The term town planning is used to indicate the arrangement of various components of a town in such a way that the town as such attains the significance of a living organism.
3. INTRODUCTION
• The term town planning is used to indicate the
arrangement of various components of a town in such a
way that the town as such attains the significance of a
living organism.
• Demands active imagination & sharp common sense
• Town planner activity
• Science
– Collecting
– Correlating
– analyzing
• Art - Arrange components of town - Final results form in
beautiful, convenient, economical, efficient unit
4. INTRODUCTION
• Cultural evolution of mankind: three stages such as 'Stone',
'Bronze' and 'Iron'
• Earliest forms of dwellings of 'Savage' hunter were rock-
caves
• Change the face of the jungle and create the huts of reeds
and tents, to protect against weather, wind, beasts and
enemies
• Started living a settled life mostly on the banks of rivers
• Man always preferred to live in groups, forming camps,
hamlets, villages
5. OBJECTS OF TOWN PLANNING
1. Beauty – natural conditions surrounding the town
2. Convenience – various economic, social and
recreational amenities to be given to the public
3. Environment – man can go about his normal activities
with the least amount of strain
4. Health – making right use of land for right purpose,
6. PRINCIPLES OF
TOWN PLANNING
1. Green belt – on the periphery of town results in the
limitation of its size
2. Housing – provide housing accommodation to various
categories of people
3. Public building – well-balanced grouping & distribution
of various public buildings through the town
4. Recreation centers – depending upon the size of town
5. Road systems – efficiency of any town is measured by
the layout of its roads
6. Transport facilities – minimum loss of time from place
of work to the place of residence
7. Zoning – commercial, industrial, residential etc.
7. NECESSITY
The necessity of town planning can very well be
appreciated by mentioning the evil situations which a town
has to face in the absence of town planning.
– Defective road system
– Development of slums
– Location of Industries
– Heavy traffic congestion
– Inadequate open spaces for parks & playgrounds
– Lack of essential amenities
– Noisy atmosphere
– Uncontrolled development
– Unhealthy living condition
8. ORIGIN OF TOWNS
• Originate certain specific use
Topographical Functional aspects
• Conditions favorable for
Industrial units
• Education
• Hilly areas to achieve the
object of defense
• Health resorts
• Plain areas useful for
business activities
• Political
• River banks • Religious
• Sea fronts
9. ANCIENT PERIOD
• Early civilizations developed in the great river valleys:
the Nile, the Tigris-Euphrates, the Indus and the Hwang
Ho.
• Ancient towns: developed more than five thousand years
ago at Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa
Mohenjo-Daro Harappa
10. ANCIENT PERIODS
• Indus valley civilization (Indian) 3000 B.C.
• Egyptian period (3000 B.C.)
• Greek period (480 B.C.)
• Roman period (150 B.C.)
• Medieval period
• Mughal period
• Modern period
– Pre-independence (Before 1947)
– Post-independence (After 1947)
11. MOHENJO-DARO
• Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro
in the Indus Valley have
revealed the remains of a
large city built about 3000
B.C.
• Houses ranged in size from
two rooms to mansions with
numerous rooms.
• Buildings were of masonry,
streets were paved, and
considerable evidence of
sewer drainage from
dwellings has been
uncovered.
Mohenjo-Daro
12. DHOLAVIRA
• Dholavira in the desert of Kachchh presents us with a
largely undisturbed plan and clearly delineated multiple
enclosures covering about 48 hectares.
Dholavira
13. • Dholavira plan is triple: an acropolis or upper town
consisting of a massive "castle" and an adjacent "bailey,"
a middle town and a lower town, a large part of which
was occupied by a series of reservoirs.
• Dholavira elaborate town-planning rests on the
conscious use of specific proportions for its successive
enclosures.
15. VEDIC PERIOD
• In Vedic period, the town planning was done on scientific
footing.
• In ‘Viswa Karmaprakash’, it is stated that 'First layout the
towns and then plan the houses'.
• ‘Mansara Silpashastra’ deals with many aspects of town
planning, such as study of soil, climatic condition,
topography, fixing orientation to get maximum advantage
of the sun and wind, and layout of various types of plans
such as Dandaka, Swastika, Padmaka, Nandyavarta,
Prastara, Chaturmukha, Karmuka.
16. BUDDHIST PERIOD (upto 320A.D.)
• During the period of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya
(321 B.C. - 185 B.C), Kautilya or Chanakya was the chief
minister who wrote the famous - 'Arthashastra'
(Economics by Kautilya), a treatise on Town Planning.
• It clearly shows that the art of town planning had made
much progress as long back as third century B.C.
• The excavations carried out at Patliputra (modem
Patna), the capital of Magadha, show evidence of
advance knowledge of town planning.
