe Be¡ q−u−R z öd¤j¡œ hš²«a¡−L hÉhq¡l e¡ L−l j§max AwnNËqej§mL B−m¡Qe¡ Hhw c−m i¡N q−u L¡S Ll¡−LC …l¦aÆ −cJu¡ q−u−R z fË¡çhuú hÉ¡¢š²−L ¢nr¡ ¢c−a −N−m, fË−u¡Se a¡−L p¢Çj¢ma L−l ( Brikke 2000) a¡−cl f§−hÑl ‘¡e J A¢i‘a¡−L ¢i¢š L−l −nM¡ z p¤¤al¡w pÇf¨eÑ fË¢nr−e fË¡çhuú hÉ¡¢š²−cl ¢nr¡ e£¢a …¢mlC Ae¤ple q−h z −k p¡jNË£…¢m fË¢nr−e hÉhq©a q−h - a¡ à¡l¡ −ke AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ Ae¤Lm ¨ f¢l−h−n, −M¡m¡ j−e, ¢eSü fË−u¡S−el Lb¡ a¥−m dl−a f¡−le - −p¢c−LJ −Mu¡m l¡M¡ q−h z ¢h¢iæ fÜ¢a / Ef¡u −nM¡l p¤¤−k¡NJ AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ f¡−he, k¡ a¡l¡ flhaÑ£L¡−m AeÉ¡eÉ fË¢nrZab¡ LjÑ−r−œJ hÉhq¡l Ll−he - k¡l hZÑe¡ A¢d−hne f¢lLÒfe¡u −cJu¡ B−R z fÜ¢a…¢m pð−å pw¢rç ¢hhle£ e£−Q −cJu¡ qm z • c−m i¡N q−u L¡S (Group work) : HL¢V −R¡V c−m i¡N q−u L¡S Ll¡l HC fÜ¢a¢V hýh¡l hÉhq©a q−u−R z Hl à¡l¡ c−m M¤h p¤¤¾cl AwnNËqej§mL B−m¡Qe¡ qu Hhw fË−u¡Se£u abÉ…¢m M¤h i¡−m¡ i¡−h E−W B−p z pwMÉ¡u Lj AwnNËqeL¡l£ qJu¡u ¢nr¡l p¤¤−k¡N −hn£ b¡−L z • ¢g−l −cM¡ (Feedback) : HL¢V A¢d−hne pð−å AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl Ae¤i¨¢a, ¢Q¿¹¡ J ja¡ja S¡e¡−e¡l SeÉ HC Ef¡u hÉhq©a qu z HC fÜ¢al −j±¢mL ¢hou ja¡ja c¡e J a¡ −n¡e¡ / NËqe z −L¡−e¡ ja¡j−al Ešl −cJu¡l SeÉ eu z • ja¡ja fËL¡−nl SeÉ L¡−XÑl hÉhq¡l (Card) x AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl ja¡ja −mM¡l SeÉ fË¡uC l¢Pe L¡XÑ −cJu¡ qu z H−a pL−ml ja¡ja ¢m¢fhÜ q−u b¡L−m fË¢a¢ce fË¢a−hce −mM¡lJ p¤¤¢hd¡ qu z Hl à¡l¡ AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ ¢eSü d¡le¡, fËÙ¹¡h, CµR¡ / A¢eµR¡, EfÙÛ¡fe CaÉ¡¢cl fËL¡n Ll−a f¡l−he z f−l H…¢m−L −cJu¡−m / Q¡VÑ −ff¡−l ¢Q¢V−u ¢c−m flhaÑ£L¡−m H…¢m hÉhq¡l Ll−a p¤¤¢hd¡ qu z • Q¡VÑ −ff¡−ll hÉhq¡l ( Flip Chart) x −R¡V c−m i¡N q−u L¡S Ll¡l pju B−m¡QÉ hÉhq¡l ¢hou…¢m Q¡VÑ −ff¡−l ¢m−M l¡M¡ - M¤hC p¡d¡le Ef¡u z HR¡s¡J −L¡−e¡ L¡S EfÙÛ¡fe Ll−a Q¡VÑ −ff¡l M¤hC i¡−m¡ j¡dÉj z A−eL −r−œ −h¡−XÑl hc−m Q¡VÑ −ff¡−l B−m¡QÉ ¢houhÙ¹¥ / B−m¡¢Qa ¢hou…¢m ¢m−M l¡M¡ qu z Q¡VÑ −ff¡l hÉhq¡−ll pju −Mu¡m l¡M−a q−h −ke −mM¡…¢m k−bø hs j¡−fl qu - k¡−a c§l −b−L a¡ fs¡ k¡u z −mM¡…¢m −ke −p¡S¡ m¡C−e qu Hhw f¢l×L¡l q¡−al −mM¡ b¡−L z Sl¦l£ abÉ −mM¡l fl fË¢nrZL−r Q¡VÑ −ff¡l¢V pL−ml p¤¤¢hd¡l SeÉ V¡¢P−u −cJu¡ −k−a f¡−l z • â¥a ¢Q¿¹e ( Brain Storming) x HC fÜ¢a à¡l¡ ¢h¢iæ d¡le¡, hÉ¡MÉ¡ ab¡ EfÙÛ¡fe M¤h pq−SC a¥−m Be¡ pñh z AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl −L¡−e¡ HL¢V ¢hou pð−å QVÚSmÚ¢c ¢eSü ja¡ja ¢c−a qu z HM¡−e B−m¡Qe¡l pju b¡−L e¡ z HC ¢h−no fÜ¢a hÉhq¡l à¡l¡ ea¥e d¡le¡ ab¡ f¤l¡−e¡ LjÑp§Q£l pjpÉ¡l pj¡¡e a¥−m Be¡ k¡u z 4
5.
