What are the causes, effects and measures A Lecture to Farmers By Mr Allah Dad Khan Former DG agriculture Extension KPK Peshawar Pakistan

3. WHAT IS POPULATION?
 In human biology, the whole numbers of residents
take up an area (such as a country or the world)
and frequently being changed by increases (births
and migrations) and losses (deaths and
migrations).


4. WHAT IS OVER POPULATION?
 The term “Over Population” or “Population
Explosion” is used to express the idea of more
population for fewer resources

9. WHAT ARE THE CAUSES, EFFECTS
AND MEASURES OF OVER-
POPULATION IN PAKISTAN?

10. POPULATION SITUATION IN PAKISTAN:
 Population of Pakistan 2015
 As of 1 January 2016, the population of Pakistan
was estimated to be 190 814 320 people. This is an
increase of 1.59 % (2 982 765 people) compared to
population of 187 831 555 the year before. In 2015
the natural increase was positive, as the number of
births exceeded the number of deaths by 3 360
307. Due to external migration, the population
declined by 377 541. The sex ratio of the total
population was 1.033 (1 033 males per 1 000
females) which is higher than global sex ratio

11. PAKISTAN POPULATION 2016
 During 2016 Pakistan population is projected to
increased by 3 030 131 people and reach 193 844
451 in the beginning of 2017. The natural increase
is expected to be positive, as the number of births
will exceed the number of deaths by 3 413 668. If
external migration will remain on the previous year
level, the population will be declined by 383 537
due to the migration reasons. It means that the
number of people who leave Pakistan to settle
permanently in another country (emigrants) will
prevail over the number of people who move into
the country (to which they are not native) in order to
settle there as permanent residents (immigrants).

12. PAKISTAN POPULATION HISTORY 2010-
2016
2010 173 149 306 1.80 %
2011 176 166 353 1.74 %
2012 179 160 111 1.70 %
2013 182 005 174 1.59 %
2014 184 895 416 1.59 %
2015 187 831 555 1.59 %
2016 190 814 320 1.59 %

13. Causes of
Overpopulati
on

14. BELIEF THAT GOD IS RAZIQ.
 Muslim have a firm
belief that God gives
food to everyone even
to an ant living in a
stone. So why reduce
the size of family?

15. NO OR LESS OPPORTUNITY COST
 71 % Women are not
active in economic
activities in Pakistan.
Women have no any
economic loss while
having a childe.
Opportunity cost for
having a childe is very
low or zero in Pakistan.

16. ENERGY CRISIS:
 Could you believe country
with plenty of natural
resources and atomic power
is lacking of energy crisis?
There are many sources of
producing of energy in
Pakistan but due to lack of
proper planning and efforts
Pakistan is having problem
of energy crisis. The
government of Pakistan is
unable to provide electricity
to residential areas in
Pakistan than how
can energy or electricity can
be provided to factories and
industries.

17. LOW PER CAPITA INCOME
 We know that per
capita income derives
by dividing national
income on total
population. Low per
capita income shows
population explosion.
Per capita income in
Pakistan is $ 1254.

18. LOW STANDARD OF LIVING.
 It is an established fact
that people with low
income have more
children. The poor
persons are not afraid
of a further fall in their
standard of living as a
result of large number
of children.

19. TROPICAL CLIMATE
 . The warm climate
where puberty is
attained at an early age

20. UNEMPLOYMENT
 Unemployment is also
a symbol of over
population. It is difficult
to adjust the huge
population in economic
activities. Rate of
unemployment is 5.6 %
in Pakistan

21. HIGH POPULATION GROWTH RATE
 The birth rate is very
high which shows that
our country is over
populated. Rapid
growth rate of
population is 2.1 % in
Pakistan.

22. SOURCE OF POWER
 A single person cannot
sport his large family in
developing countries
like Pakistan. He thinks
to have more children
to be more earning
hands.

23. THE INFLUX OF REFUGEES
 An arrival of refugees
from India and
especially from
Afghanistan is also
resulting in more
population.

24. DROP IN DEATH RATE
 Reduction in death rate
is another cause of
over population. Death
rate in 1951 was 2.8 %
while it is just 0.73 % in
2010-11.

