Translation studies emerged as a formal academic discipline in the 20th century. It examines translation as both an applied practice and means of understanding movement between languages and cultures. Translation studies analyzes the history, theories, descriptions, and applications of translation. It also explores translation's role in intercultural communication by touching on fields like comparative literature, cultural studies, and linguistics. As the world has become more interconnected, translation services have grown in importance, aiding communication across borders, and skills in translation have become increasingly valuable.

1. TRANSLATION STUDIES A Brief Introduction
BY AFAQ AHMAD 2001-FLL/BSENG/F18 1

2. HISTORY
One Perspective
 Studying translation in the academic discipline became a concept
around the 1950s, when institutions were introduced. The institutions
allowed cross-cultural interactions and knowledge sharing where
people from different languages gathered to learn how to translate.
2nd Perspective
 Although translators from the Romans have had much to say about the
theory and practice of translation, it was not until the twentieth
century that Translation Studies emerged as a formal academic
discipline. James S Holmes’ 1972 landmark paper entitled The
Name and Nature of Translation Studies was the foundational
statement of Translation Studies: it called for the creation of a distinct
discipline with its own system of classification.
BY AFAQ AHMAD 2001-FLL/BSENG/F18 2

3. TRANSLATION
Translation
 the act or an instance of translating.
 a written or spoken expression of the meaning of a word, speech,
book, etc. in another language.
(The Concise Oxford English Dictionary)
Translate:
 from Latin trans (across) + latus (past participle of ferre, to carry)
BY AFAQ AHMAD 2001-FLL/BSENG/F18 3

4. DEFINITIONS
An incredibly broad notion which can be understood in many
different ways. For example, one may talk of translation as a
process or a product, and identify such sub-types as literary
translation, technical translation, subtitling and machine
translation; moreover, while more typically it just refers to the
transfer of written texts, the term sometimes also includes
interpreting.
Translation Studies is the field of study that deals with the
theory, description, and application of translation. Because it
examines translation not only as interlingual transfer but also as
intercultural communication, it can also be described as an
interdiscipline which touches on other diverse fields of
knowledge, including comparative literature, cultural studies,
gender studies, computer science, history, linguistics, philosophy,
rhetoric, and semiotics. Translation Studies is often paired with
Interpreting, although the two are distinct fields.
BY AFAQ AHMAD 2001-FLL/BSENG/F18 4

5. DEFINITIONS
We have here indeed what may very probably be the most
complex type of event yet produced in the evolution of the
cosmos.
The process of transferring the meaning of utterances in one
language to another.
Translation is an operation performed on languages: a process
of substituting a text in one language for a text in another.
Translation goes from somewhere to somewhere.
BY AFAQ AHMAD 2001-FLL/BSENG/F18 5

6. TRANSLATION STUDIES AS AN ACADEMIC
DISCIPLINE
Translation Studies entails the systematic examination of translation
both as an applied practice and also as a means of understanding
the movement and transfer between diverse languages and
cultures. Translation Studies deals with the practical experiences of
the translator; it also explores from theoretical and methodological
perspectives the history and philosophy of translation, as well as
current trends in the field. Translation Studies may examine the
practices and context of translating texts that are specialist (legal,
business, medical, etc.); it also may explore the art of translation
as a creative act in literary translation and international
marketing. Translation Studies may also explore how issues of
culture, power, gender, ethics medium affect the act of translating.
The study of these enables students to apply their theoretical
understanding to the approaches, techniques, and choices that are
used daily as a practicing translator.
BY AFAQ AHMAD 2001-FLL/BSENG/F18 6

7. WHAT DOES TRANSLATION STUDIES
INVOLVE?
The study of translation usually includes the analysis of key
texts, enabling students to develop an awareness of the
problems of understanding and interpretation. It also involves
the development of the analytical, practical, evaluative,
aesthetic, and expository skills required to address translation
problems. Finally, it includes the development of research skills,
practical translation skills, and the ability to develop strategies
for managing complex linguistic and cultural transactions.
BY AFAQ AHMAD 2001-FLL/BSENG/F18 7

8. WHY STUDY TRANSLATION?
The discipline of translation studies has grown alongside the
introduction of university schools and courses, relevant
conferences, translation journals, and other translation-related
publications.
The skills of translation are becoming ever more important and
desirable, as today’s multicultural and multilingual society
demands effective, efficient, and empathetic communication
between languages and cultures.
BY AFAQ AHMAD 2001-FLL/BSENG/F18 8

9. CAREERS IN TRANSLATION
Translation Studies prepares students for various careers. Some
graduates choose to start their own business as a freelance translator.
Others become in-house translators or project managers for translation
companies or international businesses. There are also roles in such
language services industries as international publishing, journalism,
public relations, and teaching.
Professionals with significant linguistic backgrounds, as well as
translators, linguists, and other language professionals often choose to
study a Master of Arts degree or a Ph.D. in Translation Studies. This
course of study enables students to develop specialist language skills,
research skills, and the credentials required to land more advanced
specialist roles in translation, teaching, international business, and
media.
BY AFAQ AHMAD 2001-FLL/BSENG/F18 9

10. TRANSLATION IN SOCIETY TODAY
Today, translators now have several tools, such as the internet and
laptops at their disposal to aid in the translation process. Translation
services have also become of massive importance in society, as the
world becomes increasingly interconnected through the economy,
education, sharing of knowledge, and trade.
Seeing how far translation has come through the years, we can gain
an appreciation for the strenuous translation work done by the early
translators in history. In addition, we're glad for the more accurate
and widely available translations that we have today. We thank all
the translators that work hard to keep the world moving forward.
Now, machine translation (MT) has been widely adopted to enhance
and ease translation, with translators worldwide being aided by
computers. It involves the application of language science and
computers to the development of translation. It is the computerized
system responsible for attaining translations either with or without
human assistance.
BY AFAQ AHMAD 2001-FLL/BSENG/F18 10

11. END
THANK YOU!
GOOD LUCK
BY AFAQ AHMAD 2001-FLL/BSENG/F18 11