• A¢ieu (Role
Play) x −L¡−e¡ HL¢V ¢h−no L¡Òf¢eL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a−a AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ ¢e−S−cl ¢h−no −L¡−e¡ f¢lQ−u ÙÛ¡¢fa L−l A¢ieu L−le z HC fÜ¢a −k −L¡−e¡ fË¢nr−eC hÉhq©a q−a f¡−l z HL¢V ¢h−no p¡j¡¢SL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a−a I ¢h−no hÉ¢š² ¢Li¡−h BQlZ Ll−a f¡−l - a¡ Ae¤j¡e L−lC AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl A¢ieu Ll−a qu z ¢h¢iæ dl−el BQl−el hÉ¡MÉ¡ a¥−m dl¡l SeÉ H¢V M¤hC i¡−m¡ j¡dÉj z • NÒf / L¡¢qe£l hÉhq¡l x L¡¢qe£l fË¢a¢m¢f c−m ¢hale L−l ¢ce z AwnNËqeL¡l£ a¡ f−s h¤T−a Ae¤−l¡d Ll¦e z a¡−cl Hh¡l f§hÑf¢lL¢Òfa ¢hou…¢m−L ¢i¢š L−l EfÙÛ¡fe¡ Ll−a hm¤e z k¢c AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ AbÑ h¡ E−ŸnÉ e¡ h¤T−a f¡−le a−h a¡ AhnÉC hÉ¡MÉ¡ L−l ¢c−a q−h z • R¢h / ¢p−ej¡l hÉhq¡l (Photographs / Video) x AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl ¢e¢hø j−e A¢d−hn−el p¡−b k¤š² qJu¡l SeÉ a¡−cl f§−hÑ fËÙa ¢LR¥ R¢h / ¢p−ej¡ −cM¡−e¡ qu z ¥¹ 6z fË¢nrZf¢l−hn (Training Environment) x nrZf¢l−hn fË¢nr−Zl BcnÑ ÙÛ¡e: • j§m B−m¡Qe¡ Lr¢Vl Q¡lf¡−n c¤C −b−L fy¡Q¢V −R¡V Lr / Ol b¡L−m c−m i¡N q−u L¡S Ll¡¢V M¤hC pqS qu z k¢c −pM¡−e Aa…¢m Lr e¡ b¡−L a−h j§m fË¢nrZLr¢V−L −R¡V −R¡V Aw−n i¡N L−l −eJu¡ −k−a f¡−l z HR¡s¡J L−rl m¡−N¡u¡ h¡N¡e h¡ h¡l¡¾c¡J B−m¡Qe¡l SeÉ hÉhq¡l Ll¡ −k−a f¡−l z I ÙÛ¡−e h−p L¡S Ll¡ pñh ¢Le¡ - a¡ AhnÉC −c−M ¢e−a q−h z • k−b¡¢Qa fËk¤¢š²Na f¢lL¡W¡−j¡ −kje Sep¡d¡l−el SeÉ −V¢m−g¡e, C¾V¡l−eV, ¢hcÉ¥a plhl¡q, ¢p−ej¡ −cM¡−e¡l SeÉ fË−u¡Se£u p¡jNË£ CaÉ¡¢c b¡L¡ fË−u¡Se z fË¢nr−Zl ÙÛ¡−e fË−u¡Se£u hÉhÙÛ¡ e¡ b¡L−m B−N −b−LC a¡l ¢hLÒf ¢Q¿¹¡ L−l l¡M¡ fË−u¡Se z • h¡pÙÛ¡e J fË¢nrZÙÛ¡e L¡R¡L¡¢R qJu¡ h¡“e£u z • fË¢nrZÙÛ¡e¢V Sep¡d¡l−el k¡a¡u¡−al hÉhÙÛ¡l L¡R¡L¡¢R qJu¡ i¡−m¡ z k¢c a¡ e¡ qu a−h, AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl pju ja −fy±−R −cJu¡l SeÉ - k¡a¡u¡a hÉhÙÛ¡ L−l l¡M¡ fË−u¡Se z • fË¢nr−e j−e¡-¢e¢hø Ll−a, L−r −QyQ¡−j¢Q / q–−N¡m fË¢a−l¡d Ll¦e z • fË¢nrZL−rl L¡R¡L¡¢R ¢Q¢Lvp¡mu, g−V¡L¢f / fË¢a¢m¢f Ll¡−e¡l −c¡L¡e, ¢h−e¡c−el ÙÛ¡e CaÉ¡¢c b¡L−m i¡−m¡ z kMe k¡ fË−u¡Se - a¡ f¡Ju¡ k¡−h z fË¢nrZL−rl fË−u¡Se£u p¡jNË£ : nrZL−rl • fË¢nrZLr¢V k−bø hs qJu¡ fË−u¡Se z 15 S−el HL¢V c−ml SeÉ fË¡u 70 hNÑ ¢jV¡l ÙÛ¡e b¡L¡ clL¡l (10 ¢jV¡l X 7 ¢jV¡l) z • 25 S−el c−ml SeÉ Be¤j¡¢eL 150 hNÑ ¢jV¡l (15 ¢jV¡l X 10 ¢jV¡l) ÙÛ¡e b¡L¡ fË−u¡Se z L−rl j¡−T −L¡−e¡ b¡j / ¢fm¡l CaÉ¡¢c e¡ b¡L¡C i¡−m¡ z 5
6.
• fË¢nrZL−r B−m¡
- h¡a¡p −Y¡L¡l SeÉ S¡e¡m¡ b¡L¡ fË−u¡Se z L«¢œj B−m¡l −Q−u p§−kÑl B−m¡ A−eL −hn£ ü¡ÙÛÉLl Hhw Bl¡jc¡uL z S¡e¡m¡…¢m−a −j¡V¡ fcÑ¡ b¡L¡ fË−u¡Se k¡−a ¢p−ej¡ h¡ −L¡−e¡ fËcnÑe Ll¡l pju Lr¢Vl B−m¡ ¢eu¿»e Ll¡ k¡u z k¢c S¡e¡m¡ e¡ b¡−L h¡ L«¢œj B−m¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ b¡−L, B−N −b−LC a¡ −c−M −eJu¡ i¡−m¡ k¡−a fË¢nr−Zl pju −L¡−e¡ Ap¤¤¢hd¡ e¡ qu z • fË¢nrZL−rl BcnÑ a¡fj¡œ¡ 22 ¢XNË£ −p¢¾V−NËX (71.6 ¢XNË£ F) qJu¡ E¢Qa z HR¡s¡J −M¡m¡ q¡Ju¡ Bp¡l SeÉ k−bø hÉhÙÛ¡ b¡L¡ clL¡l z k¢c Air Conditioner hÉhq¡l Ll¡ q−µR - a−h a¡ f§−hÑC −c−M −eJu¡ fË−u¡Se z • Bl¡jc¡uL hp¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ qJu¡ clL¡l z HR¡s¡J −V¢hm / −Qu¡l…¢m q¡mL¡ q−m fË−u¡Se¡e¤p¡−l hp¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ f¢lhaÑe Ll¡ k¡−h z AdÑ−N¡m¡L«¢a h¡ Cw−lS£ "U" BL«¢a−a hp¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ Ll¡ ph−Q−u i¡−m¡ Hhw c¤¢V −Qu¡−ll j¡−T k−bø S¡uN¡ b¡L¡ i¡−m¡ z Q¡VÑ −ff¡l…¢m ØVÉ¡ä h¡ −cJu¡−ml p−‰ V¡¢P−u l¡M¡V¡C i¡−m¡ z AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl k¡−a ¢mM−a p¤¤¢hd¡ qu a¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ b¡L¡ clL¡l z • fË¢nrZL−r h¡C−ll BJu¡S e¡ Bp¡l hÉhÙÛ¡ Ll−a q−h z H−a AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ j−e¡−k¡N pqL¡−l fË¢nrZ¢e−a f¡l−he z • −f¡ø¡l, R¢h, Q¡VÑ −ff¡l CaÉ¡¢c V¡P¡−e¡l j−a¡ −cJu¡m b¡L¡ fË−u¡Se z j−e l¡M−he, Hph V¡P¡−a ¢N−u −cJu¡m¢V −ke −e¡ws¡ e¡ qu z • Lr¢V A¢gp, M¡Ju¡l Ol, −n±Q¡mu, b¡L¡l Ol CaÉ¡¢c −b−L L¡−R qJu¡ clL¡l z hš²«a¡l SeÉ hp¡l dle - 6
7.
