5. The Problem….
•CV disease still #1 killer in USA
•5-6 million CP pts/yr
• 2nd most common “cc”
• 1.1 million dx’d with AMI annually
• 550,000 dx’d in the ED
3
10. Normal EKG
•1-8% AMI have a normal ECG
•Approx 50% of AMI patients have diagnostic
changes on their initial ECG
•Peter J. Zimetbaum, M.D., N Engl J Med 2003;348:933-40.
14
16. •History and Exam Suggestive of AMI
•It Doesn’t Sound Cardiac?
• Pain in Chest or Left Arm
• CP Radiation
• Right Shoulder
• Left Arm
• Both Left & Right Arm
• Diaphoresis
• 3rd Heart Sound
• SBP < 80 mm Hg
• Pulmonary Crackles
LR 2.7
LR 2.9 (1.4-6.0)
LR 2.3 (1.7-3.1)
LR 7.1 (3.6-14.2)
LR 2.0 (1.9-2.2)
LR 3.2 (1.6-6.5)
LR 3.1 (1.8-5.2)
LR 2.1 (1.4-3.1)
7
17. Atypical pain…
• Clinical Examination –
• Pleuritic Chest Pain
• Sharp or Stabbing Pain
• Positional Chest Pain
• Reproducible Chest Pain
Against AMI
• LR 0.2 (0.2-0.3)
• LR 0.3 (0.2-0.5)
• LR 0.3 (0.2-0.4)
• LR 0.2-0.4
Panju AA. JAMA. 1998;280:1256.
8
Josh Sonnier facebook archives circa 2011
18. • Shry EA. AM J Card. Vol 90; 2002
• with ACS 88% responded
• without ACS 92% responded
• Henrickson CA. Ann Int Med.Vol 139; 2003
• with ACS, 35% responded
• without ACS, 41% responded
• Chandra A. 5, 10, 15 minutes on a VAS.
• sensitivity 33%, 33%, and 42%
• specificity 76%, 45%, and 44%
9
•NTG Response…..Not so good
19. There is no combination of historical and physical exam
characteristics which can, by themselves, exclude ACS.
10
24. Md
calc
Timi
Grace
Heart
Talk
about
each.
More
interested
in
Drink/food–
Wears
Sunglasses-‐
Values
Dilaudid
>
ASA-‐
Explitavies:English
ratio
>0.5
Wants
to
have
a
cig
before
cath-‐
If
score
>2
pt
has
99%
chance
of
bogus
Chest
pain
Wieters
Bogus
Chest
Pain
Score
26. I think I want to send them home…
☑Very atypical symptoms in low risk patient
☑NORMAL EKGs
☑Negative enzymes after 8 hrs of onset symptoms
☑Very good follow up/ DC instructions
☑Shared decision making
☑Understand you will still miss some…
18
27. • Acc
guidelines
with
stress
test
• What
does
a
stress
test
test?
30. •STEMI
•ST morphology. Most benign elevation presents with concave (scooped) ST
segments; convex (rounded) elevation is a fairly specific for STEMI.
•Changes on serial ECGs
•Brady et al. Electrocardiographic ST-segment elevation: the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction
by morphologic analysis of the ST segment. Acad Emerg Med. 2001 Oct;8(10):961-7.
23
32. •Conditions that can mimic or conceal ST
elevation
•A few STEMI mimics
•BBB
•Left ventricular hypertrophy
•Benign early repolarization
•Pericarditis
•WPW
•Brugada Syndrome
•Ventricular aneurysm
•Hyperkalemia
25
61. •Decrease cardiac work and myocardial O2 requirements
•Use Cautiously in MI’s involving the Right ventricle
•Side effects:
• Headaches
• Hypotension
• Hypoxemia from V/Q mismatch
• Bradycardia
44
62. •ACC/AHA Guidelines
•Start PO (not IV) BB in pts with STEMI or NSTEMI within 24 hrs provided the
patient has none of the following:
• 1) Heart failure
• 2) Evidence of low EF
• 3) Increased risk of Cardiac Shock
• 4) Standard relative contraindications to BB
45
•COMMIT/CCS-2
•Increase rate of cardiogenic shock,
•No improved mortality
•Did decrease re-infarction and VF
63. •Reduced mortality when used with Fibrinolytic therapy, heparin, and
aspirin in acute MI
•CLARITY-TIMI 28 and COMMIT trail show improved 30 day
outcomes when clopidogrel is added to standard therapy
•Pt’s with aspirin allergy show receive 600mg loading dose of
clopidogrel as soon as possible in setting of acute MI
•Triton-TIMI 38: Prasugrel (Effiant) compares more favorably to
clopidogrel (Plavix) may see increase use
•Esp. diabetic pts
46
66. •Thrombolytics
•Indications
•ST elevation 1 mm in 2 contiguous limb leads
•ST elevation 2 mm in 2 contiguous chest leads
•New left bundle branch block
•Chest pain consistent with AMI < 12 hours duration
•No contraindications to thrombolysis or anticoagulation
•Guided by regional protocols.
50
67. •Might not when….
• Absolute
Contraindications
• Hx of any hemorrhagic cerebrovascular
event
• Hx of non-hemorrhagic cerebrovascular
event or TIA in last year
• Intracranial neoplasm
• Active internal bleeding except menses
• Suspected aortic dissection
❿ Relative
Contraindications
❿ Recent 9within 10 days) puncture of non-
compressible vessel
❿ Uncontrolled hypertension DBP>110,
SBP> 180
❿ Diabetic retinopathy or ocular hemorrhage
❿ Anticoagulated with INR>2-3
❿ Pregnancy
❿ Predisposition to bleeding
❿ > 5min of CPR or intubation trauma
❿ Within 4 weeks of surgery at non-
compressible site
51
68. •Timing is everything…
•ACC, AHA, ESC recommend PCI as the preferred method of
reperfusion if the door to balloon time is <90 minutes (evidence
showing that 120 minutes shows favor of PCI vs Fibrinolysis)
•Door to balloon time of 90 minutes
52
69. •PCI
•Cardiac cath plus procedure to restore patency
•Angioplasty
•Stents
•Glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors
•Bivalirudin
•Improved survival rates over thrombolytics
•Only available 18% US hospitals
53
70. •Strategies for reducing
door-to-balloon time
•1. EM physicians activate Cath Lab
•2. Central Pager for all personel
•3. Activate Cath Lab when pt is still in route
•4. Except Cath Lab staff to arrive within 20 mins
•5. Attending Cardiologist always on site
•6. Feedback Data
54
73. •References not listed in slides
•ACC.org
•Peer IV/ Peer IV
•http://lifeinthefastlane.com/ecg-library/lateral-stemi/
•Interview with Dr Bruce Bollinger “Why you shouldn’t dick
around!”
•http://www.radiologyassistant.nl
•Learntheheart.org
• CDEMCurriculum.org
• Dr.
Sonnier
facebook
page
circa
2005
56