25. FEMALE ILLETRACY
 Female illiteracy is high
in Pakistan. Illiterate
females are more likely
to have more children
than educated ones
who have materialistic
goals and can benefit
from Family Planning
Programmes and birth
control.

26. JOINT FAMILY SYSTEM
 Joint family system
lesser the bringing up
of children on the
parents . They having
minimum
responsibility,they had
tend to produce more
children

27. RURAL POPULATION
 Since 60% of Pakistan's
population is
concentrated around the
rural areas and suburbs
where people generally
rely on manual labor and
are usually semi skilled
or unskilled. Having more
members of he family
means more helping
hands and a greater
potential to earn. This
causes bigger numbers
of families.

28. LOW STANDARD OF LIVING
 It is observed that in
Pakistan people with
low income have more
children. It is difficult to
support such large size
family. It results in low
living standard of the
population

29. DESIRE FOR A SON
 Desire for a son is
common amongst
these people as they
are not well off and
would prefer a child
who would grow up to
help them in old age.
These people keep on
having children until
they get a son.

30. FARMERS FAMILY
 Farmers in rural areas
cannot afford
mechanisation in their
farms and are intent on
having more children
so that they can have
more helping hands.

31. WARM AND TROPICAL CLIMATE
 Due to the warm
climate, youth and
maturity is attained at
an early age. It also
results in rapid
population growth.

32. ABSENCE OF FAMILY PLANNING
 Effective family
planning is not
available in Pakistan.
People are not familiar
with the methods of
family planning. They
feel hesitation to
consult a doctor

33. JOINT FAMILY SYSTEM
 There is competition
among the family
member in accordance
with the family size in
joint family system. It is
also a cause for rapid
growth of children.

34. EARLY MARRIAGES
 Early marriages are a
common feature in
rural areas of
Pakistan.The
marriages take place
usually between 16 to
22 years of age in
Pakistan. The duration
for re-productivity is
very lengthy.

35. ILLITERACY
 Due to lack of
education, people are
not aware of with the
economic problems
caused by high birth
rate. Literacy rate is
57.7 % in Pakistan.

36. INEFFICIENT POPULATION
 Dependency ratio is
very high in our county.
Only 32.17 %
population take part in
economic activities and
other 67.83 % depends
upon them. It views as
a pressure on land and
population expulsion.

37. EXISTANCE OF POLYGAMY PRACTICE
 Polygamy is the
condition or practice of
having more than one
wife at one time. The
existence of polygamy
also contributes to the
increase in population.

38. URBANIZATION
 Due to rural urban
migration and lack of
facilities in cities, there
are many social
problems. It results in
increase in urban
population. Higher rate
of urbanization is an
indicator of over
population.

39. LOW SAVING & INVESTMENT
 The rate of saving and
investment of GDP are
only 9.5% and 13.4%
respectively in
Pakistan. Rate of
investment and
employment is also
very low due to low
rate of savings. So
these indicate that
Pakistan is over
populated.

40. POOR NUTRITION
 People in Pakistan get
poor diet, which affects
the health and working
capacity. It reduces the
per capita income,
which is a sign of
population explosion.


41. CONCEPT OF LARGE FAMILY
 Large family size is
considered as a source
of power to influence
people and to control
the persons around
them. People feel pride
to have a large family.


42. VICIOUS CIRCLE OF POVERTY
 Very high population
growth rate reduces
the per capita income,
saving, investment and
productivity. A country
is thus caught up in
vicious circle of
poverty. Vicious circle
of poverty is also a
symbol of over
population.

43. UNIVERSALITY OF MARRIAGE
 All men and women of
marriageable age enter
into wedlock. As such
the birth rate is higher
in Pakistan.

44. ABSENCE OF OTHER ACTIVITIES
 There is absence of
recreational facilities
and employment
opportunities in
Pakistan. Time passing
and any other
enjoyments in Pakistan
are very costly. So,
people have a more
time to spend with their
wives.

45. RESISTANCE TO POPULATION CONTROL
DRIVE.
 The population control
drive has not been
pursed by the
Government of
Pakistan in right
manner due to
resistance on ethical
grounds.