c−m i¡N q−u
L¡S Ll¡l SeÉ hp¡l dle - 7
8.
7) fË−u¡Se£u p¡jNË£
(Material Required) : AwnNËqej§mL fË¢nr−Zl SeÉ ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma p¡jNË£ fË−u¡Se z k¢c HC p¡jNË£…¢m e¡ f¡Ju¡ k¡u a−h ¢hLÒf hÉhÙÛ¡ L−l l¡M¡ fË−u¡Se z fË¢a¢V A¢d−hn−el SeÉ Bm¡c¡i¡−h p¡jNË£ a¡¢mL¡ −cJu¡ B−R z HC a¡¢mL¡l p−‰ Hhw fË¢nr−Ll fË−u¡Se¡e¤p¡−l −p…¢ml hÉhÙÛ¡J L−l l¡M¡ clL¡l z EfÙÛ¡f−el SeÉ −h¡XÑ Q¡VÑ −ff¡l j¡LÑ¡l −fe l¢Pe L¡XÑ ¢fe l¢Pe ¢ØVL¡l −ff¡l −QV¡−e¡l SeÉ BW¡ Hhw −VfÚ Ly¡¢Q −ØVfÚm¡l L¡NS g¥−V¡ Ll¡l k¿» ¢LÓf −fe¢pm −fe M¡a¡ ¢q−ph Ll¡l SeÉ −LmL¥−mV¡l fË¢a¢m¢fl SeÉ A4 j¡−fl L¡NS LÉ¡−jl¡ fË¡b¢jL fË¢a¢hd¡e h¡„ A¢d−hn−el SeÉ fË−u¡Se£u AeÉ¡eÉ p¡jNË£ 8
9.
nrZf¢lLÒfe¡ 8) fË¢nrZf¢lLÒfe¡ Hhw
abÉ °al£ (Training Plan and Hand Out) : AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl fË−u¡Se J −h¡dn¢š² Ae¤p¡−l fË¢nr−Zl ¢houhÙ¹¥ °al£ Ll¡ q−u−R z fË¢nr−Ll c¡¢uaÆ A¢d−hne…¢ml j−dÉ pjeÄu O¢V−u AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl fË¢nrZ¢e−a pq¡ua¡ Ll¡ z HC pq¡¢uL¡l p−‰ ¢ae - ¢c−el fË¢nr−Zl pjup§Q£ −cJu¡ B−R z fË¢a¢V A¢d−hn−el E−ŸnÉ, j§MÉ ¢nr¡ CaÉ¡¢c p¢hÙ¹¡−l −mM¡ B−R z Hl p¡q¡−kÉ fË¢nrL A¢d−hn−el E−ŸnÉ J A¢d−hne −n−o AwnNËqeL¡l£l¡, −k j§MÉ ¢nr¡ m¡i Ll−h - a¡ pÇf−LÑ p−Qae b¡L−he z BlJ HL¢V pw¢rç pjup§Q£ B−R −kM¡−e fË¢nrL−cl e¡j…¢m ¢m−M ¢e−a q−h z pj−ul Q¡¢qc¡e¤p¡−l A¢d−hne…¢m−a f¢lhaÑe Be¡ −k−a f¡−l z k¢cJ HC pq¡¢uL¡ pL−ml Lb¡ j¡b¡u −l−MC °al£ Ll¡ q−u−R ah¤J f§−hÑ E−õ¢Ma ¢ae Ù¹−ll Awn£c¡l R¡s¡ AeÉ−cl SeÉ H¢V fË−k¡SÉ eu z A¢d−hne…¢m j§max AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl ‘¡e, cra¡ ab¡ BQl−e f¢lhaÑe Be¡l E−Ÿ−nÉC f¢lL¢Òfa z fË¢a¢V A¢d−hne ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢hou…¢m hÉ¡MÉ¡ L−l - A¢d−hne pwMÉ¡ A¢d−hn−el SeÉ fË−u¡Se£u pju A¢d−hn−el e¡j A¢d−hn−el E−ŸnÉ abÉ J a−bÉl Evp A¢d−hn−el j§MÉ ¢nr¡ A¢d−hne ¢hhle£ (¢j¢e−V ¢hiš²) fË¢nrZfÜ¢a fË−u¡Se£u p¡jNË£ Efk¤š² abÉ¡¢c A¢d−hn−el öl¦−aC AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl ¢hale Ll¡ −k−a f¡−l z k¢c fË¢nre¢V fË¢nrL−cl SeÉ B−u¡¢Sa a−h pÇf¨eÑ pq¡¢uL¡¢VC a¡−cl −cJu¡ −k−a f¡−l z a¡l¡ i¡−m¡i¡−h fs¡l fl B−m¡QÉ ¢hou Hhw fË¢nrZfÜ¢a pð−å a¡−cl ja¡ja −c−he z fË¢nrZQm¡L¡m£e a¡l¡ ¢eS - ¢eS d¡le¡ EfÙÛ¡fe Ll−he z 9) A¢d−hn−el fËÙ¹¥¢al SeÉ ¢LR¥ d¡le¡ (Tips for Preparation of the sessions) : fc−rf d¡le¡ ¢hou 1 A¢d−hn−el Hl à¡l¡ A¢d−hn−el f¢l¢d ab¡ ¢houhÙ¹¥l fË−u¡Se£ua¡ −h¡T¡ k¡−h z E−ŸnÉ…¢m −h¡T¡ J fË¢nrL h¤T−a f¡l−he, AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl p−‰ L£ L£ B−m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ j−e l¡M¡ clL¡l z 2 A¢d−hn−el j§MÉ fË¢a¢V A¢d−hn−el E−ŸnÉC qm, A¢d−hn−el j§MÉ ¢nr¡…¢m ¢nr¡…¢m −h¡T¡ J AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl L¡−R −f±y−R −cJu¡ z fË¢nrL j§MÉ ¢nr¡…¢m hš²hÉ j−e l¡M¡ BL¡−l ¢m−M l¡M−a f¡−le z A¢d−hne Qm¡L¡m£e, mrÉ l¡M−a q−h −k j§MÉ ¢nr¡…¢m ¢WLj−a¡ hm¡ q−µR ¢Le¡ z 9
10.
