2. ExperimentalDesign
Why Study
Causality
Conditions of
Causality
Types of
Experiments
Validity of
Experiment
Order of Occurrence
Concomitant Covariation
No other Explanation
Internal
External
Classical
Statistical

3. Pre-Experimental
Design
True-Experimental
Design
Quasi-Experimental
Design
One group After
Only
Types of Experiments
Classical Statistical
Completely Randomized
Randomized Block
Latin Square
Factorial
One Group
Before After
After Only with
Experimental &
Control
One Group
Before After
Time Series
Multiple Time
Series
Two Group
Before After
Two Group After
Only
Solomon Four
Group

4. Lab Experiment
Definition of
Lab
Experiment
A process of establishing cause and Effect relationship
by controlling the effect of confounding variables and
manipulating the value of independent variable
Controlling
Training Performance
Past Experience
Manipulation
Want to study the
effect of amount of
light
Use different amount
of light

5. Lab Experiment
Different experimental groups will have same value of
the confounding variables
Matching
Randomization All the groups will have randomly assigned members
Controlling the Contaminating Effect of Exogenous
Variables

6. Experiment or Measure
The source of effect is only the variable whose impact
we are studying
Internal Validity
External
Validity
Generalizing the results to the other settings

7. Internal Validity
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Statistical
Regression
Selection Bias
Mortality
External events affect the Response
Changes because of passing Time
Effect of Taking Test on Subsequent Test
Effect of including of Extreme Cases
Change in Measuring Instrument
Experimental Group is anyway differ from
Population
Dropping out of the Respondents

8. Internal Validity
History External events affect the Response
Sales
Promotion Sales
Dairy
Farmer’s Ad
Independent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
Uncontrollable
Variable
t1 t2 t3

9. Internal Validity
Maturation Changes because of passing Time
Enhanced
Technology
Increase in
Efficiency
Independent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
Uncontrollable
Variable
t1 t2 t3
Gaining
Experience

10. Internal Validity
Testing Effect of Taking Test on Subsequent Test
First Measure 2nd Measure
Dependent
Variable
t1 t2 t3
Dependent
Variable

11. Internal Validity
Instrumentation Change in Measuring Instrument
First Measure
With Method 1
2nd Measure
with Method 2
Dependent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
t1 t2 t3

12. Internal Validity & External Validity
Statistical
Regression
Population
Sample
Effect of including of Extreme Cases

13. Internal Validity & External Validity
Selection Bias
Effect
Effect of including those who do not represent
the Population
Population
Sample

14. Internal Validity & External Validity
Mortality Dropping subjects from the sample overtime
Sample t1 Sample t2 Sample t3

15. Internal Validity
Instrumentation
Effect
Change in the Instrument from Pre to post test
Pre Test
What is the
speed of the
participant
Post Test
How well
they followed
the rules

16. Types of Experimental Design & Validity
Quasi Experimental
Design
Measure the effect of IV on
experimental Group
Pretest & Posttest
Experimental Group Design
Posttest Only With
Experimental & Control
Groups
Time series Design

17. Quasi Experimental Design
Pretest & Posttest
Experimental Group
Design
Group Pretest Treatment Posttest
Experimental O1 X O2
Control - - -
Treatment Group = (O2- O1)
Internal Validity
History Yes
Maturation Yes
Testing Yes
Instrumentation
Statistical
Regression
Selection Bias
Mortality Yes

18. Quasi Experimental Design
Posttest only with
Experimental &
Control Group
Group Pretest Treatment Posttest
Experimental - X O1
Control - - O2
Treatment Group = (O1- O2)
Internal Validity
History Yes
Maturation Yes
Testing
Instrumentation
Statistical
Regression
Selection Bias
Mortality Yes

19. Quasi Experimental Design
Time Series Design
Internal Validity
History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Statistical
Regression
Selection Bias
Mortality
O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 X O6 O7 O8 O9 O10

20. Types of Experimental Design & Validity
True Experimental
Design
It has both control and experimental
Group
Pre and Post Measure are taken
Pretest & Posttest Experimental & Control Group
Design
Solomon Four Group Design
Time series Design

21. True Experimental Design
Pretest & Posttest
with Experimental &
Control Group
Group Pretest Treatment Posttest
Experimental O1 X O2
Control O3 - O4
Treatment Group = (O2- O1) - (O4- O3)
Internal Validity
History Controlled
Maturation Controlled
Testing Controlled
Instrumentation Controlled
Statistical Regression Controlled Randomization
Selection Bias Controlled Randomization
Mortality Yes

22. True Experimental
Design
Solomon Four Group
Design
Group Pretest Treatment Posttest
Experimental O1 X O2
Control O3 - O4
Experimental X O5
Control O6
Treatment Group = (O2 - O1) - (O4 - O3)
Internal Validity
History Controlled
Maturation Controlled
Testing Controlled
Instrumentation Controlled
Statistical Regression Controlled Randomization
Selection Bias Controlled Randomization
Mortality Yes
E = O2 – O1
E = O2 – O4
E = O5 – O6
E = O5 – O3
E = (O2 – O1) – (O4 – O3)
If All E are similar the
Causal relation is
established

23. True Experimental Design
Ex Post
Facto
Design
There is no manipulation of independent
variable only the subjects who have already
been exposed to a stimulus and those who
have not been exposed to are compared.

24. Completely Randomized Design
Group Before Treatment After
G1 O1 X1 O2
G2 O3 X2 O4
G3 O5 X3 O6
Statistical Design

25. Randomized Block Design
Blocking Factor
Ind Var B1 B2 B3
V1 X1 X1 X1
V2 X2 X2 X2
V3 X3 X3 X3
Statistical Design

26. Latin Square Design
(Two Blocking Variables)
Blocking Factor1
Blocking
Factor2
B11 B12 B13
B21 X1 X1 X1
B22 X2 X2 X2
B23 X3 X3 X3
Statistical Design

27. Factorial Design
Ind Var2
Ind Var1 V21 V22 V23
V11
V12
V13
Statistical Design