46. Effects of
Over
Population

47. DEPLETION OF NATURAL RESOURCES:
 The effects of overpopulation are
quite severe. The first of these is the
depletion of resources. The Earth can
only produce a limited amount of
water and food, which is falling short
of the current needs. Most of the
environmental damage being seen in
the last fifty odd years is because of
the growing number of people on the
planet. They are cutting down forests,
hunting wildlife in a reckless manner,
causing pollution and creating a host
of problems. Those engaged in
talking about overpopulation have
noticed that acts of violence and
aggression outside of a war zone
have increased tremendously while
competing for resources.

48. DEGRADATION OF ENVIRONMENT
 : With the overuse of coal,
oil and natural gas, it has
started producing some
serious effects on our
environment. Rise in the
number of vehicles and
industries have badly
affected the quality of air.
Rise in amount of CO2
emissions leads toglobal
warming. Melting of polar
ice caps, changing climate
patterns, rise in sea level
are few of the
consequences that we
might we have to face due
to environment pollution

49. CONFLICTS AND WARS:
 Overpopulation in developing
countries puts a major strain on the
resources it should be utilizing for
development. Conflicts over water
are becoming a source of tension
between countries, which could result
in wars. It causes more diseases to
spread and makes them harder to
control. Starvation is a huge issue
facing the world and the mortality rate
for children is being fuelled by it.
Poverty is the biggest hallmark we
see when talking about
overpopulation. All of this will only
become worse if solutions are not
sought out for the factors affecting
our population. We can no longer
prevent it, but there are ways to
control it.

50. RISE IN UNEMPLOYMENT:
 When a country becomes
overpopulated, it gives
rise to unemployment as
there fewer jobs to
support large number of
people. Rise in
unemployment gives rise
to crime as people will
steal various items to
feed their family and
provide them basic
amenities of life.

51. HIGH COST OF LIVING:
 As difference between
demand and supply
continues to expand
due to overpopulation,
it raises the prices of
various commodities
including food, shelter
and healthcare. This
means that people
have to pay more to
survive and feed their
families.

52. INCREASED GLOBAL WARMING AND CLIMATE
CHANGE
 According to the Center for
Biological Diversity "The
largest single threat to the
ecology and biodiversity of
the planet in the decades to
come will be global climate
disruption due to the buildup
of human-generated
greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere.


53. LOSS OF FRESH WATER
 According to UN-Water 75% of planet Earth
is covered in water. 97.5% of that is ocean
and 2.5% is freshwater. 70% of freshwater
is divided into glaciers and ice caps and the
remaining 30% into land surface water,
such as rivers, lakes, ponds and
groundwater. Most of the freshwater
resources are either unreachable or too
polluted, leaving less than 1% of the
world's freshwater,or about 0.003% of all
water on Earth readily accessible for direct
human use. According to the Global
Outlook for Water Resources to the Year
2025, it is estimated that by 2025, more
than half of the world population will be
facing water-based vulnerability and human
demand for water will account for 70% of
all available freshwater


54. SPECIES EXTINCTION

 Human beings are currently causing the
greatest mass extinction of species since
the extinction of the dinosaurs 65 million
years ago at rates 1000 to 10,000 times
faster than normal.The 2012 update of the
IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species shows that of the 63,837 species
examined worldwide, 19,817 are
threatened with extinction - nearly a third of
the total. If present trends continue,
scientists warn that within a few decades,
at least half of all plant and animal species
on Earth will be extinct as a result
of climate change, habitat
loss pollutionacidifying oceans, invasive
species, over-exploitation of natural
resources overfishing poachingand human
overpopulation


55. LESS FREEDOM, MORE RESTRICTIONS

 As population densities increase,
laws, which serve as a primary social
mediator of relations between people,
will more frequently regulate
interactions between humans and
develop a need for more rules and
restrictions to regulate these
interactions. Aldous Huxley predicted
in 1958that democracy is threatened
due to overpopulation and could give
rise to totalitarian style governments
and it turns out he was righ