3
A¢d−hne AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl ¢nr¡Na −k¡NÉa¡, −h¡dn¢š² CaÉ¡¢c−L j¡b¡u −l−M f¢lQ¡me¡l fÜ¢a¢V A¢d−hne f¢lQ¡me¡l fÜ¢a¢V h¡R−a q−h z fË¢nrL −ke fÜ¢a¢V −h¡T¡ ¢WLj−a¡ lç L−l b¡−Le Hhw j§MÉ ¢nr¡…¢m ¢WLj−a¡ hm−a f¡−le - a¡ p¤¤¢e¢ÕQa Ll¡ clL¡l z 4 abÉ¡¢c ab¡ fËcnÑe A¢d−hne öl¦ Ll¡l B−NC pjÙ¹ abÉ¡¢c, p¡jNË£ Hhw fËcnÑe q¡−al °al£ l¡M¤e L¡−R l¡M¤e z H−a fË¢nr−Zl …eNa j¡e h¡s−h z 5 A¢d−hne A¢d−hne f¢lLÒfe¡¢V ¢j¢e−V ¢j¢e−V i¡N L−l −cJu¡u A¢d−hne f¢lQ¡me¡l f¢lQ¡me¡u p¤¤¢hd¡ q−h z ¢e¢cÑø pj−u A¢d−hne −no Ll−aJ p¤¢¤ hd¡ f¢lLÒfe¡ L−l q−h z f¢lLÒfe¡u A¢d−hn−el p§Qe¡, f¢lQ¡me¡ J p¡l¡wn pð−å l¡M¤e hÉ¡MÉ¡ b¡L¡u A¢d−hne f¢lQ¡me¡ pqS q−h z p¢WL J a£rÁ fË−nÀl j¡dÉ−j AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl j¿¹hÉ NËq−el f¢lLÒfe¡ B−N −b−LC L−l l¡M−a q−h z 6 fs¡ A¢d−hne f¢lQ¡me¡ fÜ¢a Hhw j§MÉ ¢nr¡…¢ml f¢l−fË¢r−a −k abÉ¡¢c pq¡¢uL¡u −cJu¡ B−R - a¡ f−s ¢ee z H−a AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl fË−nÀl Sh¡h ¢c−a p¤¤¢hd¡ q−h Hhw A¢d−hne f¢lQ¡me¡l j¡e Eæue q−h z 7 AiÉ¡p k¢c Bf¢e fËbjh¡l fË¢nrZ¢c−µRe ¢Lwh¡ −L¡−e¡ HL¢V fÜ¢a fËbjh¡l hÉhq¡l Ll−a Q−m−Re, a−h AhnÉC a¡ AiÉ¡p L−l ¢ee z H−a Bfe¡l fË¢nrZ¢c−a p¤¤¢hd¡ q−h z 10) j§mÉ¡ue (Evaluation) : AeÉ¡eÉ L¡−Sl j−a¡C, j§mÉ¡ue qm fË¢nr−Zl Af¢lq¡kÑ L¡S z j§mÉ¡u−el j¡dÉ−j fË¢nr−Ll LjÑrja¡l Eæ¢al fË−u¡Se, fË−u¡Se£u p¡jNË£l plhl¡q Hhw AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl Efl fË¢nr−Zl ¢L fËi¡h - a¡ pð−å S¡e¡ k¡u z j§mÉ¡ue−L j§max c¤Ci¡−N i¡N Ll¡ q−u−R z fË¢a¢eua fË¢nrZfË¢œ²u¡u Eæ¢a Be¡l SeÉ fË¢a¢ce j§mÉ¡ue Hhw fË¢nre¢V−L CµR¡e¤l©f j¡ec−ä E¢æa Ll−a ¢ae¢c−el fË¢nrZ−n−o HL¢V j§mÉ¡ue z fË¢nrZj§mÉ¡u−el SeÉ ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma fÜ¢a…¢ml Lb¡ p¤¤f¡¢ln Ll¡ q−u b¡−L z ¢hÙ¹¡¢la hÉ¡MÉ¡l SeÉ A¢d−hne f¢lLÒfe¡ −cM¤e z • fË¢a¢c−el j§mÉ¡ue • j¡e¢pL f¢l¢ÙÛ¢a j§mÉ¡ue (Mood Meter) • AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl à¡l¡ B−Nl ¢c−el A¢d−hne pð−å f¤el¡−m¡Qe¡ • fË¢nrZj§mÉ¡ue p¡lZ£ (Form) 10
11.
