Hello friends ,this presentation is all about ketone bodies .this will help you to understand what are ketone bodies and their functioning .it will benefit specially bpharmacy students.
3. • The first two compounds are true
ketones.because these two posses keto
group (c=o).
• They are water soluble and energy yielding
4. • Ketogenesis(synthesis of ketone bodies)
• Utilization of ketone bodies
• Overproduction of ketone bodies
• Regulation of ketone bodies
• Ketogenic and antiketogenic substance
• ketoacidosis
5. Occurance : Liver
Enzyme location:
Mitocondrial matrix
Ketogensis deals with
the formation of
:acetyl coA, pyurvate
,amino acids
6. During high rates of fatty acid oxidation,
primarily in the liver, large amounts of
acetyl-CoA are generated. These exceed the
capacity of the TCA cycle, and one result is
the synthesis of ketone bodies, or
ketogenesis.
7.
8. Two molecules
of acetyl CoA
condense to
form
acetoacetyl
CoA.
Enzyme –
thiolase.
9. Acetoacetyl CoA
reacts with acetyl
CoA and water to
give 3-hydroxy-3-
methylglutaryl CoA
(HMG-CoA) and
CoA.
Enzyme: HMG-
CoA synthase
11. 3-Hydroxybutyrate is
formed by the
reduction of
acetoacetate by
3-hydroxybutyrate
dehydrogenase.
Acetoacetate also
undergoes a slow,
spontaneous
decarboxylation to
acetone.
Fact:The odor of acetone
may be detected in the
breath of a person who
has a high level of
acetoacetate in the blood.
12.
13. water soluble
Acetoacetate and b-hydroxybutyrate serves
as imp source of peripheral tissue such as
cardiac muscles,renal muscle
Tissue lack mitochondria cannot utilize
ketone bodies
14. B. Ketone bodies are a major fuel
in some tissues
Ketone bodies diffuse from the liver mitochondria
into the blood and are transported to peripheral
tissues.
Ketone bodies are important molecules in energy
metabolism.
Heart muscle and the renal cortex use
acetoacetate in preference to glucose in
physiological conditions.
The brain adapts to the utilization of acetoacetate
during starvation and diabetes.
16. •3-Hydroxybutyrate is oxidized to produce
acetoacetate as well as NADH for use in oxidative
phosphorylation.
3-hydroxybutyrate
dehydrogenase
17.
18. KETONEMIA:
Rate of synthesis of ketone body increases the rate of utilization
KETONURIA:
Increase in production of ketone body and decrease in the
utilization
And both ketonemia and ketonuria are
known as ketosis
19. :The odor of acetone may be detected
in the breath of a person who has a high
level of acetoacetate in the blood.
20. Impairment of the tissue function, most importantly in the central
nervous system
KETOSIS
The absence of insulin in diabetes mellitus
liver cannot absorb glucose
inhibition of glycolysis
activation of gluconeogenesis
deficit of oxaloacetate
activation of fatty acid
mobilization by adipose tissue
large amounts of acetyl CoA which can not be
utilized in Krebs cycle
large amounts of ketone bodies (moderately strong acids)
severe acidosis (ketosis)
26. Increase in concentration of ketone bodies
cause ketoacidosis (DKA)
Carboxyl group has pka value 4 so ,ketone
bodies dissociate in blood and then and
release H+ ions.
27. Principles ofTreatment:
Careful replacement of fluid deficits.
Correction of acidosis & hyperglycemia via Insulin
administration.
Correction of electrolytes imbalance.
Treatment of underlying cause.
Monitoring for complications of treatment.
Administration of insulin
28. DKA is reported in 2-5% of known type 1
diabetic patients in industrialized countries,
while it occurs in 35-40% of such patients in
Africa.
DKA at the time of first diagnosis of diabetes
mellitus is reported in only 2-3% in western
Europe, but is seen in 95% of diabetic
children in Sudan. Similar results were
reported from other African countries .