56. MORE INTENSIVE FARMING PRACTICES
 Intensive farming practices produce more
and cheaper food per acre and animal,
which has helped feed a booming human
population and may prevent surrounding
land from being converted into agricultural
land, but has grown to become the biggest
threat to the global environment through
the loss of ecosystem services and global
warming, has led to the emergence of new
parasites and re-emergence of parasites
previously considered to be 'under control'
by creating the conditions for parasite
growth and is responsible for 80% of
tropical deforestation


57. INCREASED GLOBAL WARMING AND
CLIMATE CHANGE
 According to the Center for
Biological Diversity, "The
largest single threat to the
ecology and biodiversity of
the planet in the decades to
come will be global climate
disruption due to the buildup
of human-generated
greenhouse gases in the
atmosphere


58. ELEVATED CRIME RATE

 As human overpopulation
drives resources and basic
necessities, such as food and water,
to become scarcer there will be
increased competitiveness for these
resources which leads to elevated
crime rates due to drug cartels and
theft by people in order to survive.
As Aisha Tariq of the Pakistan Times
states.It has been observed that the
countries which have balanced
population, crime rate is very low in
such regions. When people are not
provided with the basic necessities, it
elevates crime rate.


59. LANDFILLS
 For decades, many landfill
managers have been
emphasizing just how quickly
they are running out of space.
The more people there are on
the planet, the more waste is
being produced. Some of this
waste is quite toxic, and even
landfills which are double-lined
are finding that some toxic
substances are leaching into the
soil and the groundwater supply.
This poses even more of a risk to
our freshwater supply, and can
contribute to the decimation of
many species sharing the earth
today

62. MEASURES
TO CONTROL
OVER
POPULATION

63. PROPER FAMILY PLANNING
 The high birth rate i. e.,
2.1% should be
discouraged to reduce
the population size.
Effective and
successful family
planning should be
introduced.

64. BEST HOSPITAL FACILITIES
 More contraceptive
medicines should be
introduced to people. By
using these medicines;
people will control the
birth rate.
 Government should open
the health clinics in all the
regions of the country.
These clinics will be
useful for reducing the
high birth rate.

65. LATE MARRIAGES
 Marriages should take
place in late age to
control the rapidly
rising population. It will
be helpful to control the
over population

66. BETTER EDUCATION:
 One of the first
measures is to implement
policies reflecting social
change. Educating the
masses helps them
understand the need to
have one or two children
at the most. Families that
are facing a hard life and
choose to have four or
five children should be
discouraged.

67. HIGH LITERACY RATE
 Government should
provide the more
educational facilities to
the backward
population. This will
provide the true picture
of the economy,
resources and
population growth rate.
Literacy rate is 57.7%
in Pakistan.

68. BIODIVERSITY
 Another problem we face is
the lack of biodiversity. As the
population grows, there is
more demand for certain
plants: trees for paper, food,
plant fibers for clothing, etc.
We thought the solution was
to simply re-plant whatever
we consume. This has led to
problems, however, in
biodiversity. Because many of
the plants and crops we sow
are of the same age and
genetic makeup, they are
more susceptible to problems
from disease and pests.

69. TAX BENEFITS OR CONCESSIONS:
 Government of various
countries might have to
come with various policies
related to tax exemptions to
curb overpopulation. One of
them might be to waive of
certain part of income tax or
lowering rates of income tax
for those married couples
who have single or two
children. As we humans are
more inclined towards
money, this may produce
some positive results

70. WOMEN EMPLOYMENT
 Only 29 % women take
an active part in the
economic activities in
Pakistan. They live full
time at home and have
no opportunity cost to
have a baby

71. INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT
 More employment
opportunities must be
provided to the young,
talented, trained and
educated population. It
will be helpful to
decrease the fast birth
rate.

72. PROVISION OF CREDIT FACILITIES
 Government should
provide the easy credit
facilities to population
to adjust the existing
population in economic
activities. It will lead to
reduce the population
explosion.

73. GROWTH OF SMALL SCALE AND COTTAGE
INDUSTRIES
 Growth and
development of small-
scale and cottage
industries is also
necessary to reduce
the pressure on land. It
will provide more jobs
to men and also to
women.

74. PROMOTE TREE GROWTH

75. BUILDING MORE INSTITUTION