fË¢nr−e L£ L£
LlZ£u J L£ L£ Ll¡ E¢Qa eu ? LlZ£u −k −L¡−e¡ fË¢nr−Zl SeÉC ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢hou…¢m j¡b¡u l¡M¡ clL¡l - LlZ£u LlZ£u : AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl −Q¡−Ml ¢c−L a¡¢L−u Lb¡ hm−a q−h z B−N −b−LC k−bø fËÙ¹¥¢a ¢e−a q−h z AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl p¢eÈ¢ma Ll−a q−h z cªnÉ, R¢h, ¢p−ej¡l hÉhq¡l Ll−a q−h z f¢l×L¡l i¡o¡u J d£−l Lb¡ hm−a q−h z k−bø −S¡−l Lb¡ hm−a q−h −ke pL−m öe−a f¡u z AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl fËnÀ Ll−a Evp¡¢qa Ll−a q−h z fË¢a¢V A¢d−hn−el −n−o p¡l¡wn J f¤el¡−m¡Qe¡ Ll−a q−h z HL¢V A¢d−hn−el p−‰ AeÉ¢Vl ¢WLj−a¡ pjeÄu Ll−a q−h z pLm−L p¢œ²u AwnNËq−el SeÉ Evp¡¢qa Ll−a q−h z −h¡XÑ / Q¡VÑ −ff¡−l −mM¡l pju hs Hhw f¢l×L¡l L−l ¢mM−a q−h z p¡l¡wn hÉ¡MÉ¡ Ll−a q−h z B−m¡QÉ ¢hou…¢m k¤¢š²k¤š²i¡−h p¡S¡−a q−h z pj−ul p¢WL hÉhq¡l Ll−a q−h z ¢hou…¢m−L pqS−h¡dÉ L−l hm−a q−h z fË−u¡Se Ae¤p¡−l ¢e−Sl j¿¹hÉ ¢ce z cªnÉ, R¢h, ¢p−ej¡ Hje ÙÛ¡−e −cM¡−a q−h −ke pL−m −cM−a f¡u z BQle k¡ AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl M¡l¡f m¡N−a f¡−l h¡ k¡ a¡−cl jepw−k¡N eø Ll−a f¡−l - a¡ Ll¡ k¡−h e¡ z AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl n¡l£¢lL A¢ihÉ¢š² −h¡T¡l J a¡l fË¢a pS¡N b¡L−a q−h z c−m i¡N q−u L¡S Ll¡l pju AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl L¡−S jepw−k¡N Ll−a p¡q¡kÉ Ll¦e z Øfø ¢e−cÑn ¢c−a q−h z Bfe¡l ¢e−cÑn…¢m pL−m h¤−T−R ¢Le¡ - a¡ fl£r¡ L−l ¢e−a q−h z A¢d−hne −n−o j§mÉ¡ue Ll−a q−h z °dkÑ pqL¡−l fË¢nrZf¢lQ¡me¡ Ll−a q−h z LlZ£u k¡ LlZ£u eu X Q¡VÑ −ff¡−ll ¢c−L a¡¢L−u Lb¡ hm−he e¡ z X cªnÉ, R¢h, ¢p−ej¡l p¡j−e cy¡¢s−u Lb¡ hm−he e¡ z X HLC ÙÛ¡−e cy¡¢s−u Lb¡ hm−he e¡ - fË¢nrZL−r ¢h¢iæ ÙÛ¡−e O¤−l Lb¡ hm−a q−h z X AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl j¿¹hÉ−L E−fr¡ Ll−he e¡ (hm¡ h¡ e¡ hm¡ / Cn¡l¡ / C¢‰a) z X f¡WÉœ²j −b−L f−s −n¡e¡−he e¡ z X AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl p−‰ −S¡−l / ¢QvL¡l L−l Lb¡ hm−he e¡ z 11
12.
12) 12) fË¢nr−Zl pjup§Q£
(Training Schedule) : A¢d−hne pju A¢d−hne A¢d−hn−el j§m ¢nr¡ fË¢nrZfÜ¢a nrZfÜ¢a pwMÉ¡ fËbj ¢ce 1 .1 60 ¢j¢eV p§Qe¡, AiÉbÑe¡ J f¢lQu fhÑ AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ HC fË¢nr−Zl E−ŸnÉ B−u¡S−Ll hš²«a¡ / hš²hÉ J f¢lhaÑ£L¡−ml L¡−Sl p−‰ c¤C S−el c−m ¢hiš² q−u fË¢nr−Zl pÇfLÑ¢V h¤T−a f¡l−he H−L Af−ll f¢lQu fËc¡e AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ H−L Af−ll p−‰ fË¢nr−Ll hš²hÉ ab¡ fË¢nr−Ll p−‰ f¢l¢Qa q−he L¡−XÑ ¢m¢fhÜ L−l −cJu¡−m fË¢nr−Zl ¢hou, fÜ¢a J p¤−k¡N ¤ V¡P¡−e¡ pð−å pL−m AhNa q−he 1 .2 30 ¢j¢eV ¢hfkÑu J Eæu−el pÇfLÑ j¡eh −L¢¾cÊL Eæu−el d¡le¡ Ae¤k¡u£, â¥a ¢Q¿¹e j¡e¤o ¢e−Sl Eæue p¡d−e j§MÉ i¨¢jL¡ cª−nÉl j¡dÉ−j ¢hou hÙ¹¥l f¡me L−l z hZÑe¡ j¡eh −L¢¾cÊL Eæue fË¢œ²u¡u AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl j−dÉ j¡eh¡¢dL¡l ¢i¢šL L¡kÑfe¡m£C Ë B−m¡Qe¡ (Right Based Approach) qm j¤MÉ ¢hou…¢ml pw¢rçLlZ j§MÉ z pj−ul ANËN¢al p¡−b S£he d¡l−Zl j¡e Eæ¢a Ll¡ J jkÑ¡c¡l p¡−b −hy−Q b¡L¡C qm Eæue z hý L−ø A¢SÑa Eæue ¢hfkÑ−ul L¡l−Z eø q−u k¡u z c§−kÑ¡N J ¢hfæa¡l ¢jme ¢hfkÑu 12
13.