• The capital was laid on grid-iron pattern consisting of 16
sectors. Most of the houses had gardens with wells and
ponds. Waste water was carried by means of
underground drainage and finally to the river Ganga.
17. EGYPTIAN PERIOD
• In the Pyramid period of Egypt, permanent towns of
burned brick were built along the Indus valley for the
execution of the task of erecting Pyramids. In the same
period one can study the city of Mohenjo-Daro Indus
valley.
• From these major roads bifurcates the narrow roads
leading to the houses.
18. GREEK TOWN PLANNING
• Geographically, Greece is surrounded on three sides by
sea, which is the best natural setting for transportation
and trade.
• Greece is a mountainous region, thereby pushing the
inhabitants to form and live in groups, which developed a
deep sense of mutual responsibility, and the people’s
deities of worship were the natural phenomenon.
19. ROMAN PERIOD
• In the Roman period, the art of town planning was lowered
to mechanical plans.
• The Romans were empire builders and their colonial or
camp plans were especially developed for the military
engineer to execute without artistic or other advice.
• Such plans had necessarily to be simple to set out and the
building blocks easy to measure; naturally in this case the
grid iron plan proved to be successful.
• The Roman displayed crude symmetry and artistic rigidity
in practice of levelling a hill to make the site conform to the
plan, rather than modifying the plan to suit the site.
• Although the Roman towns were mechanical, the
unbounded fertility and resource, the variety of solution and
mobility of conception of the Romans have made their
towns the classic examples of planning.
20. • Roman planning was like the chess board system having
the principal streets rounding across the length and
breadth of town and the other card slightly shifted.
21. MEDIEVAL PERIOD
• Medieval cities of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries
usually bid irregular street patterns and heavy walls.
• The plan of Noerdlingen shows die radial and lateral
pattern of irregular road ways with the church plaza as the
principal focal point of the town.
• The medieval period (6th to 15th century), which overlapped
with the dark-ages, was dominated by warfare and strategic
sites were sought for fortification on hilltop.
• In early medieval towns churches and monasteries served
as refuge for the oppressed. So churches became the
dominating buildings in towns.
• Gothic buildings, streets were integrated with irregular sites
on hills. There was a revival of trades with the formation
guilds among craftsmen and traders.
22.
23. MOGHUL PERIOD :
• Cities like Agra, Delhi were re-developed.
• Fatehpur-Sikri was entirely planned: Fortification
strengthened Bijapur, Lucknow.
• Other important thing that started in this period was
laying of gardens and parks. It was a new trend in
planning many ornamental gardens of Moghul period.
Some of them are still in good condition.
• For example
– (i) Kabul Bagh at Panipat by Babar.
– (ii) Shalimar Bagh or Garden of Bliss and Nishat Bagh
at Kashmir by Shah Jahan.
– (iii) Lal Bagh at Bangalore by Haider Ali.
24. Renaissance Town Planning :
• About the fifteenth century, man was trying to make
some change and then discovery of the New World in
the field of Architecture took place. This discovery was
towards the classical architecture which became a
source of interest and inspiration to classical builders.
But in spite of marked changes of styles of art and
architecture, town planning continued to be practiced
along similar lines.
• In this period the necessity of new towns was practically
at an end. If it was required to increase the area of size
then it was known as supplementary or satellite towns
and the old towns became the nuclear centres. This
naturally restricted the scope of neo-classic planning.
25. Modern Scope of Town Planning (Industrial Age) :
• After the Renaissance period and from 18th century, we
find, fairly high standard of town planning. This high level of
aesthetic and practical requirement and need of civic living
is prominent but the sanitary and social neglect is there
which is affecting the poorer population of the town.
• When these were the signs of awakened public conscience
in this matter, the Industrial Era set in and began to
influence town development in an adverse direction.
Industrial Revolution started the shortage of land and the
civil life started to decline.
• The industrial town development had passed through
different stages as:
– (a) Period of urban sprawl (struggle)
– (b) Period of By-law housing
– (c) Period of steam Locomotion
– (d) Period of reform
26.
27. MODERN PERIOD :
• The first afford in modern town planning in India began
with the appointment of the sanitary commission in 1864
in the three presidencies of Madras, Bengal and Bombay
under directions by the British parliament.
• In the early part of the 20th century town planning was
considered and accepted as a routine municipal
functions and the problem in town improvement were
such, both in their scope and complexity that the
average could be handled satisfactorily with its
resources.
28. Pre-Independence :
• When the Britishers first settled in India, they found most
of the conditions of the towns to be unhealthy. So they
started independent colonies on the outskirts of the
existing towns. These extensions were known as
'Cantonments' and 'Barracks' for the military occupied
area and 'Civil Lines' for the residence of civilians and
well-to-do people.