−X−L B−e z
haÑj¡e ¢hfæa¡l p¡−b pj¡−Sl haÑj¡e rja¡, pj¡−Sl Efl Ty¢¥ Ll dle J j¡œ¡ ¢eZÑ−u …l¦aÆf§ZÑ i¨¢jL¡ f¡me L−l z (c§−kÑ¡N × ¢hfæa¡) / rja¡ = Ty¢¥ Ll j¡œ¡ 1 .3 90 ¢j¢eV p¤¤l¢ra pj¡S NW−el L¡S ¢ÙÛ¢aÙÛ¡fL pj¡S NW−el °h¢nøÉ AwnNËqej§mL B−m¡Qe¡ (Resilient Community) c−m i¡N q−u L¡S Ll¡ L¡−Sl j§MÉ Hm¡L¡ …¢m ¢Q¢q²aLlZ ¢hfkÑu qÊÊ¡pLlZ ab¡ Eæue L¡−Sl j§MÉ ¢hou¢i¢šL HL¡m¡…¢m ¢Q¢q²aLlZ 1 .4 125 ¢j¢eV ¢ÙÛ¢aÙÛ¡fL pj¡S NW−e n¡pehÉhÙÛ¡ L¡−L h−m a¡ −h¡T¡ Hhw B−m¡Qe¡ f’¡−u−al i¨¢jL¡ Hl °h¢nøÉ…−m¡ S¡e¡ Fig 1 −L −c¢M−u hZÑe¡ f’¡−ua hÉhÙÛ¡l NWe fË−aÉ−Ll hÉ¢š²Na a¡¢mL¡ ¢hfkÑu Ty¥¢L qÊÊ¡pLl−Z NË¡j f’¡−u−al h¡e¡−e¡ i¨¢jL¡ hZÑe¡ 1 .5 75 ¢j¢eV ü¡ÙÛÉ Hhw ¢hfkÑu Ty¥¢L ü¡ÙÛÉ qm Hje HL¢V AhÙÛ¡ kMe â¥a ¢Q¿¹e qÊÊ¡pLlZ j¡e¤o n¡¢ll£L, j¡e¢pL, p¡j¡¢SL ab¡ cª−nÉl hÉhq¡l BdÉ¡¢aÈL i¡−h i¡−m¡ b¡−L z F- Diagram cª−nÉl hÉhq¡l −l¡Nj¤š² b¡L¡V¡C ü¡ÙÛÉ eu z fËnÀ Eš−ll j¡dÉ−j ü¡ÙÛÉ f¢l−oh¡u ¢hfkÑu Ty¢¥ L AwnNËqZj§mL B−m¡Qe¡ 13
14.
qÊÊ¡pLl−Zl Ef¡c¡e…¢m qm
- ü¡ÙÛÉ hÉhÙÛ¡, ü¡ÙÛÉ hÉhÙÛ¡l NWe/L¡W¡−j¡ ab¡ pwœ²¡jL Hhw Apwœ²¡jL hÉ¡¢d ¢eu¿»Z z f¢ÕQjh−‰l ü¡ÙÛÉ hÉhÙÛ¡ J a¡l NWe pÇf−LÑ S¡e¡ Sl¦l£ z M¡cÉ J j−ml j¡dÉ−j ¢Li¡−h −l¡N Rs¡u Hhw ¢Li¡−h a¡ fË¢a−l¡d Ll¡ k¡u; k¡−a Seü¡−ÙÛÉl Ty¥¢L Lj−h z 1 .6 45 ¢j¢eV ü¡ÙÛÉ Ty¥¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ hÉhÙÛ¡ ¢hfkÑ−ul f−l, ü¡ÙÛÉ HL¢V hs â¥a ¢Q¿¹e E−à−Nl L¡lZ hÉ¡MÉ¡ Ty¥¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ hÉhÙÛ¡ ¢hfkÑ−ul f−l R¢h / p¡lZ£ / a¡¢mL¡ Seü¡−ÙÛÉl Efl Bp£e fËi¡h…¢m−L hÉhq¡l Lj¡u z p¡lZ£ hÉhq¡l 1 .7 60 ¢j¢eV pwœ²¡jL hÉ¡¢d f¢ÕQjh−‰ Seü¡ÙÛÉ ¢houL ¢LR¥ L¡−XÑl j¡dÉ−j cmNa L¡S pwœ²¡jL hÉ¡¢d…¢m qm - X¡C¢lu¡, q¡a −d¡Ju¡ AiÉ¡p ¢eE−j¡¢eu¡, jÉ¡−m¢lu¡, q¡j, kr¡ z R¢h à¡l¡ hÉ¡MÉ¡ HC hÉ¡¢d…¢ml fËd¡e mre J EfpNÑ VIDEO X¡C¢lu¡ fË¢a−l¡−dl ¢h¢iæ Ef¡u eSlc¡l£ fËe¡m£ L¡−Sl SeÉ abÉ plhl¡q Ll−he 1 .8 15 ¢j¢eV ¢g−l −cM¡ (Feed Back) AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl A¢d−hne, fË¢nrZ, j¿¹hÉ pwNËq fË¢nrZ hÉhÙÛ¡ CaÉ¡¢c ¢ho−u j¿¹hÉ j¿¹hÉ…¢m pLm−L S¡e¡−e¡ 14
15.
Ll¡l A¢dL¡l B−R
z AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl CµR¡e¤p¡−l fË¢nr−Zl N¢a, hÉ¡MÉ¡l dle CaÉ¡¢c−a f¢lhaÑ−el j¡dÉ−j fË¢nre−L B−l¡ Eæa Ll¡ −k−a f¡−l z fË¢nrZ f¢lQ¡mL c−ml (TMT) pcpÉl¡ pL−ml j¿¹hÉ pwNËq L−l a¡ fË¢nrL−cl p−‰ B−m¡Qe¡l à¡l¡ ea¥e ¢nr¡ ASÑe Ll−h z ¢àa£u ¢ce 2 .1 30 ¢j¢eV fËbj ¢c−el j§m ¢nr¡…¢ml B−Nl ¢c−el j§m ¢nr¡…¢ml TMT ¢eeÑu Ll−h - −L¡e f¤el¡−m¡Qe¡ f¤el¡−m¡Qe¡l j¡dÉ−j AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ fÜ¢a a¡l¡ Ae¤plZ Ll−h ¢nr¡…¢m hý¢ce d−l j−e l¡M−a f¡l−h z j§m ¢nr¡…¢m ¢iæ ¢iæ fË¢œ²u¡u f¤el¡−m¡Qe¡ Ll¡ k¡u 2 .2 60 ¢j¢eV Apwœ²¡jL hÉ¡¢d / Ap¤¤ÙÛa¡ HC f¢l−fË¢r−a, Apwœ²¡jL hÉ¡¢d / â¥a ¢Q¿¹e Ap¤¤ÙÛa¡ hm−a −h¡T¡u - BO¡a, S−m R¢hl p¡q¡−kÉ hZÑe¡, â¥a cmNa −X¡h¡, j¡e¢pL Q¡f (Post Traumatic L¡S Stress Disorder / PTSD) Hhw p¡−f AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl −cJu¡ abÉ f¡W L¡V¡ z q¡−a Lm−j L−l −cM¡−e¡ fË¡b¢jL fË¢a¢hd¡−el pjÉL ‘¡e b¡L−m hZÑe¡ a¡s¡a¡¢s Bqa hÉ¢š²l önË¥o¡ Ll¡ k¡u z 15
16.
p¡−f L¡V¡ −l¡N£l
Efk¤š² ¢Q¢Lvp¡l SeÉ ¢ho¡š² p¡f−L pe¡š²LlZ Ll−a q−h, k¡−a Efk¤š² hÉhÙÛ¡ NËqZ Ll¡ k¡u z 2 .3 75 ¢j¢eV ü¡ÙÛÉ J ¢hfæa¡ ü¡−ÙÛÉl −fË¢r−a ph−Q−u ¢hfæ −nËe£l hÉ¡MÉ¡ j¡e¤o q−me NiÑha£ / fËp¢§ a, k¤hL / RL, R¢h hÉhq¡l k¤ha£, hªÜ / hªÜ¡, fË¢ahå£, HIV / â¥a ¢Q¿¹e, A¢ieu AIDS Bœ²¡¿¹ hÉ¡¢š² z AwnNËqZj§mL B−m¡Qe¡ NiÑha£ j¡−ul NiÑhÙÛ¡u J p¿¹¡e fËp−hl f−l k−bø kaÀ ¢e−a q−h z ¢hfæ −nËe£l j¡e¤−ol fË−u¡Se J a¡l f¢lj¡f Ae¤p¡−l a¡l pj¡d¡e Ll−a q−h z 2 .4 90 ¢j¢eV p¡j¡¢SL AwnNËqZ / pj¡−Sl ÙÛ¡e£u j¡e¤o Hm¡L¡l −L¡e pjpÉ¡ c§l c−m i¡N q−u L¡S Ll¡ p¡−b p¢Çj¢ma q−u L¡S Ll¡ Ll¡ / Lj¡−e¡l ph−Q−u hs pÇfc z AwnNËqZj§mL B−m¡Qe¡ pj¡−Sl p¡−b L¡S Ll¡l j¡−e −Lhmj¡œ L−uLSe hÉ¢š²−L ¢e−u L¡S Ll¡ eu z Hl AbÑ HL¢V L¡l−Z ph −m¡−L−cl HLp−‰ ¢e−u Bp¡ z ¢h¢iæ ¢hfæ −nËZ£l j¡e¤o −kje, ¢nö, j¢qm¡, huú, fË¢ahå£ pLm−L ¢Q¢q²a L−l a¡−cl AwnNËqZ p¤¢¤ e¢ÕQa Ll−a q−h z pjpÉ¡l pj¡d¡−el SeÉ fËi¡¢ha 16
17.
hÉ¢š²−cl p−‰ L¡S
Ll−a q−h z 2 .5 60 ¢j¢eV ü¡ÙÛÉ T¥y¢L j§mÉ¡ue ü¡ÙÛÉ T¥y¢L ¢edÑ¡l−Zl SeÉ ¢LR¥ hÉ¡MÉ¡ AwnNËqZ j§mL ¢nr¡ J L¡kÑLm¡f AwnNËqej§mL B−m¡Qe¡ (PLA/PRA) hÉhq¡l Ll¡ k¡u z q¡−a Lm−j Ll¡ Hl j¡dÉ−j NË¡−jl j¡e¤−ol AwnNËqe b¡L¡l SeÉ HC fÜ¢a−a ü¡ÙÛÉ ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L…¢m pq−SC j§mÉ¡ue Ll¡ k¡u z j§mÉ¡u−el SeÉ f§−hÑC a¡¢mL¡ °al£ L−l ¢e−m p¤¤¢hd¡ qu z H−a M¤h −R¡V OVe¡ k¡ …l¦aÆf§eÑ h¡ −k pjÙ¹ ¢hfcNËÙ¹ j¡e¤o r¢al p−‰ S¢s−u B−R a¡l¡ E−f¢ra qu e¡ z 2 .6 60 ¢j¢eV ü¡ÙÛÉ pðå£u ¢hfkÑu Ty¥¢L ü¡ÙÛÉ ¢hfkÑu Ty¥¢L AeÉ¡eÉ ¢ho−ul p−‰ hÉ¡MÉ¡ J AwnNËqej§mL j§mÉ¡ue S¢sa Hhw pj¡−Sl p¡¢hÑL Ty¢¥ L−L B−m¡Qe¡ fËnÙ¹ L−l z c−m i¡N q−u L¡S Ll¡ Ty¥¢L pñ¡hÉ fËi¡h Hhw fËi¡¢ha SepwMÉ¡l f¢l−fË¢r−aC ¢h−nÔoe Ll¡ fË−u¡Se z ¢h−nÔo−el Efl ¢i¢š L−l Ty¢¥ L ANË¡¢dL¡l Ll¡ E¢Qv z pñ¡hÉ pj¡d¡e fËÙ¹¡h Ll¡l SeÉ Ty¢¥ L ANË¡¢dLlZ−L j−e l¡M−a q−h z Hl ¢i¢š−aC f’¡−ua à¡l¡ ¢hfkÑu Ty¢¥ L qÊÊ¡pLlZ f¢lLÒfe¡ °al£ q−h z 17
18.
2 .7
60 ¢j¢eV f’¡−ua à¡l¡ ü¡ÙÛÉ −r−œ f¢ÕQjh−‰l ¢h¢iæ ÙÛ¡−e ¢LR¥ f’¡−ua â¥a ¢Q¿¹e ¢hfkÑu Ty¥¢L qÊÊ¡pLl−Zl p¤¤ - p¤¤ - AiÉ¡p NËqZ L−l−R z B−m¡Qe¡ AiÉ¡p HC p¤¤ - AiÉ¡p …¢m qm - fË¡¢aù¡¢eL fËph, AeÉœ ¢Q¢Lvp¡l SeÉ ÙÛ¡e¡¿¹¢la k¡eh¡qe, Sm pwNËq, ‘−Le f¡lh e¡’, DOTS Hhw Fever Depot 2 .8 15 ¢j¢eV ¢g−l −cM¡ (Feed Back) AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl A¢d−hne, fË¢nre, AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ ¢eS ¢eS fË¢nrZhÉhÙÛ¡ CaÉ¡¢c ¢ho−u j¿¹hÉ Abh¡ cmNai¡−h B−m¡Qe¡l Ll¡l A¢dL¡l B−R z fl j¿¹hÉ L¡−XÑ ¢m−M Sj¡ AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl CµR¡e¤p¡−l fË¢nr−Zl −c−he N¢a, hÉ¡MÉ¡l dle CaÉ¡¢c−a f¢lhaÑ−el j¡dÉ−j fË¢nre−L B−l¡ Eæa Ll¡ −k−a f¡−l z fË¢nrZ f¢lQ¡mL c−ml (TMT) pcpÉl¡ pL−ml j¿¹hÉ pwNËq L−l a¡ fË¢nrL−cl p−‰ B−m¡Qe¡l à¡l¡ ea¥e ¢nr¡ ASÑe Ll−h z a«a£u ¢ce 3 .1 30 ¢j¢eV ¢àa£u ¢c−el j§m ¢nr¡…¢ml f¤el¡−m¡Qe¡l j¡dÉ−j f§hÑ ¢c−el −nM¡ TMT ¢e−Sl fR¾cja fÜ¢a f¤el¡−m¡Qe¡ abÉ…¢m ¢nr¡bÑ£l¡ A−eL ¢ce j−e −h−R −e−h l¡M−a prj q−h z j§m ¢nr¡l pw−r−f f§el¡−m¡Qe¡ 18
19.