New Delhi
29. • Next they took to street planning. They adopted straight
roads regardless of the cost or damage to social
structure of the town. But no large town planning
schemes were taken till the end of 19th century.
However, in the first decade of 20th century, they took up
the outstanding work of building of New Delhi - the new
capital of India. The plan was prepared on modern town
planning principles by an eminent town planner Edwin
Lutyens assisted by Baker.
• The capital group of buildings like Government House,
Council Hall and Secretariat has been designed with
their monumental architecture; industrial buildings are
separated from residential sector, and arranged around
the commercial and civic buildings. It was mere a
planning and designing of Administrative centre than a
new town as such. This, however, does not reduce its
importance as a great work of art.
30. Post-Independence Period :
• Many industrial towns were planned in the post-independence
period. A few of these can be mentioned as follows:
Steel Towns:
(a) Durgapur-West Bengal
(b) Bhilai-Madhya Pradesh
(c) Rourkela-Orissa
Industrial Towns:
(a) Jamshedpur-Bihar
(b) Bhadravati-Kamataka
(c) Chittaranjan-West Bengal
Capitals Towns:
(a) Gandhinagar- Gujarat
(b)Chandigarh-Punjab
now a Union Territory
Other Towns:
(a) Bhuvneshwar (new)
(b) Navi Mumbai
31. Chandigarh:
• Chandigarh's planning is the best example of the
modern planning in the world. In 1948 the Government
of India decided to construct Chandigarh as the Capital
for Punjab State and its formal opening was done on 7th
October 1953.
• Chandigarh is located on gently sloping plains at the foot
hills of the Himalay, having about 3600 hectares area.
Chandigarh
32. Gandhinagar
• After bifurcation of bilingual Bombay State, new state of
Gujarat was formed on 1st May-1960, and a new capital
was made at Gandhinagar.
Gandhinagar
33. • The city's infrastructure was planned by two Indian
planners. H.K. Mewada and Prakash Apte. Gandhinagar's
streets are numbered and have cross streets named for
Gujarati alphabets like "k", "kh", "g", "gh", "ch", "chh", "j". All
streets cross every Kilometer, and at every crossing traffic
circles decrease the speed of traffic.
• Location : western bank of Sabarmati River, 24 km to the
north of Ahmedabad
• Climate : healthy
• Population : 1,50,000 to 1,75,000 population
• Residential Units : with all facilities of water supply,
electricity, drainage, shopping centres
• Zonal Centres : 4 to 5 sectors which includes cinemas,
dispensaries, bank, post office, police station, etc.
• Town : Centre about 75 hectares have been allotted to
accommodate civic, commercial and cultural facilities.
34. • Public Buildings: These include schools, colleges, town
halls, hospitals to satisfy the social, cultural and medical
needs.
• Communication / Roads for various traffic are provided
separately. The roads leading to Govt. offices and approach
roads are 100 m wide.
• Open spaces: The open space is about 1.5 to 2 hectares
per 1000 population excluding playgrounds and parks etc.
• Industries: Light industries are provided in an area of 120
hectares. About ten thousand workers are engaged in
these industries.
• The Capital Complex. It includes buildings like high court,
secretariat, assembly hall, legislative and heads of different
offices.
• Sector : Total size of the city is 177 sq.km. having 30
sectors in total area.
35. FUTURE CITY OF GUJARAT :
• In today's era Gujarat is one of the fastest growing states
of India.
1. GIFT City :
• The Gujarat GIFT City is located just 12 Km. from the
Gujarat's Current Financial capital Ahmedabad. The City
located near NH 8 with 6 Lanes Road Network.
GIFT City-Land use Gift City-View from River
36. (B) D'SIR City :
• The city is located between Ahmedabad and Bhavnagar.
The city has total area of 800 sq. kms with a green field
location, developable area: 500 sq. kms, with well
specified economic activity area: 360 sq. kms. Dholera
Special Investment Region is a self governed global
centre of economic activities considered in planning with
salient features such as:
• Empowered mechanism for administration
• Autonomy in operations
• Flexibility in decisions
• Freedom in planning
• Commitment to adopt best practices
• Full potential for private sector participation
• Fully developed environment
37. • For D'SIR city, it is to be said "New Gujarat in Gujarat".
• The special features of city as:
(a) World-class infrastructure & connectivity: within &
outside
(b) Central spine express way & Metro Rail to link the SIR
with mega cities
(c) Benefit of sea coast, nature park, golf course
(d) Premium civic amenities
(e) Capable to cater to both International & Domestic
Market
(f) Close to Petro-chemicals and Petroleum Region
(g) Logistic support of the Dedicated Freight Corridor
(h) Public investment in core. infrastructure.