A−eL i¡−h q−a
f¡−l z 3 .2 60 ¢j¢eV plL¡l£ fËLÒf HC fËLÒf…¢m f’¡−u−al j¡dÉ−j B−m¡Qe¡ L¡kÑLl£ qu k¡ Eæu−el fËLÒf…¢ml plL¡l£ B¢dL¡¢l−Ll hš²hÉ f¡n¡f¡¢n ¢hfkÑu Ty¥¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ deÉh¡c ‘¡fe L¡S…¢ml p¡−b pwk¤š² ü¡ÙÛÉ pÇf¢LÑa Ty¥¢L Lj¡−e¡l SeÉ L¡S L−l z 3 .3 75 ¢j¢eV ü¡ÙÛÉ −r−œ ¢hfkÑu Ty¥¢L ¢h¢iæ dl−el Awn£c¡l −kje - B−m¡Qe¡ qÊÊ¡pLl−Zl Awn£c¡l ¢h−nÔoe pj¡S, −hplL¡l£ pwÙÛ¡, plL¡l£ cçl, Fig 1 −L −c¢M−u hZÑe¡ (Stakeholder Analysis) −Sm¡ La«fr CaÉ¡¢c pl¡p¢l Abh¡ fË−aÉ−Ll hÉ¢š²Na a¡¢mL¡ f−l¡ri¡−h Sm, ü¡ÙÛÉ¢hd¡e J h¡e¡−e¡ ü¡ÙÛÉ¢h¢d Hl p¡−b k¤š² b¡L−a f¡−l z hZÑe¡ f’¡−ua Sm, ü¡ÙÛÉ¢hd¡e J ü¡ÙÛÉ¢h¢dl p¡−b pwk¤š² ¢hfkÑu Ty¥¢L qÊ¡Ê pLl−Zl fc−r−f Awn£c¡l−cl n¡¢jm Ll−a f¡−l z 3 .4 90 ¢j¢eV ü¡−ÙÛÉl −r−œ Ty¥¢L qÊÊ¡pLl−Z f’¡−u−al NWe B−m¡Qe¡ f’¡−u−al i¨¢jL¡ ü¡ÙÛÉ pðå£u ¢hfkÑu qÊÊ¡pLl−Z â¥a ¢Q¿¹e f’¡−u−al i¨¢jL¡ J c¡¢uaÆ cmNa L¡S 3 .5 120 ¢j¢eV ¢hfkÑu Ty¥¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ ü¡ÙÛÉ pð¢åa ¢hfkÑu Ty¢¥ L qÊ¡Ê pLlZ B−m¡Qe¡ f¢lLÒfe¡ fc−r−f ¢ejÀ¢m¢Ma ¢hou …¢m b¡L¡ hÉ¢š²Na L¡S clL¡l z kb¡ - pwœ²¡jL −l¡−Nl Ty¥¢L, Apwœ²¡jL −l¡−Nl Ty¢¥ L, ¢hfæ 19
20.
j¡e¤−ol ü¡ÙÛÉ CaÉ¡¢c
z Ty¥¢L qÊÊ¡pLl−el fc−rf c¤C dl−el q−a f¡−l z i) NWeNa fc−rf (Hardware) ii) hÉhq¡lNa fc−rf (Software) f’¡−ua à¡l¡ Nªq£a −L¡e p¡j¢NËL Ty¥¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ f¢lLÒfe¡−L ¢i¢š L−lC Hm¡L¡ ¢i¢šL ü¡ÙÛÉ Ty¢¥ L qÊÊ¡pLlZ f¢lLÒfe¡ h¡e¡−e¡l fË−u¡Se B−R z 3 .6 60 ¢j¢eV fË¢a−l¡−dl J ¢eh¡l−Zl ¢hfkÑu T¥y¢L qÊÊ¡pLlZ fË¢œ²u¡−L â¥a ¢Q¿¹e pwú«¢al Eæue −VLpC h¡e¡−e¡l SeÉ ‘¡e J abÉ NÒf / L¡¢qe£l hÉhq¡l pwNËq Hhw a¡ SeNe−L S¡e¡−e¡ AwnNËqZL¡l£ fkÑ¡−m¡Qe¡ AaÉ¿¹ Sl¦l£ z pj¡−Sl fË¢a¢V j¡e¤−ol c§−kÑ¡N, ¢hfæa¡ Hhw rja¡ ab¡ S£he p¤¤l¢ra l¡M¡l fb S¡e¡ E¢Qv z 3 .7 15 ¢j¢eV fË¢nrZ j§mÉ¡ue haÑj¡e fË¢nr−Zl j§mÉ¡ue à¡l¡ hÉ¡MÉ¡ AwnNËqZL¡l£l¡ i¢hoÉ−al hÉ¡¢š²Nai¡−h j§mÉ¡ue f−œ fË¢nrZ…¢ml j¡e Eæu−e p¡q¡kÉ j¿¹hÉ −mM¡ L−le z j§mÉ¡u−el fËd¡e E−ŸnÉ qm flhaÑ£ fË¢prZ…¢ml j¡e Eæue z 20
21.
j§mÉ¡ue à¡l¡ fË¢nrLNZ
fË¢nr−Zl Ef−k¡¢Na¡, −k±¢š²La¡, Hhw AwnNËqZL¡l£−cl SeÉ a¡ pqS−h¡dÉ ¢Le¡ - a¡ S¡e−a f¡l−he z j§mÉ¡uZ ¢hou-¢i¢šL qu z 21
Download now